TOEFL Practice Test Reading Section

TOEFL Practice Test
About the TOEFL iBT
The Test of English as a Foreign Language, TOEFL for short, has 4 sections:
- Reading
- Listening
- Speaking
- Writing
In this PDF, you will find an entire TOEFL practice test. It will take approximately 4
hours to complete. We recommend setting aside a full 4 hours to go through the entire
test.
How to Use This PDF:

This test is laid out exactly like a real TOEFL (well, besides all the usual distractions in
the test-taking environment).
Please follow the directions weve provided before each section.
Try to complete the entire 4-hour test in one sitting - just like the real TOEFL. At the
end of your test, you may check your answers and calculate your total score.
If you want customized feedback on your writing and speaking sections, we offer this
for an additional fee:
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If you think other friends could benefit from this free practice test, please share it by
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Good luck!
toeflspeakingteacher.com
Table of Contents
Click the link to skip to specific sections!
Who We Are
Our Teachers
Why Study With Us
Students We Have Helped
General Directions
Reading Section
Listening Section
Break
Speaking Section
Writing Section
Answer Key and Grading
Additional Resources
toeflspeakingteacher.com
Who We Are
Paul Austin
Founder & Head Instructor
Our head TOEFL tutor, Paul Austin, has over 5 years of

experience with TOEFL. He has helped 100+ students
reach their goal score on TOEFL and TOEFL Speaking.
At the moment, he teaches TOEFL Group Lessons. He
also hosts the TOEFL Podcast.
Vlad Tudorie
Head of Business Development
Vlad Tudorie is the head of business development for

TOEFL Speaking Teacher. He handles all outreach,
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are interested in collaborating with the TOEFL Speak-
ing Teacher team, please contact Vlad at
vlad@toeflspeakingteacher.com
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Head of Community and Communication
Maryna is Head of Community and Communication at

TOEFL Speaking Teacher. She handles all e-mail and
social media communication, interacting with our
TOEFL students on a daily basis.
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Our Teachers
Jamie Anderson
Jamie loves helping students earn 26+ on TOEFL
Speaking! Currently, he works full-time as the head of
the ESL department of a prestigious school in Chiang
Mai. He has extensive experience preparing students
for difficult tests and is excited to help you reach your
goal score!
Katie Reaburn
Katie cant wait to help you achieve your goal TOEFL
score! She has taught English for over 5 years now
including TOEFL preparation and has extensive
experience with working professionals who are moti-
vated to achieve a specific goal (like 26 on TOEFL
Speaking!). She currently lives in Colombia, where she
teaches English in an in-person school.
Vivelle Yearwood
Vivelle has specific experience helping non-native
health professionals (like pharmacists, nurses, physical
therapists, and doctors) prepare presentations for
high-stress situations similar to the TOEFL Speaking
environment. She is excited to help you reach your
goal score on the TOEFL including 26+ on TOEFL
Speaking.
Ellen C.
Ellen loves helping students to improve their fluency
and confidence in English, particularly with using new
vocabulary, including idioms, phrases, and expres-
sions. With your motivation, TSTs excellent resources,
and her TOEFL experience and teaching enthusiasm,
she will help you reach your goal score for the TOEFL
Speaking section (like 26+!)
Matthew Shelhamer
Mathew has taught English for over five years,
focusing much of his work in Thailand. When you are
Matthews student, he will analyze your individual
performance in the context of only what is most
important for your TOEFL score. Then, he will give you
practices, exercises, and feedback so you can user
your time efficiently.
Why Study With Us?
TOEFL Speaking Teacher helps students reach their TOEFL goal score through
customized private lessons and specialized online courses. We focus on only the
TOEFL no other standardized tests. We also have helped 50+ students reach 26 on
TOEFL Speaking.
We help TOEFL students earn high scores for three main reasons:
Graduate School (MBA, LLM, PhD)

You are applying to get your MBA, LLM, PhD, or
Masters and you need a TOEFL score of 100+
(including a speaking score of 26+)
Professional Certification
You need 26+ on TOEFL Speaking because
youre a pharmacist (FPGEC), physical therapist
(FCCPT), nurse (NCLEX), or teacher
Immigration
You need 100+ on TOEFL to immigrate to an
English-speaking country and find full-time work
Students We Have Helped
Patricia Campos
Paul was exactly what I needed because he guided me in practicing the
exam and, whats more important, he provided me with the confidence I
needed. And it worked!!!! because I didnt get 26 I GOT 27!
Now I know that if I hadnt invested in hiring Paul I would still be struggling
with this test!
Mariam
I worked with Paul for 4 weeks and he helped me to get 28 in the speaking
section by teaching me how to speak naturally. He also helped me to
become confident and ready for the exam in only 4 weeks He is such a
great teacher and I strongly recommend him for anybody who wants to
pass the TOEFL in short time and get 26 or higher in speaking section.
Enrico
Ive been struggling with this test for 13 times. Finally, I got the famous 29.
Paul is helpful! truly helpful! NEVER GIVE UP GUYS! NEVER! He gave me
some tips that nobody had ever given to me!
Read About Our 30+ Success Stories By Clicking Here
General Directions
Please treat this like a real TOEFL test.
The only way to prepare to do well on the TOEFL is by sitting down and taking the
entire TOEFL test.
(I explain why this is so important in my post on Quora)
You will get the absolute most out of this by taking 4 hours to sit for the entire test.
If you can, try doing it in a public place! Distractions and noise in a public place will
help you to learn how to focus. Remember, in the real TOEFL test, there will be many
other test-takers.
Best of luck!
Reading Section
Instructions
The reading section measures how well you can read and interpret academic
passages.
You have 60 minutes to complete all 3 reading passages. You may spend as much
time on you wish on each section but all 3 must be completed within 60 minutes.
Make sure to pace yourself appropriately so you can finish the entire section.
Each question is worth one point except the final question in each set. The directions
of the final question will detail how much it is worth.
Reading Passage #1
DIRECTIONS: Read the passage below and answer the questions.
Ceratopsians
The ceratopsians, also known as ceratopsia or ceratopia, are among the most
well-known and distinctive of all dinosaur species. The majority of ceratopsians were
four-legged dinosaurs that ranged in length from one meter (three feet) to nine meters
and in weight from 23 kilograms (50 pounds) to 5,400 kilograms. The earliest ceratop-
sians lived around 161 million years ago, and the last ones died out approximately 66
million years ago during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The first fossil
remains of ceratopsians were discovered in the mid to late nineteenth century, and
they were first classified as separate from other dinosaur species in 1890 by Othniel
Charles Marsh, one of the preeminent paleontologists of the period.
The most distinguishing features of ceratopsians can be found on their skulls. They
typically have parrot-like beaks, a frill of bone on their heads, and one or more horns
on their faces. Indeed, the name ceratopsian derives from the Greek words for horn
and face. In chasmosaurines like Triceratops, the horns and frill were usually long, but
the frill rarely had spines; in centrosaurines like Styracosaurus, the horns and frill were
relatively short but the frill often had spines. The function of the horns and bony frills is
uncertain. One theory is that they served a defensive purpose to protect the dinosaurs
from attacks by predators such as Tyrannosaurus Rex. However, in some species of
ceratopsians, the horns were small and the frills were either small or relatively fragile
because they had large openings in them, which would have severely limited their
defensive value. Other theories are that they helped the animals rid themselves of
excess heat, or recognize others of the same species.
The majority view among scientists is that ceratopsians were herbivores. In addition to
their beak, which is designed for biting through heavy vegetation, they have rows of
teeth in their cheeks that would have allowed them to extract nutrition by chewing and
grinding plants. In terms of how they lived, evidence from bone beds areas in which
fossils of dozens or hundreds of individual dinosaurs of different ages and genders
have been found suggest that many, if not all, species of ceratopsians lived together
in herds. These herds may have contained hundreds of animals that moved slowly
across the land grazing the low-lying vegetation. In general, males had larger frills and
horns than females, and may have been correspondingly larger overall, too.
The very earliest species of ceratopsians from the Jurassic period have only been
found in parts of what is now Asia. This fact strongly suggests that this is where the
dinosaurs originated. Fossil evidence from later periods shows that various species of
ceratopsians had migrated to what is now North America by the middle of the Creta-
ceous period. The number of ceratopsian fossils discovered in these regions implies
that some species of ceratopsians were the dominant herbivores in their environ-
ments. In parts of Mongolia, for instance, the most common dinosaur fossils discov-
ered are those of two species of ceratopsians: Psittacosaurus and Protoceratops. And
in western parts of North America, more than eight in ten large fossils of dinosaurs are
from Triceratops. Unusually, the skulls of ceratopsians are the most commonly
preserved bones.
The earliest species of ceratopsians to be discovered were Agathaumas, Polyonax,

and Monoclonius, all in the 1870s. Among the most recently identified species is
Wendiceratops, which was unearthed in Alberta, Canada between 2011 and 2014. To
species of ceratopsians. Among the most unusual of these is the Psittacosaurus,

whose name translates to parrot-lizard, the only ceratopsian believed to have walked
on two legs rather than four. A number of the classifications are still the subject of
debate, however. Some scholars have contended that fossil bones which have been
resolved until many more additional fossils are discovered.
DIRECTIONS: Now answer the questions.
1. The word distinctive in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

A. Charismatic
B. Formative
C. Impassive
D. Recognizable
2. In paragraph 1, the author says that ceratopsians

A. Are among the largest of all dinosaurs
B. Varied significantly in size and weight
C. Went extinct about 160 million years ago
D. Were discovered by scientists in 1890
3. The phrase derives from in paragraph 2 probably means

A. Comes from
B. Develops into
C. Leads towards
D. Spells out
4. The word they in paragraph 2 refers to

A. Theories
B. Openings
C. Frills
D. Horns
5. What can be inferred from the information in paragraph 2?

A. Ceratopsians needed relatively little protection from predators
B. Chasmosaurines and centrosaurines are kinds of ceratopsians
C. The climate was warm in the regions where ceratopsians lived
D. The skulls of ceratopsians are larger than those of other dinosaurs
6. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of the following about ceratopsian frills
EXCEPT:
A. Some were easily damaged
B. They could vary greatly in size
C. They were poorly protected
D. They were made of bone
7. The word extract in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

A. Allow
B. Express
C. Obtain
D. Recover
8. The author says that most scientists believe ceratopsians were herbivores because
A. They lived in areas that had a lot of vegetation
B. They had jaws and teeth adapted for eating plants
C. They were good at finding the most nutritious plants
D. They lived together with other species of plant eaters
9. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave
out essential information.
A. Evidence has been discovered which suggests that ceratopsians lived in groups
B. Fossils of individual herds of ceratopsians have been discovered in bone beds
C. The evidence shows ceratopsians of all ages and genders lived, ate, and slept in
groups
each other
10. What point does the author make in paragraph 4?

A. More fossils of ceratopsians have been found than scientists expected
B. It is unusual to find fossilized skulls of large ceratopsians in North America
C. Triceratops was originally more dominant than other species of ceratopsians
D. Over time, ceratopsians moved out of the region they originally came from
11. The word contended in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to
A. Claimed
B. Exploited
C. Organized
D. Validated
12. What does the author imply about Psittacosaurus in paragraph 5?

A. It could walk more quickly than other ceratopsians
B. Some scientists do not think it is a true ceratopsian
C. It was unusual among ceratopsians because of its wings
D. It was unearthed and classified before Wendiceratops
13. Look at the four squares ( ) that indicate where the following sentence could be added
to the passage.
Fossil evidence further suggests that some species of ceratopsians exhibited sexual
dimorphism.
Where would the sentence best fit?
The majority view among scientists is that ceratopsians were herbivores. In addition to
their beak, which is designed for biting through heavy vegetation, they have rows of teeth
in their cheeks that would have allowed them to extract nutrition by chewing and grinding
plants.
, In terms of how they lived, evidence from bone beds areas in which fossils of dozens
suggest that many, if not all, species of ceratopsians lived together in herds. , These herds
may have contained hundreds of animals that moved slowly across the land grazing the
low-lying vegetation. , In general, males had larger frills and horns than females, and
may have been correspondingly larger overall, too. ,
14. DIRECTIONS: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided
below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the
most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary
because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the
passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Ceratopsia are a well-known kind of dinosaur with several distinguishing features:

-
-
-
A. Ceratopsia were successful dinosaurs that survived for a long time

B. Ceratopsian dinosaurs died out because of predators like Tyrannosaurus
C. It is rare to find ceratopsian fossils except in specific regions of Asia
D. Scholars have several unanswered questions about ceratopsian species
E. Several theories exist about why male ceratopsians were larger than females
F. There are many species of ceratopsia, but the exact number is disputed
Reading Passage #2
Hatshepshut
Hatshepshut, whose name can be translated as foremost of noble ladies, was the fifth
pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was born in 1507, and is thought to have
been pharaoh from 1478 until her death. This came in 1458 BC from bone cancer, if
evidence from preserved remains believed to be hers is accurate. Hatshepshut was not the
only female ruler of Egypt. There is evidence of a dozen or more female pharaohs, but
Hatshepshut was arguably the most successful, prosperous, and longest-reigning of them
all. Indeed, many scholars believe that she was among the most successful of all pharaohs,
either male or female. Despite this, she is less widely-known than other rulers among that
dozen like Cleopatras I and VII, Nefertiti, or Nefertari.
Hatshepshut was the chief wife of Thutmose II, the fourth pharaoh of the same dynasty.
When he died around the year 1479 BC, Thutmose III his son by another wife succeeded
him as ruler of Egypt. As Thutmose III was just two years old, however, he could not rule on
his own. So Hatshepshut initially acted as his regent. The belief among early Egyptologists
was that her entire reign was spent as regent. As evidence from Egyptian tombs and refer-
ences to Hatshepshut in later writings by Roman authors were found, it became clear that
she ruled as pharaoh in her own right. And additional archaeological evidence from tombs
makes it clear that by at least the seventh year of her reign, Hatshepshut was viewed as
the king of Egypt, not the queen. There are images of her with a fake beard, wearing male
attire, and holding traditional objects associated with male rulers.
There is some evidence that Hatshepshut embarked on successful military campaigns in

the early years of her rule. However, the main characteristics of her reign seem to have
been peaceful trading missions, and public building projects. From approximately 1650 to
1550 BC, Egypt was conquered by a group of people from western Asia known as the
Hyksos. During this period, Egypts traditional trade networks were disrupted. Hatshep-
shut successfully re-established these networks and helped Egypt increase its wealth and
influence. One trade mission in particular an expedition to a place called the Land of
Punt is well documented.
After increasing the wealth of Egypt through trade, Hatshepshut commissioned hun-
dreds of construction projects. These took place throughout the two regions of the
country Upper and Lower Egypt. She was among the most prolific of all pharaohs in
terms of producing buildings and statues. And many of the buildings she funded were
grander than those built by pharaohs before her. In fact, so magnificent were some of
these buildings that some later pharaohs claimed Hatshepshuts projects as their own.
Some of her projects include numerous monuments and temples. Many of these were
widely admired by people at the time, and some still survive. These include the
Temple of Pakhet and a temple near the famous Valley of Kings designed to celebrate
her own reign as pharaoh.
Despite the success and status she enjoyed while alive, her memory was not always
honored after her death. After she died, Thutmose III became pharaoh. This was the
infant for whom Hatshepshut originally acted as regent. Towards the end of his
fifty-four-year reign, somebody ordered that Hatshepshuts name be removed from
the records. The only way to achieve this was to damage or remove images and
references to her from the stone walls of tombs. Statues were pulled down and
smashed or damaged, and other monuments were hidden. It is clear that this
occurred, but the reason why it happened is a mystery. Many theories exist, but unless
more evidence is uncovered in the future, it is one that may never be solved. Need-
less to say, given the scale of Hatshepshuts building projects, the attempt to remove
her name from the records was unsuccessful. As a result, modern scholars rightly
acknowledge the important role she had in the history of ancient Egypt.
1. The phrase foremost of in paragraph 1 most likely means

A. Belonging to
B. Chief among
C. Friendly with
D. Accepted by
2. What does the author imply in paragraph 1?

A. Scholars have not discovered all of the female rulers of Egypt yet
B. Hatshepshut was the ruler of Egypt for longer than any other pharaoh
C. Nefertari, Nefertiti, and the two rulers named Cleopatra were all female
D. It was not common for Egyptian pharaohs to die from diseases like cancer
3. The word regent in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A. Advisor
B. Warrior
C. Relative
D. Teacher
4. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that early scholars of ancient Egypt were
A. Uncertain how long Hatshepshut lived for
B. Not familiar with the typical role of a pharaoh
C. Reluctant to accept Hatshepshuts importance
D. Incorrect in their theories about Hatshepshut
5. What point does the author NOT make about Hatshepshut in paragraph 2?
A. She was sometimes shown as a man
B. She was the mother of Thutmose III
C. She was mentioned by some Roman writers
D. She married an Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh
A. Egypt was not ruled by Egyptians for a period of about one century
B. Hatshepshut never focused on military campaigns during her reign
C. The people in Egypt preferred trade and construction to fighting wars
D. Successful trade with the Land of Punt helped Egypt to become wealthy
7. The word disrupted in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

A. Concentrated
B. Distributed
C. Interrupted
D. Manufactured
8. What does the author say about Hatshepshuts building projects in paragraph 4?
A. She commissioned a large number of projects, but some of them were
unfinished
B. She especially admired buildings in the Valley of Kings and tried to imitate
them
C. She favored projects based in Upper Egypt, but sometimes built in Lower
Egypt
D. She produced more and more attractive buildings than many other
pharaohs
sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or
leave out essential information.
A. Some pharaohs who ruled after Hatshepshut said that they originated
building projects that actually originated with her
B. Some rulers of Egypt believed that the construction projects organized by
Hatshepshut were not actually magnificent at all
C. Pharaohs who looked at Hatshepshuts buildings after they were finished
could hardly believe how grand they were
D. A number of rulers of Egypt felt that the buildings Hatshepshut ordered were
so amazing that they built similar structures
10. In paragraph 5, the author points out that
A. There are several theories as to why Hatshepshut damaged buildings
B. Some references to Hatshepshut were destroyed, but many were not
C. Modern scholars are still trying to understand the role of Hatshepshut
D. The death of Hatshepshut had an immediate impact on Egyptian society
11. The word one in paragraph 5 refers to

A. Future
B. Evidence
C. Mystery
D. Reason
12. Look at the four squares ( ) that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to the passage.
Though it should be noted that the evidence is not firm enough to say that these
dates are certain.
Hatshepshut, whose name can be translated as foremost of noble ladies, was the fifth
pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. , She was born in 1507, and is thought to
have been pharaoh from 1478 until her death. , This came in 1458 BC from bone
cancer, if evidence from preserved remains believed to be hers. , Hatshepshut was
not the only woman to have ruled Egypt. , There is evidence of a dozen or more
female pharaohs, but Hatshepshut was arguably the most successful, prosperous, and
longest-reigning of them. Indeed, many scholars believe that she was among the most
successful of all pharaohs, either male or female. Despite this, she is less wide-
ly-known than rulers like Cleopatra I, Cleopatra VII, Nefertiti, or Nefertari.
13. DIRECTIONS: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is
provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that
express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in
the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are
minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Queen Hatshepshut was among the most successful of all Egyptian pharaohs.
-
-
-
A. Pharaohs like Hatshepshut were often shown wearing traditional clothes

B. Her role changed during her reign, from regent at first to pharaoh later
C. Archaeological evidence suggests that she most likely died of a serious
disease
D. Her status and projects were admired during her life, but not after her death
E. During her reign, Egypt focused on domestic projects and international
trade
F. The construction projects she organized are as grander than any in Egyptian
history
Reading Passage #3
Hydroculture
accept that the crisis is real and potentially poses a major threat to the health and food
supply of a large proportion of the global population. The roots of the crisis are
diverse, but among them are two primary factors. The first of these is changing weath-
er patterns and extreme weather events. Simply put, a number of previously produc-
tive agricultural regions are no longer as fertile as they once were because of the
weather. And second, many farmers have found that they can get a better return
growing biofuels than raising crops. As a result, large areas of valuable cropland are
no longer being used for this end. Conventional agriculture is ill-suited to solve the
food crisis, but hydroculture might be a potential solution.
As its name suggests, hydroculture typically involves growing plants in nutrient-rich

water rather than in soil. Hydroponics is the most widely-known method of hydrocul-
ture. Some believe it has significant potential to reduce the impact of the food crisis by
way. In a typical hydroponics system, crops are grown indoors in controlled environ-
ments. The plants grow in containers filled with water and the nutrients that they need
to thrive. These nutrients vary depending on the crop being grown, but typically
include nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, and copper, among other
trace elements. A light source provides the energy the sun would usually deliver.
In so-called static systems, the nutrient solution is changed or replaced either accord-
ing to a schedule or when the plants require it. In continuous-flow systems, the nutri-
ent solution flows constantly past the roots of the plants. Although it may seem like a
technologically sophisticated form of agriculture, scientists have been experimenting
with hydroculture since at least 1627. Early experiments showed that plants grow best
when raised in water rich in various nutrients rather than in distilled water. By the early
when raised in water rich in various nutrients rather than in distilled water. By the early
decades of the twentieth century, the concept of hydroponics was becoming more
widely known and some commercial applications of the technology were even in
place. These days, NASA, the US government agency in charge of space missions, is
even researching hydroponics.
indoors, and so does not require large areas of land. In fact, hydroponics farms can be
located in industrial warehouses in or near large cities. This gives them another advan-
tage over traditional farms since they can be located much closer to the markets for
their produce, reducing distribution and transportation costs for hydroponics farmers.
The indoor location allows farmers to create controlled environments. This means not
normally thrive in a particular region, such as tropical vegetables in Canada. But hydro-
ponics farms are not without their drawbacks. For one thing, some important food crop
do not grow well hydroponically. Most herbs and vegetables thrive, but important
sources of nutrition like carrots, potatoes, and corn are either not suitable or hard to
grow. And so much space would be required to raise staple crops like rice and wheat
grow well hydroponically are relatively low in protein, a vital nutrient for human health.
A variation on hydroponics that solves some of these issues is aquaponics. A basic

aquaponics system is a hydroponics farm with a second layers. On top are plants
growing hydroponically in nutrient-rich water. Below that is a tank of fish being raised
as part of a fish farm. In traditional aquaculture, farmers must spend time and money
as waste from the fish concentrates in the water. The clever part of aquaponics is that
instead of having to filter and discard the fish waste, farmers can use it as the source
of nutrients for the plants. By closing the system in this way, aquaponics farms can
produce the same kinds of herbs, fruits, and vegetables as hydroponics farms, as well
as high-quality protein from farm-raised fish, too.
1. The word severity in paragraph 1 most likely means

A. Conversion
B. Deployment
C. Opportunity
D. Seriousness
2. What does the author say about the food crisis in paragraph 1?
A. It could be solved by limiting the global production and use of biofuels
B. Its causes are related to a reduction in how much cropland is available
D. It has already had a major impact on the health of the worlds population
3. The phrase this end in paragraph 1 refers to

A. Large areas
B. Raising crops
C. Growing biofuels
D. Many farmers

A. The food crisis will be greater without food from hydroponics farms
B. Food that has been grown hydroponically costs less than other food
C. The goal of hydroponics farms is to produce food in a sustainable way
D. Hydroponically-grown plants need a source of water, energy, and food
5. The word controlled in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A. Regulated
B. Measured
C. Disciplined
D. Considered
6. How do static and continuous-flow systems differ?
A. In the former, plants can be changed or replaced if needed
B. In the former, the roots of the plants get more nutrients
C. In the latter, the growing solution is constantly replenished
D. In the latter, the plants require more care and assistance
7. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that

A. Distilled water has a negative impact on the growth of plants
B. NASA is interested in using hydroponics to grow food in space
C. The first experiments in hydroponics were mostly unsuccessful
D. Hydroponics is a simpler form of agriculture than people believe
sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or
leave out essential information.
A. Hydroponics farms benefit from reduced costs from being sited near large
markets
B. Farmers considering growing hydroponically should consider factors like
distribution
C. The main advantage hydroponics has compared to conventional farming is
its location
D. The markets for both conventional and hydroponics crops are situated close
to farms
9. Why does the author mention tropical vegetables in paragraph 4?

A. To imply that the popularity of food can vary
B. To highlight the demand for one type of crop
C. To illustrate one advantage of farming indoors
D. To argue that a healthy diet requires vegetables
10. The word drawbacks in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. Doubts
B. Deceits
C. Debilities
D. Downsides
11. What point does the author NOT make in paragraph 4?

A. Certain crops are harder to grow hydroponically than others
B. Many herbs are vegetables do well when grown hydroponically
D. It is relatively easy to produce protein-rich crops hydroponically
12. Look at the four squares ( ) that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to the passage.
In some kinds of hydroculture, crops are grown in gravel or artificial clay pebbles.
, As its name suggests, hydroculture typically involves growing plants in nutrient-rich

water rather than in soil. , Hydroponics is the most widely-known method of hydro-
culture. , Some believe it has significant potential to reduce the impact of the food
crisis by allowing farmers to produce large quantities of food in a sustainable and
controlled environments. The plants grow in containers filled with water and the nutri-
ents that they need to thrive. These nutrients vary depending on the crop being
grown, but typically include nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, and
copper, among other trace elements. A light source provides the energy the sun
would usually deliver.
13. DIRECTIONS: elect the phrases that correctly describe each farming method. One
of the phrases will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.
Both hydroponics and aquaponics

-
-
-
Aquaponics only
-
-
A. Crops are grown indoors in a controlled environment

B. The system uses waste as a valuable source of plant food
C. Cultivating food requires a significant amount of space
D. The method has the potential to help solve the food crisis
E. Crops are grown in a solution of water and nutrients
F. Farmers cultivate both plants and protein-rich species
Listening Section
Instructions
The TOEFL listening section measures your ability to understand academic lectures
and conversational dialogues.
Listen to each recording one time. Do not look at the questions before you listen (well,
you CAN but thats cheating and wont actually help you improve your TOEFL score).
Answer each question before moving to the next question. You cannot return to previ-
ously answered questions. Once you choose an answer, it is finished.
Listening Section Part 1
DIRECTIONS: first, you will listen to part of a lecture from a university classroom. Do
not read the questions before listening. Make sure to take notes while listening. Get a
pen and paper. When youre ready, click the link below.
Listen to a conversation between a student and his professor.

Listen to a conversation between a student and his professor.
1. Why does the student go to see his professor?
A. To give his contact information to her
B. To ask about taking her literature class
C. To learn about information to research
D. To discuss an assignment he has written
2. What is the professor initially confused about?

A. Whether the student is taking her class or Professor Saeeds class
B. Whether the student is an undergraduate or has already graduated
C. Why the student is interested in taking her class for undergraduates
D. What topics the student has already discussed with Professor Saeed
3. Listen again to part of the conversation. What does the professor mean when she
says this?
A. She respects the students interests
B. Part of the situation is clearer to her
C. The students response makes sense
D. She has a concern about the situation.
4. Listen again to part of the conversation. What does the professor imply when she
says this?
A. She is planning to work this weekend
B. It may take several days to fix the issue
C. Her computer often has disk problems
D. The files the student needs may be lost
5. What point does the student make about his study habits?
A. He prefers studying with his friends
B. He mostly studies at home or in a caf
C. He almost always studies in the library
D. He likes studying in places that are quiet
Listen to part of a talk in a literature class.
Listen to part of a talk in a literature class.
Italian/Petrarchan
Sonnets
English/Shakespearean
Octave (8 lines)
Sestet (6 lines)
Rhyme Scheme Quatrain (4 lines)
Couplet (2 lines)
Iambic
Pentameter
6. What does the professor mainly discuss?
A. Why traditional sonnets have a rhyme scheme
B. How sonnets differ from other kinds of poems
C. When and where the sonnet was first invented
D. The history and main characteristics of sonnets
7. What point does the professor make about sonnets?

A. They were first invented by a poet from Italy
B. They were originally short songs, not poems
C. They were one of the earliest forms of poem
D. They were more popular in England than Italy
8. What is the professors attitude when he mentions the artist Michelangelo?

A. Impressed by Michelangelos broad range of skills
B. Excited to read some of Michelangelos best poems
C. Surprised that Michelangelo also wrote good poetry
D. Pleased that students are familiar with Michelangelo
9. What does the professor say about the names of the two kinds of sonnets?
Choose two answers:
A. They are named after the country where they first originated
B. Their names reflect the name of the person who first wrote them
C. They are named for the best known person who composed them
D. Their names were chosen by the famous people who wrote them
10. Which rhyme scheme would you expect the first eight lines of a Petrarchan sonnet
to have?
A. abababab
B. abbaabba
C. ababcdcd
D. abcdefgg
11. Listen again to part of the talk. What does the professor imply when he says this?
A. Students need help to define a term
B. Some students were absent last week
C. It is helpful to go over key points again
D. Some ideas can be hard to understand
Listen to part of a talk in a a general science class.
Listen to part of a talk in a a general science class.
12. How does the professor organize her lecture?
A. She describes and illustrates the importance of a concept for society
B. She explains the function of several inventions that rely on electricity
C. She defines a concept and then discusses several different examples
D. She contrasts an idea with a concept that students studied previously
13. How does the professor define insulators?

A. Materials that let electricity flow through them slowly
B. Materials that have a high resistance to electrical flow
C. Materials that allow electricity to flow in one direction
D. Materials that stop other materials from using electricity
14. Why does the professor mention laptop computers?

A. To explain why laptops are good electrical conductors
B. To remind students to be careful when using electricity
C. To give a familiar example of insulation and conductivity
D. To imply that computing devices use too much electricity
15. The professor discusses several classes of materials. Indicate which information
matches each class of material.
Conductors Semiconductors Superconductors

Limited in their practical uses
Low electrical resistance
Medium electrical resistance
Zero electrical resistance
16. According to the professor, what valuable properties do semiconductors have?
Choose three answers.
A. Amplifying a signal
B. Converting a signal
C. Forming a signal
D. Letting a signal flow
E. Processing a signal
F. Switching a signal
17. Listen again to part of the talk. Why does the professor say this?
A. To make sure that her students are really listening to her
B. To explain why she is discussing particular characteristics
C. To emphasize the importance of the opinions she just gave
D. To repeat a question that students should be able to answer
Listening Section Part 2
Listen to a conversation between a student and her professor.

Listen to a conversation between a student and her professor.
18. What do the professor and student mainly discuss?
A. How the student can improve her grades
B. What information the student must read
C. Where the student can get access to books
D. Why the students assignment needs work
19. Why is the student confused?

A. The professor seems to be giving a mixed message about her work
B. She thought the deadline for submitting her work was later than it was
C. The professors instructions for completing the homework were unclear
D. She misunderstood which books she should read to complete the task
20. Listen again to part of the conversation. Why does the student say this?
A. To ask the professor to explain some key concepts again
B. To prove she has understood some important definitions
C. To confirm she has understood what the professor wanted
D. To give an example of a topic she could discuss in her essay
21. Listen again to part of the conversation. What does the professor imply?
A. The first assignment the student submitted was correct
B. The student should have asked if something was unclear
C. His instructions for the assignment were not confusing
D. A number of students submitted excellent assignments
22. By when does the professor ask for the students work to be submitted?
A. This Monday
B. Next Tuesday
C. Next Wednesday
D. This Friday
Listen to part of a talk in an environmental studies class.
Listen to
Listen to part
partofofaatalk in in
talk anan
environmental studies
environmental class.class.
studies
Wind Power Wind Turbine Windstalk
23. What is the talk mainly about?
A. How to solve a problem caused by turbines
B. The effects of power generation on animals
C. Ways in which birds are affected by the wind
D. How wind can be used to generate electricity
24. According to the professor, how many birds do wind turbines kill each year in the
USA?
A. No more than 10,000
B. Between 10,000 and 500,000
C. Approximately 250,000
D. At least 500,000
25. What does the professor say about early designs of wind turbines?
Choose two answers
A. They had solid spinning blades
B. They were appealing to birds
C. Their blades were in a lattice
D. They rarely harmed to birds
26. What point does the professor make about the Windstalk design?
A. It is so tall that most birds cannot fly close to it
B. It is safe because it only has one rotating blade
C. It is thought to be easy for birds to see and avoid
D. It is narrow so birds are unlikely to hit it when flying
27. What are people legally required to take into account when planning a wind
turbine project
A. The routes migrating birds often take
B. The location of nearby lakes or oceans
C. Which locations reeive the most wind
D. How much electricity they can generate
28. Why does the professor mention a facility in Texas?
A. To exemplify how technology can protect birds
B. To highlight how easy it is to use wind turbines
C. To argue that turbines are not always reliable
D. To suggest that there are many birds in Texas
Listen to part of a lecture in a history class.
Listen to part of a lecture in a history class.
The Louisiana Thomas Jefferson New Orleans

Purchase
29. What is the professors main purpose in giving this lecture?
A. To highlight the events leading to the Louisiana Purchase
B. To argue that the sale of Louisiana was of great importance
C. To explain why Thomas Jefferson was an effective president
D. To describe the causes and effects of the Louisiana Purchase
30. According to the professor, which modern-day states were wholly within the Louisi-
ana Territory at the time of its purchase?
Choose three answers.
A. Arkansas
B. Colorado
C. Kansas
D. Louisiana
E. Oklahoma
31. When did France take over control of the Louisiana Territory from Spain?
A. 1750
B. 1763
C. 1800
D. 1803
32. Listen again to part of the lecture. What does the professor imply?
A. Some politicians believed Jeffersons point of view was mistaken
B. Some politicians felt the Louisiana Purchase was unconstitutional
C. Some politicians felt the Constitution provided too little information
D. Some politicians did not want Jefferson to agree treaties with France
33. Listen again to part of the talk. Why does the professor say this?
A. To suggest that the price paid for Louisiana was too expensive
B. To remind students that the United States is a modern country
C. To help students understand what the Louisiana Purchase cost
D. To prove that the price for Louisiana would be a lot more today
34. What impacts of the Louisiana Purchase does the professor mention?
Choose two answers.
A. It increased both the size and wealth of the United States
B. It gave the United States greater control over the continent
C. It let the United States develop peaceful diplomacy methods
D. It allowed the United States to produce more timber for trade
Break
When you sit for the TOEFL, you get a 10-minute break in between the listening and
speaking sections. Take this 10 minute break to mentally prepare yourself for the
TOEFL Speaking section, as it is the most difficult aspect of the TOEFL for many
students.
Speaking Section
Instructions
Many students consider the TOEFL Speaking section to be the most challenging
section of the TOEFL test. With the TOEFL Speaking section, you need to answer a
total of 6 questions.
Questions 1 and 2 are open-ended questions; Questions 3 and 4 have a reading

passage and listening section; and Questions 5 and 6 have a listening section.
Your score depends on three factors: delivery, language use, and topic development.
You will need a recorder and timer for this section. We recommend using your smart-
phone. If you do not have a smartphone, here are two options:
- Voice Recorder
- Timer
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evaluate your responses?
Speaking: Independent
Speaking Task 1 Question
What do you like most about your hometown? Use specific details to support your
answer.
Do you agree with the following statement? Why or why not? Support your opinion
with details and examples.
- The key to success in life is working hard every day.
Speaking: Integrated Reading and Listening
Read the announcement and listen as two students discuss the announcement.
A sports coach is taking on a new role. Read the announcement about this change.
You have 45 seconds to read the notice. Begin reading now.
New Position for Coach Jepsen

The college is pleased to announce that Coach Marilee Jepsen, who currently coach-
es the womens softball team, will fill the role of coach of the womens volleyball team
next semester. As the softball coach for the last three years, Coach Jepsen has led the
team to an excellent winning record and two championships. In addition to her
success on the field, Coach Jepsen proved herself an excellent leader who always
makes time to offer students personal guidance and academic support. During her
time in charge, the average GPA for student athletes on the softball team rose sub-
stantially. The college feels sure Coach Jepsen will excel in her new role.
The woman expresses her opinion about the situation described in the announce-
ment. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.
Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a linguistics class.

Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a linguistics class.
Now read the passage about pidgin and creole languages. You have 50 seconds to
read the passage. Begin reading now.
Pidgin and Creole Languages

Linguists use the term pidgin to describe languages that develop as a way for two
groups without a shared language to communicate. Typically, pidgins develop to
facilitate trade and are a mix of two languages. Pidgins are simpler than their origin
languages and are often unstable. Pidgins spoken by a large group for a long period
of time may stabilize and become the native language of a community. Known as
creoles, these languages have a more fully developed vocabulary and grammar than
pidgins. Generally, the vocabulary of creoles mostly comes from the parent language
of the main social group, but words may shift in meaning and pronunciation. The
grammar of the creole may differ greatly from that of the original tongues.
Using points and details from the talk, explain whether Forro is a pidgin or a creole,
and why.
Speaking: Integrated Listening
Listen to a conversation.
In this question, you will listen to a conversation. You will then be asked to talk about
the information in the conversation and to give your opinion about the ideas present-
ed. After you hear the question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your response
and 60 seconds to speak.
The speakers discuss two possible solutions to a problem. Briefly describe the prob-
lem. Then state which of the two solutions you prefer, and why.
Now listen to part of a talk in a business studies class.

Now listen to part of a talk in a business studies class.
Using points and details from the talk, explain what equity compensation is, and why
companies might offer it to employees.
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Writing Section
Instructions
The TOEFL writing section includes an integrated writing task and an independent
writing task.
You will find both below.
For your independent essay, try to write between 350-400 words. Make sure you give
yourself 3-5 minutes to edit your essay after completion.
Your essay quality will be judged on the development of ideas, organization, and the
quality and accuracy of language used.
You have 30 minutes to plan, complete, and revise your independent essay.
For the integrated essay, you have 3 minutes to read the provided reading passage.
Then, you must listen to a lecture about a similar topic. After the lecture, you have 20
minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay.
The integrated essay should be between 175-225 words.
Writing Task 1 - Question
DIRECTIONS: Read the passage about driverless cars. You have 3 minutes to read.
Begin reading now.
Driverless Cars
These days, if you pick up a newspaper or turn on the TV or radio, you may well read
or hear about the advantages of driverless cars, also called self-driving or autonomous
cars. The technology is simple to understand: using sensors and computers, these
cars can drive without input from a human. This might sound like science fiction, but
such vehicles are already on our roads and some reports suggest they could make up
a majority of traffic within a few years.
Traffic accidents are a leading cause of injuries and fatalities in the United States, and
studies show that most crashes are caused by human error. The software that runs
driverless cars is not capable of making mistakes. As a result, such vehicles will be
much safer. One technology company has a self-driving car that has driven for over
700,000 miles over one million kilometers without an accident: a better record
than all but the best human drivers.
In addition, self-driving vehicles are good for the environment, too. The reason is that
they drive more efficiently. On a typical journey within a city, drivers deal with urban
traffic by stopping and starting their engines repeatedly and driving slowly. This type
of driving means engines work less efficiently and this causes a lot of pollution. Driver-
less cars, on the other hand, can communicate with other vehicles. This means fewer
traffic problems, so they can start and stop their engines less often and travel at higher
speeds.
Finally, autonomous cars will give their passengers time. Instead of having to focus on
driving, human occupants can focus on other things. The average time for commuting
to and from work in the United States is about thirty minutes each way. Given how
busy most of us are these days, an extra hour a day to work or relax is surely a good
thing.
Now listen to part of a lecture on the same topic you just read about.
Now listen to part of a lecture on the same topic you just read about.
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt
on the specific points made in the reading passage.
Writing Task 2 - Question
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Although life today is better than it used to be, human behavior is

causing problems that will mean life in the future is less comfortable.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your point of view.
Answer Key & Grading
Youre finished! Now, you can use the answer key below to grade your entire TOEFL
test.
Great job!
Reading Section
1. Ceratopsians Answer Key

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. D
13. C
14. A D F (in any order)
2. Hatshepshut Answer Key
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. A
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. B D E (in any order)
3. Hydroculture Answer Key

1. D
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. D
11. D
12. B
13. Hydroponics and aquaponics A D E (in any order)
Hydroponics only B F (in either order)
Reading Section Grading
Raw Points Score Estimate
0-6 0
7-9 1-4
10 - 11 5-8
12 - 13 9 - 11
14 - 15 12 - 14
16 - 17 15 - 17
18 - 19 18 - 20
20 21 - 22
21 - 22 23 - 24
23 - 24 25 - 26
25 - 26 27 - 28
27 - 29 29 - 30
30 30
Listening Section
Listening 01 Answer Key

1. C
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. C
9. A C (in either order)
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. B
14. C
15. Limited in their practical uses Superconductors
Zero electrical resistance Superconductors
Low electrical resistance Conductors
Medium electrical resistance Semiconductors
16. A B F (in any order)
17. B
Listening 02 Answer Key
18. D
19. A
20. C
21. C
22. D
23. D
24. B
25. B C (in either order)
26. C
27. A
28. A
29. D
30. A C E (in any order)
31. C
32. B
33. C
34. A B (in either order)
Listening Section Grading
0-2 0
4-5 1-4
6 5-8
7 9 - 11
8 12 - 14
9 15 - 17
10 18 - 20
11 21 - 22
12 23 - 24
13 25 - 26
14 27 - 28
15 - 16 29 - 30
17 30
Speaking Section Sample Responses
Speaking Question 1
The thing that I like most about my hometown is probably the fact that my friends and
family are there, and thats for a couple of reasons.
First of all, I think that the relationships are one of the most important aspects of just
being a human. And, you know, my closest relationships are with my friends and
family. Every time I go back to West Michigan which is my hometown at, I always hang
up and spend time with them which is great.
And the second reason why I like my hometown so much is because of my friends and
my family because it reminds me of my past. Since growing up my hometown, my life
has changed quite a bit, and Ive moved on to doing other things, different things and
when I return to my hometown, it always gives me a chance to really remember what
had happened before.
So, those are the two reasons what I like most about my hometown.
Speaking Question 2
I disagree with the following statement that the key to success in life is working hard
every day. I think that this is a fairly narrow definition for really just one reason.
I think our definition of success in society is tied too much to like an economic output.
We only see success as making more and more money, and we are working hard
every day, it's definitely a great way to make more money. I dont think that what
success in life is all about.
In fact, I think the success is about the relationships that you have and about people
you can talk to and about pursuing meaningful work rather that just working hard, and
productively without any greater purpose.
So thats why I disagree with that statement.
Speaking Question 3
From the announcement we learned that there is a new coach of the volleyball team,
coach Jepson. She used to be the softball coach but now she is now transitioning into
becoming the volleyball coach. And the man and the woman talk about this announce-
ment. And the woman really does not agree with this decision and thats for a couple
of reasons.
First of all, she is really doubtful that the coach Jepson can actually be an effective
volleyball coach. She mentions how coach Jepson has either been soccer or softball
coach her whole career. She doesnt think that coach Jepson is gonna actually have
the knowledge to help the team with enough games.
And the second reason she doesn't agree with an announcement is because she
believes that the current volleyball coach, coach Smith has been treated really poorly
by the administration. She was not even planning to leave; she was planning to stay.
And that team meeting was really emotional. The said the reason why the team has
not done very well is because of injuries.
So thats why the woman disagrees with the school decision to hire a new volleyball
coach.
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Speaking Question 4
In the reading passage, we learn about the term 'pidgin' which linguists use to
describe certain languages that develop between two groups who dont have a
shared language, and this is usually to help facility trade.
And in the lecture the professor expands on this topic by talking about the language of
Forro which is spoken in Sao Tome and Principe off the coasts of Africa. It was settled
by Portuguese sailors, in the 15th century, and this language Forro has developed as a
pidgin language to help the Portuguese sailor to communicate the locals. And it was a
trade language like most pidgins are.
Now after some time it became the native tongue of that area, which is considered a
Creole, a little bit more advanced vocabulary and grammar, but currently less that 40%
of the population speak it natively.
This language is actually distinct from Portuguese, and so this is what the professor
talks about in the lecture related to the pidgin language Forro.
Speaking Question 5
A man has a pretty serious problem that he needs to deal with in this conversation.
The hot water broke at his department; its a problem with pipes it s gonna take at
least 45 days to fix.
He and the woman talk about solutions, and they came upon a couple of options. The
first one was just to shower at the University fitness center. The man is not really so
sure about that.
And the second reason is that the man has a brother who has an apartment across the
city and the brother said the man can stay with him.
Now, if I were the man, I would definitely choose the first option, to just shower at the
University fitness center. Although his work clothes might get wrinkled because he has
to carry them in the bag, I think thats the easiest and simplest option. And in the worst
case scenario, he can just buy no wrinkle clothes that will definitely not have an issue
if he has to dress like that.
Thats why I would recommend that the man chooses the first option, going to the
university fitness center.
Speaking Question 6
In the lecture the professor talks about the less common method of compensation
called acuity based pay. Acuity-based pay is when a person, who starts to works for a
company, receives part ownership of the company. Its typically in the formal shares, in
the stock, in business. It sounds like great for the employees; obviously, they get
acuity in the salary, but it sounds less attractive for employers.
The professor mentions that there are the potential benefits for companies and these
are two benefits, the first one is it will stop employees from leaving, start train over is
a huge issue and a big expense for a lot of companies. If employees have acuity they
less likely to leave more likely to stay on longer.
The second thing it does, it encourages employees to work hard for the long-term
success of the company. If they are at acuity in the company, then as a value of the
stock increases, their personal wealth will also increase.
So thats what the professor mentions about acuity pay.
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Speaking Section Grading
0 0
1-2 1-4
3-4 5-8
4 9 - 11
5 12 - 14
6 15 - 17
7 18 - 20
8 21 - 22
9 23 - 24
10 25 - 26
11 27 - 28
12 29 - 30
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Writing Section
Question 1: Summarize the main points in the lecture explaining how

they cast doubt on the ideas in the reading passage.
The reading and listening passages are confronting each other about the so-called
benefits of an innovation, which is the driverless car. The three points of opposition are
the following ones: the ability to reduce the traffic accidents when using autonomous
cars, the eco-friendly aspect of such an innovation and finally the extra-time passen-
gers will have in their everyday commutes.
When it comes to traffic accidents, the article totally approves the idea that driverless
cars will create a safer world, reduce accidents and save lives. Most of the time, acci-
dents are due to human errors. So, as those cars will be driven by robots, the probabil-
ity of causing accidents will be lower and lower. To prove this, they made an experi-
ment with a vehicle which drove over seven hundred thousand miles without having
an accident. No human driver would have been able to make any mistake. On the
contrary, the lecturer is not that optimistic, basically because those vehicles are creat-
ed by humans and therefore the zero-risk, zero-default doesnt exist. Moreover, the
man insists on the fact that those driverless cars highly depend on the weather, which
is something we cannot control. Indeed, the reading passage believes traffic accidents
will be reduced, and the listening passage explains exactly the contrary.
Regarding the environmental issue, the listening passage highlights the fact that if
those autonomous cars are launched in the market, more people will use their own
autonomous cars and less public transports. Finally, it will increase the gas emission.
On the other hand, the reading passage drives home the message that in comparison
with a normal driver, the autonomous car will have a better use of the engine, meaning
driving more efficiently which is eco-friendlier.
In terms of the extra-time that those driverless cars will offer us, the reading
passage conveys the idea that we can save around an hour every day. We currently
use this extra hour to commute to work. However, the lecturer says that it depends on
our way to use this extra time. Generally speaking, the more extra time we have, the
more we fill in.
To conclude, each section disagrees on the outcomes that the driverless cars will
produce regarding the traffic accidents, the environment benefits and the extra time
they give.
Question 2 - Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:
Although life today is better than it used to be, human behavior is
causing problems that will mean life in the future is less comfortable.
Against the backdrop of an unprecedented financial crisis, terrorist attacks and envi-
ronmental issues, I personally believe that human behavior will make the future less
comfortable for three reasons.
When it comes to the financial crisis, humans already knew that capitalism creates
economic waves with four steps: growth, crisis, depression and re-increase according
to Schumpeter. So, by choosing to keep the capitalist system we already know that we
will create unemployment, inequalities between people and between countries. And
we are not about to change. For example, a few years ago people demonstrated in
New York for the Wall Street Movement in order to protest against the growing
inequalities in the United States: the 99% are struggling in comparison with the 1% of
Americans who get top-notch jobs and have an easy life. While the financial crisis
affected all of us, we still we do not want to change our economic system, which is
why I believe the future bodes ill.
In terms of terrorism, people tend to feel unsafe. It seems that we are not able to
accept our cultural-diversities. Our intolerance among each other creates slaughters
all around the world for religious, intellectual or economic reasons. The recent Paris
and Bruxelles attacks are an example of this. A similar thing happened in Orlando a
few months ago in a gay club. Our diversity doesnt serve us to grow up, on the con-
trary it prevents us to progress for a better world. Hence the fact that I believe our
intolerance urges terrorist attacks and makes the future more and more insecure.
Environmentally-speaking, in developed countries, even if we already know that our

gas emission is too high and we over produce and over consume, we do not make
any drastic changes. The Kyoto agreement and the COP 21 in Paris define the prob-
lems but never apply solutions. However, it is not because we didnt try. President
Obama wanted, for example, not to build the Keystone pipeline but Congress, which is
mostly composed of Republicans, makes everything more complicated.
To conclude, I believe that human behavior makes the future less comfortable
because we do not want to change our capitalist system, because we are intolerant
and because we disagree and slow down processes when it comes to taking drastic
changes. Thinking about a greener and fairer capitalism would be a first step which
could radically change our lives to me.
Writing Section Grading
0 0
1 1-6
1.5 7 - 11
2 12 - 15
2.5 16 - 19
3 20 - 22
3.5 23 - 24
4 25 - 26
4.5 27 - 28
5 29 - 30
Additional Resources
On the following pages, you can find all of our resources for TOEFL preparation online.
These resources focus mostly on TOEFL Speaking, but also include a few resources
for reading, listening, and writing.
Weve organized the articles into categories, so they are easy to navigate and under-
stand. For all of our videos on TOEFL preparation online, go to our Youtube Channel
Basics
What is the TOEFL Speaking Section?
How is the TOEFL Speaking Section Graded (The TOEFL Speaking Rubric)?
TOEFL Speaking Study Schedule
Four Key Tips to Preparing for the TOEFL Speaking Section
Why Did I Get 23/24 on TOEFL Speaking?
Master Guides
TOEFL Speaking Question 1
Speaking Practice Questions
Extra TOEFL Speaking Questions
New Topics Questions 1 & 2
Master Tips
Timing Recommendations Questions 3 - 6
TOEFL Speaking Sample Answers
How to Get 26 on TOEFL Speaking
Pronunciation
Four Words You Must Know For Pronunciation
Resources for TOEFL Reading and Listening
Free TOEFL Apps
Listening
Listening Strengths and Weaknesses
Get Help
Busy? Save time
How Private Lessons COULD Save You Money
Resources for TOEFL Writing
TOEFL Writing Topics
Premium Resources for Serious TOEFL Students
If you want the help of a professional team in your quest to get a high score on TOEFL
(including 26+ on TOEFL Speaking), then we have various options to help you.
various options
Here at TOEFL Speaking Teacher, we offer customized, professional help for all
sections of the TOEFL exam, most importantly the TOEFL Speaking section.
If you want to work with our team, you can view all the options by clicking below:
Work with the TOEFL Speaking Teacher Team
If you have any questions about the above resources, please e-mail our Director of
Communication, Marina, at contact@toeflspeakingteacher.com
Best of luck!

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About the TOEFL iBT

How to Use This PDF:

Please follow the directions weve provided before each section.

Click the link to skip to specific sections!

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exam and, whats more important, he provided me with the confidence I

needed. And it worked!!!! because I didnt get 26 I GOT 27!

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Please treat this like a real TOEFL test.

(I explain why this is so important in my post on Quora)

DIRECTIONS: Read the passage below and answer the questions.

The earliest species of ceratopsians to be discovered were Agathaumas, Polyonax,

species of ceratopsians. Among the most unusual of these is the Psittacosaurus,

resolved until many more additional fossils are discovered.

1. The word distinctive in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

2. In paragraph 1, the author says that ceratopsians

3. The phrase derives from in paragraph 2 probably means

4. The word they in paragraph 2 refers to

5. What can be inferred from the information in paragraph 2?

7. The word extract in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

10. What point does the author make in paragraph 4?

12. What does the author imply about Psittacosaurus in paragraph 5?

Where would the sentence best fit?

Ceratopsia are a well-known kind of dinosaur with several distinguishing features:

A. Ceratopsia were successful dinosaurs that survived for a long time

DIRECTIONS: Read the passage below and answer the questions.

There is some evidence that Hatshepshut embarked on successful military campaigns in

1. The phrase foremost of in paragraph 1 most likely means

2. What does the author imply in paragraph 1?

3. The word regent in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

7. The word disrupted in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

11. The word one in paragraph 5 refers to

Where would the sentence best fit?

A. Pharaohs like Hatshepshut were often shown wearing traditional clothes

DIRECTIONS: Read the passage below and answer the questions.

As its name suggests, hydroculture typically involves growing plants in nutrient-rich

A variation on hydroponics that solves some of these issues is aquaponics. A basic

1. The word severity in paragraph 1 most likely means

3. The phrase this end in paragraph 1 refers to

4. What point does the author make in paragraph 2?

5. The word controlled in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

7. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that

9. Why does the author mention tropical vegetables in paragraph 4?

11. What point does the author NOT make in paragraph 4?

D. It is relatively easy to produce protein-rich crops hydroponically

Where would the sentence best fit?

, As its name suggests, hydroculture typically involves growing plants in nutrient-rich

Both hydroponics and aquaponics

A. Crops are grown indoors in a controlled environment

Listen to a conversation between a student and his professor.

2. What is the professor initially confused about?

7. What point does the professor make about sonnets?

8. What is the professors attitude when he mentions the artist Michelangelo?