David Hughes
Product Manager
Foseco Australia
ABSTRACT
Sand disposal costs are always on the increase and many foundries are reclaiming their sand for
re-use. This paper will look at the different types of reclamation units available and the impact
they can have on reconditioning the sand for re-bonding and the different types of binder systems
that are being reclaimed and their limitations to achieving 100% re-use is reviewed. I will also be
discussing the degrees of compatibility between the different binder systems in use for cores and
moulds being reclaimed together, and the impact different sand types such as chromite, can have
on total sand reclamation.
INTRODUCTION
The function of the reclamation equipment is to take lumps of used foundry sand and process it
back to sand grains which are then suitable for re-bonding without excessive addition rates of
binder and catalyst, in order to achieve adequate mould and core strengths for handling and the
casting process. The casting surface quality must also remain unchanged from new sand. Each
of the binder systems being reclaimed have their limitations for re-use, based on mould and core
strengths achievable and the generation of possible surface casting defects.
RECLAMATION PROCESS
These units are in principle, refined hammer mills where the processed sand is fed onto a spinning
disc causing the sand grains to impact with each other and the side walls. A typical example of
an attrition unit is shown in Diagram 2 in conjunction with a cooler classifier. Pneumatic
scrubbing is also used in which air accelerates sand upward to a conical target giving both sand
on sand abrasion and impact with the target wear plate. A typical example of a pneumatic
scrubbing unit is shown in Diagram 3.
The key factor in terms of the effectiveness of these high attrition unit, is that enough energy is
put into the sand during attrition, and that there is sufficient retention time in the attrition unit for
effective binder removal, without fracturing the sand grains and generating excessive dust and
sand losses. Our testing of sand which has been reclaimed, with and without the high attrition
units, revealed the following results:
1. The LOI for all binder systems can be reduced by 20-40%;
2. Alkalinity or acidity will also be reduced by 15-40%; and
3. There will be excess dust and fines generated which must be removed.
Maintenance of the attrition units is essential, as high LOI, dust, alkalinity and acidity
will have a significant effect on re-bonding strength. An example of this is shown in
Table 1 (Tensile Strength) and Graph 1 (Sieve Screen Analysis). Excess dust on the 90-
micron screen greatly reduced mould strength in a reclaimed alkaline phenolic system.
To show the importance of having effective removal of fines, we have determined the LOI and
alkalinity for each sieve screen, from 250 microns down to the pan for a reclaimed alkaline
phenolic sand system where the fines have not been sufficiently removed. The results in Table 2
reveal that the fines in the system came from the binder that had been scrubbed from the sand
grains. The high alkalinity values are very positive in the alkaline phenolic system due to the
alkaline salts having the biggest impact on re-bonding strengths. The negative is that these fines
should have been removed from the reclaimed sand system.
50
45
40
35
% Retained
30
25
No Fines
20
Fines
15
10
5
0
1000 710 500 355 250 212 180 150 125 90 63 <63
A comparison of these binders systems is shown in Table 3, covering both positive and
negative attributes of the binder system from reclaiming sand to producing castings.
Photograph 1. Reclaimed Sand Grain Showing Porous Surface
Mainly dry attrition, Both dry attrition and Both dry attrition and
Reclamation some thermal but thermal reclamation thermal reclamation
Equipment additive required to possible at high possible at high
prevent sintering levels levels
Typical Strength at
18 psi Tensile 31 psi Tensile 45 psi Tensile
stripping
Tough / Medium Brittle / High
Mould rigidity Brittle / High Strength
Strength Strength
Little to none in
Hot Tearing Can be a concern Can be a concern
steel
CORE SANDS
Foundries considering reclamation or, who are reclaiming, the type of binder that is to be used, or
is being used for the production of cores, has to be considered in regard to compatability with the
moulding binder system in order to give complete reclamation without having to separate out core
sand. The ratio of reclaimed sand to new sand, is usually lower for cores to give a higher surface
strength for handling and longer storage. It is also common for the cores to be in 100% new sand,
which contributes to the new sand addition of the moulding system. The main issue for
compatability between core and mould binder system, is the pH of the different systems effecting
the reclaimed sand. This pH will influence the rate of strength development, the ultimate strength
but in some cases will not bond at all. As a guide, Table 4 shows the most common core and
mould systems being used and their potential compatability,.when the core binder system is
reclaimed with the moulding sand.
The amount of chromite and olivine sand, which could be carried over into the reclaimed sand
system should be monitored, as both these sands can lower the refractory properties of the
reclaimed sand system and generate slag and fusion-type casting surface defects. The main
concern is the contamination of the facing sand that is in contact with the molten metal. When
recovering the chromite sand from the reclamation system for re-use, it is critical to keep the free
silica sand content to a max of 3%. The same applies when chromite sand is carried over in the
reclaimed silica sand. When the silica sand particles are in contact with the chromite particles a
reaction occurs during the casting process, which lowers the melting point of the silicate which in
turn destroys the cohesion of the particles and makes their wetability easier and encourages metal
penetration. The issue of silica in contact with chromite must also be considered when selecting a
coating, and its potential to contain free silica.
The reclamation of foundry sand will continue to be an important issue for foundries to minimize
disposal costs, it is also an area that has to be controlled and monitored from sand testing to
regular maintenance on the reclamation equipment, to ensure consistent mould and core strengths
and casting quality.
References
The Foseco Foundrymans Hand Book.
CTI Broadsheet 341.
Warill Engineering.
Influence of the presence of chromite in reclaimed silica sands used in a steel foundry P Poyet
and R Chevriot.
Foseco Australia laboratory results from testing reclaimed sand.