Crown Tech Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION ...................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 DESIGN INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 DESIGN CODES USED ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.2 LOAD ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.3 POSSIBLE LOADS FOR THE PROPOSED BUILDING AND THEIR RELEVANCE IN THIS DESIGN ..................... 3
1.2.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2.5 TYPICAL DESIGN VALUES ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.6 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS TO BE DESIGNED......................................................................................... 5
1.2.7 METHOD(S) OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN .............................................................................. 6
2.0 WIND LOAD ANALYSIS ON ROOF TRUSSES ........................................................................................................... 7
2.1 WIND LOADING (BS6399)........................................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 TRUSS SUPPORT REACTIONS................................................................................................................................. 16
2.3 TRUSS TRIAL SECTION DATA ................................................................................................................................. 16
3.0 DESIGN OF ROOF BEAMS .................................................................................................................................... 19
3.1 MEMBER (RB01) .................................................................................................................................................... 20
3.2 MEMBER (RB02) .................................................................................................................................................... 23
4.0 DESIGN OF 8th FLOOR TO 1st FLOOR REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS ..................................................................... 26
4.1 LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISM .............................................................................................................................. 26
4.1.1 Beam design for flexural ................................................................................................................................ 27
4.1.2 Beam design for shear ................................................................................................................................... 27
4.1.3 Deflection control .......................................................................................................................................... 27
4.2 MEMBER (B01) ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
4.3 MEMBER (B02) ...................................................................................................................................................... 31
5.0 COLUMN DESIGN ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
5.1 COLUMNS (C1) (INTERIOR COLUMNS) .................................................................................................................. 35
5.1.1 GROUND FLOOR TO THIRD (3rd) FLOOR COLUMNS ...................................................................................... 36
5.1.2 FOURTH FLOOR (4th) TO FIFTH FLOOR (5th) COLUMNS................................................................................ 39
5.1.2 SIXTH FLOOR (6th) TO EIGHT FLOOR (9th) COLUMNS ................................................................................... 42
5.2 COLUMNS (C2) (EXTERIOR COLUMNS) ................................................................................................................. 45
5.2.1 GROUND FLOOR TO FOURTH (4th) FLOOR COLUMNS .................................................................................... 46
5.2.2 SIXTH FLOOR (5th) TO EIGHT FLOOR (9th) COLUMNS ................................................................................... 49
6.0 TWO WAY SLAB DESIGN............................................................................................................................................ 52
6.1 DESIGN INFORMATION ......................................................................................................................................... 52
6.2 LOAD ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................................................... 53
6.3 DESIGN PROCEDURES ........................................................................................................................................... 54
7.0 DESIGN OF BASEMENT RETAINING WALL ................................................................................................................. 56
7.1 BASEMENT SLAB.................................................................................................................................................... 56
7.2 DESIGN CRITERIA................................................................................................................................................... 56
7.3 RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS (BS 8002:1994)......................................................................................................... 57
8.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN ............................................................................................................................................... 68
8.1 MAT FOUNDATION DESIGN .................................................................................................................................. 69
8.1.1 DESIGN METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 69
8.1.2 DESIGN OUTPUT............................................................................................................................................. 70
9.0 DESIGN OF LIFT SHAFT/SHEAR WALL ........................................................................................................................ 89
9.1 WIND LOADING (BS6399)...................................................................................................................................... 90
9.2 DESIGN OF SHEAR WALL ....................................................................................................................................... 94
10.0 DESIGN RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 100
1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Proposed office building for general use is to be built on plot no 96, Block F at Mikocheni Light Industrial
area, Kinondoni Municipality Dar es Salaam. It is designed as frame system and roof cover being clay tiles
as per Architectural drawings.
1.2 DESIGN INFORMATION

1.2.1 DESIGN CODES USED
Concrete design to: BS 8110: Part 1:1997
Loading to: BS 6399: Part 1:1996
BS 6399: Part 2:1995
BS 6399: Part 3:1988

BS 5920: Part 1:2000
Other references: Reinforced Concrete Designers Handbook by: Charles E Reynolds
1.2.2 LOAD ANALYSIS

1.2.3 POSSIBLE LOADS FOR THE PROPOSED BUILDING AND THEIR RELEVANCE IN THIS DESIGN
S/No. LOAD TYPE Typical case(s) for this REMARK(S)

Project
1 Permanent dead load Concrete Considered
Blocks Considered
2 Superimposed dead Roof structure and coverings Considered

loads
Floor screed Considered
Tiles Considered
Plaster Considered
Fixtures Included as allowance for

extra loads
Finishes Considered
3 Imposed Load Due to occupancy Considered

Movable partition Considered
4 Wind load Wind forces Considered
5 Earth pressure Earth forces Not significant

6 Accidental Loads (For Due to parking vehicles No detail analysis is done
ground floor Columns) But care is taken to protect
the ground floor columns
versus impact from parking
Vehicles
7 Dynamic excitation The allowance provided for

floor loads in BS 6399 is
assumed adequate to cater
for small associated
movements
8 Earth quake Ground movements The allowance provided for

floor loads in Bs 6399 is
assumed adequate to cater
for small associated
movements e.g Kagera
earthquake
9 Hydrostatic pressures Water pressures Considered
1.2.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS

For both Ultimate Limit State Design (ULS) and Serviceability Limit State (SLS) the following Load combinations are
used.
Dead (gk) + Live (qk) (ULS)

Dead (gk) + Live (qk) (SLS)
Dead (gk) + Live (qk) + Wind (Wk) (ULS)
Dead (gk) + Live (qk) + Wind (Wk) (SLS)
Mainly the columns and beams provide the stability to the frame. From geotechnical report, foundation is placed in
the underlying clay stratum, which has a safe bearing capacity of 200kN/m2.
1.2.5 TYPICAL DESIGN VALUES
No Description Value Unit Remark(s)

1 Fire Resistance requirements 2 Hr For all Structural elements
2 Imposed load in all areas 3.5 kN/m2 Applies to floors, stairs and
corridors
3 Additional dead load due to 2 kN/m2 Partitions, Tiles, Plaster and
superimposed loads Floor screeds
4 Basic wind speed [v] is assumed as 27 m/s
S1 1.0 -
S2 1.0 - Wind pressure factors
S3 1.0 -
5 Exposure Conditions considered
And cover to reinforcements
External Moderate
Internal mild
Cover to foundations 50 mm
Cover to other structural 25 mm
elements
6 Subsoil Conditions 200 kN/m2
(Allowable bearing pressure)
7 Characteristics strength of
materials
Reinforcement fy = 460 N/mm2
Concrete 25 or more N/mm2 For reinforced concrete as

specified
15 N/mm2 For lean concrete except
blinding concrete works
10 N/mm2 For blinding concrete
8 Aggregate size 20 and 25 mm Maximum size
1.2.6 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS TO BE DESIGNED

For this project, the structural components designed include mainly two types of materials, namely; Steel
and concrete. The structural components designed (superstructures and sub-structures) include-
Timber Roof Trusses
Reinforced concrete beams
Reinforced concrete columns
Foundations (Raft foundation)
Retaining wall (Basement wall)
1.2.7 METHOD(S) OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Using Master series Software, the frame for the whole Building was generated. This frame is analysed
using MasterFrame and designed using MasterKey Concrete Design software packages. Stairs and Raft
foundation are designed using Tekla structural designer.
MasterFrame is a program for the generation and analysis of plane frame, grillage or space frame structural
models based on two node beam element members. The program is accessible from the MasterSeries Start
Up screen by selecting Frames> MasterFrame: Analysis Design Drafting.
From the structural model developed member forces, nodal displacement and support reactions are
obtained which can be presented in both a tabular and graphical format. Information from the model is
then used in other MasterSeries programs for the integrated design, drafting and detailing.
Major steps used in the program to analyze the structure are-
a. Generating the frame geometry
b. Defining member properties, orientation
c. Defining structural loading
d. Defining supports conditions
e. Defining loading cases and combinations
f. Analyzing the frame
g. Viewing and printing results
2.0 WIND LOAD ANALYSIS ON ROOF TRUSSES
Wind loading is dependent on several factors relating to the location of the site and the geometry and orientation of
the building. Wind loading was treated as a very short-term loading, applied at right angles to the relevant members.
All trusses designed for wind loading in accordance with BS 6339: Part 2 code of practice for wind loads.
2.1 WIND LOADING (BS6399)
Building data
Type of roof; Hipped
Length of building; L = 27165 mm
Width of building; W = 27165 mm
Height to eaves; H = 27000 mm
Pitch of main slope; 0 = 27.0 deg
Pitch of gable slope; 90 = 27.0 deg
Reference height; Hr = 32765 mm
Dynamic classification
Building type factor (Table 1); Kb = 0.5
Dynamic augmentation factor (1.6.1); Cr = [Kb ( Hr / (0.1 m) )0.75] / ( 800 log( Hr / (0.1 m))) = 0.02
Site wind speed

Location; Dar es salaam
Basic wind speed (Figure 6 BS6399:Pt 2) Vb = 27.0 m/s
Site altitude S = 20 m
Upwind distance from sea to site dsea = 7 km
Direction factor Sd =0.85
Seasonal factor Ss = 0.78
Probability factor Sp = 1.00
Critical gap between buildings; g = 10000 mm
Topography
Type of feature; Flat terrain
Actual length of upwind slope in wind direction; Lu = 50000 mm
Actual length downwind slope in wind direction; Ld = 50000 mm
Effective height of feature; Z = 20000 mm
Upwind slope in upwind direction; U = Z / Lu = 0.40
Effective slope of topographic feature; e = 0.30
Effective length of upwind slope (cl 2.2.2.2.4); Le = Z / 0.3 = 66667 mm
Horiz distance of the site from the top of the crest; x = -5000 mm
Altitude of upwind base of topographic feature; T = 2.000 m
Site altitude; S = 20.000 m
Topographic location factor (Figure 9a); s = 0.34
Topographic increment (Table 25); Sh = 0.6 s = 0.20
Altitude factor; Sa = max(1 + 0.001 S/1m, 1 + 0.001 T/1m + 1.2 e s) = 1.12
Site wind speed Vs = Vb Sa Sd Ss Sp = 20.1 m/s
Terrain category; Town
Average height of surrounding buildings; Ho = 27000 mm
Distance to nearest building; Xo = 15000 mm
Displacement height (cl.1.7.3.3); Hd = 0.8 Ho = 21600 mm
The velocity pressure for the windward face of the building with a 0 degree wind is to be considered as 1 part as the
height h is less than b (cl.2.2.3.2)
The velocity pressure for the windward face of the building with a 90 degree wind is to be considered as 1 part as the
height h is less than b (cl.2.2.3.2)
Dynamic pressure - windward wall - Wind 0 deg

Reference height (at which q is sought); Href = 27000mm
Effective height; He = max(Href Hd, 0.4 Href) = 10800mm
Fetch factor (Table 22); Sc = 1.109
Turbulence factor (Table 22); St = 0.174
Fetch adjustment factor (Table 23); Tc = 0.834
Turbulence adjustment factor (Table 23); Tt = 1.481
Gust peak factor; gt = 3.44
Terrain and building factor; Sb = Sc Tc (1 + (gt St Tt) + Sh) = 1.93
Effective wind speed; Ve = Vs Sb = 38.8 m/s
Dynamic pressure; qs = 0.613 kg/m3 Ve2 = 0.922 kN/m2
Dynamic pressure - roof
Size effect factors
Diagonal dimension for gablewall; aeg = 38.3 m
External size effect factor gablewall; Caeg = 0.873
Diagonal dimension for side wall; aes = 38.3 m
External size effect factor side wall; Caes = 0.873
Diagonal dimension for roof; aer = 30.9 m
External size effect factor roof; Caer = 0.887
Room/storey volume for internal size effect factor; Vi = 0.125 m3
Diagonal dimension for internal size effect factors; ai = 10 ( Vi )1/3 = 5.000 m
Internal size effect factor; Cai = 1.000
Pressures and forces
Net pressure; p = qs cpe Cae - qs cpi Cai;
Net force; Fw = p Aref;
Roof load case 1 - Wind 0, cpi 0.20, -cpe
Ext pressure Dynamic Net
External size Area, Net force,
Zone coefficient, pressure, qs Pressure,
factor, Cae Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe (kN/m2) p (kN/m2)
A (-ve) -0.87 0.97 0.887 -0.95 73.77 -69.97
C (-ve) -0.34 0.97 0.887 -0.49 167.07 -81.56
E (-ve) -1.35 0.97 0.887 -1.36 64.13 -87.04
F (-ve) -1.03 0.97 0.887 -1.09 22.57 -24.52
G (-ve) -0.60 0.97 0.887 -0.71 154.14 -109.84
H (-ve) -0.95 0.97 0.887 -1.02 63.38 -64.50
I (-ve) -0.60 0.97 0.887 -0.71 270.22 -192.56
Total net force; Fw,h = 27.30 kN
Roof load case 2 - Wind 0, cpi -0.3, +cpe
A (+ve) 0.52 0.97 0.887 0.74 73.77 54.66
C (+ve) 0.31 0.97 0.887 0.56 167.07 93.02
E (+ve) -1.35 0.97 0.887 -0.87 64.13 -55.81
F (+ve) -1.03 0.97 0.887 -0.60 22.57 -13.54
G (+ve) -0.60 0.97 0.887 -0.23 154.14 -34.80
H (+ve) -0.95 0.97 0.887 -0.53 63.38 -33.64
I (+ve) -0.60 0.97 0.887 -0.23 270.22 -61.02
Roof load case 3 - Wind 90, cpi 0.20, -cpe
A (-ve) -0.61 0.97 0.887 -0.72 31.32 -22.50
B (-ve) -0.54 0.97 0.887 -0.66 41.79 -27.61
C (-ve) -0.24 0.97 0.887 -0.40 93.69 -37.65
E (-ve) -1.31 0.97 0.887 -1.33 60.05 -79.76
G (-ve) -0.60 0.97 0.887 -0.71 106.75 -76.07
H (-ve) -0.99 0.97 0.887 -1.05 80.17 -83.88
I (-ve) -0.60 0.97 0.887 -0.71 160.67 -114.50
J (-ve) -0.49 0.97 0.887 -0.61 240.84 -148.06
Roof load case 4 - Wind 90, cpi -0.3, +cpe
A (+ve) 0.72 0.97 0.887 0.91 31.32 28.61
B (+ve) 0.46 0.97 0.887 0.69 41.79 28.80
C (+ve) 0.37 0.97 0.887 0.61 93.69 57.56
E (+ve) -1.31 0.97 0.887 -0.84 60.05 -50.53
G (+ve) -0.60 0.97 0.887 -0.23 106.75 -24.11
H (+ve) -0.99 0.97 0.887 -0.56 80.17 -44.86
I (+ve) -0.60 0.97 0.887 -0.23 160.67 -36.28
J (+ve) -0.49 0.97 0.887 -0.13 240.84 -30.82
Therefore: Analysis and design is based on CASE 2,
Roof cover perimeter
Length of the building = 27.165m
Width of the building = 27.165m
Roof cover Perimeter = 4 x width
= 4 x 27.165
=108.7m
Characteristic Line loads due to wind action
Total net force acting on roof panel (refer roof case 2)
UDL = 68.4KN/108.7m
=0.63KN/m
Assumption: Due to roof geometry truss type 3 [shown in the truss layout plan] is analysed and deductions made to
the rest of the trusses and rafters
Imposed Load (Qk) on the roof truss
=Imposed load x Purlin space x Cos
The purlin used to carry the roofing sheet usually spaced from 350 mm to 450 mm c/c
Qk=0.75KN/m2 x 0.45 x Cos27
Imposed load (Qk) on roof = 0.3KN/m
Dead Load (Gk) acting on the roof truss
Load from roof clays tiles (Gkc) = Dead load x Purlin space x Cos
Density of clay tiles = 27KN/m3

Average thickness of the roofing tile = 0.025m
Gkc=27KN/m3 x 0.025 x 0.45 x Cos27
Dead load from roof clays tiles (Gkc) = 0.27KN/m
Load from purlin (Gkp) = Purlin Density x Purlin cross section area.
Density of wood = 27KN/m3
Trial purlin section = 50mm x 50mm
Gkp=7.2KN/m3 x 0.05 x 0.05
Dead load from roof Purlin (Gkp) = 0.018KN/m
Total dead load (Gk)
Dead Load (Gk) = Dead load from roof clay tiles + Dead load from roof Purlins
Gk=Gkc + Gkp
= 0.27 + 0.018
=0.29KN/m
Total dead load from roof = 0.29KN/m
Load combination
For both Ultimate Limit State Design (ULS) and Serviceability Limit State (SLS) the following Load combinations are
used.
Dead (gk) + Live (qk) (ULS)

Dead (gk) + Live (qk) (SLS)
Dead (gk) + Live (qk) + Wind (Wk) (ULS)
Dead (gk) + Live (qk) + Wind (Wk) (SLS)
Consider the [ULS] loading as it is critical in this case
Dead plus live: 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk

1.4[0.29] + 1.6[0.3] = 0.89 kN/m
Dead plus live plus wind: 1.2[Gk + Qk + Wk]

1.2[0.29 + 0.3 + 0.63] = 1.464kN/m
Therefore: analysis and design is based on Case II [the critical case]

I.e. Design load on roof = 1.464 kN/m
Truss Frame Members labels
Truss Frame Geometry
Truss Frame Loading
2.2 TRUSS SUPPORT REACTIONS
Support Reactions Ultimate (001 : Dead plus Live (Ultimate))

Node Support Reactions (kN) Node Support Reactions (kN)
Rx(kN) Ry(kN) Rx(kN) Ry(kN)
1 0.000 13.835 18 0.000 13.835
Total 0.000 27.670
Support Reactions Ultimate (Maximum Values)

Node Support Reactions (kN) Node Support Reactions (kN)
Rx(kN) Ry(kN) Rx(kN) Ry(kN)
1 0.000 13.835 18 0.000 13.835
Total 0.000 27.670
2.3 TRUSS TRIAL SECTION DATA
For this project, the first option is the use of timber with the following initial / Trial sizes
Purlins (50 x 50mm Section purlin)
Rafters and tie beams (50 x 150 timber section)
Internal truss members = (50 x 100 timber section)
Spacing of major trusses = 1200 mm c/c
Axial Load With Moment Design to BS 5268 : Part 2
Member 19 (N.14-N.22) @ Level 1 (King post)
Summary Design Data
Design Cases Covered 1.0 L1

Deflection Cases Covered 1.0 L1
Section Size b = 50, h 150 Regularized Section in Strength Class C20
Section Properties (cm,cm,cm) Area 75, Zx 187.5, Zy 62.5, rx 4.33, ry 1.44
Specification Service class 1 : Internal use in continuously heated building
Medium Term loading Integrated Design Critical Case 0
Member Details F = 0.0 kN, Lx = 2.586 m, Ly = 2.586 m, Lex = 1.0 Lx, Ley = 1.0 Ly
Grade and Admissible Stresses (Strength Class C20)
E = K2.Emean 1.00 x 9400 9400 N/mm

Axial Load with Moments Check
Critical Design Location X = 0.000 0.000 OK

Members 1-7 (N.1-N.22) @ Level 1
Summary Design Data

Specification
Service class 1 : Internal use in continuously heated building
Medium Term loading
Integrated Design Critical Case 0
E = K2.Emean 1.00 x 9400 9400 N/mm
Member 38 (N.6-N.11) (Rafter)@ Level 1
Summary Design Data

Medium Term loading Integrated Design Critical Case 0
E = K2.Emean 1.00 x 9400 9400 N/mm

Member 17 (N.11-N.13) @ Level 1 (bottom bars)
Summary Design Data

Medium Term loading
Integrated Design Critical Case 0
E = K2.Emean 1.00 x 9100 9100 N/mm


3.0 DESIGN OF ROOF BEAMS
The designing of the beam mainly consist of fixing the breadth and depth of the beam and arriving at the area of steel
and the diameters of bars to be used. The breadth of the beam is generally does not exceed the width of the column
for effective transfer of the load from beam to column. The roof beams arrangement is shown in Figure below.
A reinforced concrete beam designed to be able to resist tensile compressive and shear stresses induced in it
by the loads on the beam. Concrete is strong in compression but very weak in the low tensile strength.
Plain concrete beams are thus limited in carrying capacity by the low tensile strength. Steel is very strong in
tension. Thus, the weakness of plain concrete is strengthened by provision of reinforcing steel in the tension
zone around the concrete to make a reinforced concrete beam.
Two main beams were selected as representative of others (RB01 and RB02), two criterias were used to select
representative beam;
Member span.
Load distribution on beam.
3.1 MEMBER (RB01)
All member beams around water tank slab and staircase indicated with member label RB01. Design is based on the
strength of the section calculated from the stress distribution at collapse (at ultimate condition). An elastic section
analysis is later carried out for checking the serviceability limit states.
Basic Data
Design to BS 8110: 1997
fcu, fy, fyv, v crit, K1, K2 25, 460, 460, 4.0, 0.41, 0.45
Minor Axis Moments

My max = 12.8 kN.m Minor axis moments ignored by user
Torsional Design
Main Rectangular Section assumed to resist Torsion
T, Vtmin, Vtu(mod) , Hmin, Hmax, X1, Y1 4.10, 0.34, 2.76, 250, 450, 180, 380( Vtu modified to Cl 2.4.5)
Vt= 2T/(Hmin ( Hmax - Hmin/3)) 2 x 4.10 / (250 x (450- 250/3) 0.36 N/mm OK
Combined (V + Vt) / Vtu(mod) <= 1 (1.011 + 0.358) / 2.764 0.495 OK
Asv/Sv= T/(0.8X1Y10.95fyv) 4.10 / ( 0.8 x 180 x 380 x 0.95 x 460) 0.17 mm
Ast= Asv/Sv (fyv/ fy) (Xt1+ Yt1) 0.2 ( 460 / 460) x (180 + 380) 96 mm
Area/Bar = Ast/(Top+Bot+Side+Side) 96 / (2 + 2 + 1 + 1 ) 16 mm
As& As'reduce Asr= Area/BarTop 16 x 2 32 mm
Asprov min(402, 226, 402, 402, 402, 226) 226 OK
Asv/Sv prov (2 external legs only) min(1.05) 1.05 OK
Bending Moments
Left Support Steel Hogging
X/d=Fn(As-Asr, fy, K1, Beff, d, fcu, m) 772, 460, 0.41, 250, 402.0, 25, 0.95 0.33
Mu =(K1fcuBX)min(d-k2X,0.95d) (0.425250132.6)(402.0-0.5132.6) 115 kN.m
Mapp/Mu 57.8 / 115.3 0.501 OK
AsRequired to BS8110 Cl 3.4.4.4 Assuming d = 400, d' = 50 top 387, bottom 32 mm
In-Span Steel @ 2298 mm. Sagging

Muc=(K1fcuBX)min(d-k2X,0.95d) (0.42525053.5)(402.0-0.553.5) 51 kN.m
Musteel= m(As'-Asr)fy'(d-d') 0.9537072(402.0 - 48.0) 9 kN.m
Mapp/Mu (conc + Csteel) 54.7 / (51.4 + 9.0) 0.905 OK
Right Support Steel Hogging

Mapp/Mu 65.1 / 115.3 0.565 OK
Shear
Max Shear
vcrit= min(5, 0.8sqr(fcu) min(5, 0.8 sqr(25) ) 4.000 N/mm
v = Vmax/ (d b) 90 1000 / (402 250) 0.899 N/mm OK
Nominal Shear Zone at 201 mm

vc=Fn(As-Asr, bv, d, fcu) 772, 250, 402, 25 0.58 N/mm Table 3.8
Vcap=Fn(Asv-Asvr, Sv, bv, d, fyv, vc) 131, 150, 250, 402, 460, 0.58 211.9 kN Table 3.7
V/Vcap 92.1/ 211.9 0.434 OK

V/Vcap 74.7/ 211.9 0.352 OK
Dimensional Checks
Deflection at Mid-Span
Bsc l/d=Fn(Basic L/d, Leff) 26, 5.073 26.0
Shp MF=Fn(Bw, Beff) 250, 250 1.00 Table 3.9
Tens MF=Fn(Asreq, Asprv, fy, M, B, d) 335, 370, 460, 55, 250, 402.0 1.29 Table 3.10
Comp MF=Fn(As'prv, B, d) (%) 370, 250, 402.0, (0.37) 1.11 Table 3.11
Allow L/d=Fn(Bsc, Shp, Ten, Com) 26, 1.00, 1.29, 1.11 37.14
Actual L/d=Fn(Leff,d) 5073, 402.0 12.62 OK
General Checks
Cover to Links Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.3) 30 OK
Cover to Bars Not less than 16 (Cl 3.3.1.2) 40 OK
Max Axial Compression Not greater than 281 (Cl 3.4.4.1) 82 OK
Number of main Bars to restrain links Not less than 2 (One per link leg) 2 OK
RH Support Reinforcement Matching Not greater than 1 (Check Continuity with Next beam) 1 OK
Overall Width of Bars at Lap

Top Left Lap Not greater than 100 (Cl 3.12.8.14) 64 OK
Top Right Lap Not greater than 100 (Cl 3.12.8.14) 64 OK
Bottom Left Lap Not greater than 100 (Cl 3.12.8.14) 56 OK
Bottom Right Lap Not greater than 100 (Cl 3.12.8.14) 56 OK

Tens. Min Steel % Not less than 0.13 (Cl 3.12.5.3) 0.69 OK
Tens. Steel gap 25 to 300 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 138 OK
Min Steel Dia 7 to 16 (Cl 3.12.11.2.2) 12 OK
Top Torsion Number Not less than 2 (Pt 2: Cl 2.4.9) 2 OK
Bot Torsion Number Not less than 2 (Pt 2: Cl 2.4.9) 2 OK
Bot Torsion Area Not less than 32 (Pt 2: Cl 2.4.7) 226 OK
Tens. Max Steel % Not greater than 4.00 (Cl 3.12.6.1) 0.69 OK
Comp. Max Steel % Not greater than 4.00 (Cl 3.12.6.1) n/a OK

Comp. Min Steel % Not less than 0.20 (Cl 3.12.5.3) 0.33 OK
Comp. Steel gap Not less than 25 (Cl 3.12.11.1) 138 OK
Max Link Pitch (Comp Bars) Not greater than 192 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 150 OK
Min Link Dia Not less than 6 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 10 OK
Top Torsion Area Not less than 32 (Pt 2: Cl 2.4.7) 402 OK
Comp. Max Steel % Not greater than 4.00 (Cl 3.12.6.1) 0.33 OK
Links - Nominal Shear Zone
Longitudinal c/c Not greater than 180 (Cl 3.4.5.5 & torsion) 150 OK
Transverse c/c 70 to 402 (Cl 3.4.5.5) 180 OK
Nominal Asv/Sv - Asv/Sv (torsion) Not less than 0.23 (Cl 3.4.5.3) 0.88 OK
3.2 MEMBER (RB02)

All member beams except these around water tank slab and staircase are indicated with member label RB02. Analysis
and design calculation were done as follow;
Basic Data
Minor Axis Moments
Torsional Design
Asv/Sv= T/(0.8X1Y10.95fyv) 4.21 / ( 0.8 x 180 x 380 x 0.95 x 460) 0.18 mm
Ast= Asv/Sv (fyv/ fy) (Xt1+ Yt1) 0.2 ( 460 / 460) x (180 + 380) 99 mm
Area/Bar = Ast/(Top+Bot+Side+Side) 99 / (2 + 2 + 1 + 1 ) 16 mm
As& As'reduce Asr= Area/BarTop 16 x 2 33 mm
Asprov min(226, 226, 226, 226, 226, 226) 226 OK
Asv/Sv prov (2 external legs only) min(1.05) 1.05 OK
Bending Moments
Left Support Steel Sagging
Mu =(K1fcuBX)min(d-k2X,0.95d) (0.42525033.2)(0.95404.0) 32 kN.m
Mapp/Mu 17.9 / 32.4 0.553 OK

Mu =(K1fcuBX)min(d-k2X,0.95d) (0.42525033.2)(0.95404.0) 32 kN.m
Mapp/Mu 28.1 / 32.4 0.866 OK

Mapp/Mu 49.7 / 68.1 0.730 OK
Shear
Max Shear
v = Vmax/ (d b) 27 1000 / (404 250) 0.265 N/mm OK

V/Vcap 9.1/ 201.3 0.045 OK

V/Vcap 27.0/ 201.3 0.134 OK
Dimensional Checks
Comp MF=Fn(As'prv, B, d) (%) 193, 250, 404.0, (0.19) 1.06
Table 3.11 Allow L/d=Fn(Bsc, Shp, Ten, Com) 26, 1.00, 1.65, 1.06 45.37
General Checks
Max Axial Compression Not greater than 281 (Cl 3.4.4.1) 46 OK
LH Support Reinforcement Matching Not greater than 1 (Check Continuity with Prev. beam) 1 OK

Left Support Steel Sagging




Longitudinal c/c Not greater than 180 (Cl 3.4.5.5 & torsion) 150 OK
Nominal Asv/Sv - Asv/Sv (torsion) Not less than 0.23 (Cl 3.4.5.3) 0.87 OK
4.0 DESIGN OF 8th FLOOR TO 1st FLOOR REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
4.1 LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISM

Dead and live loads applied in each floor are transferred to the support, which transfer them to the supporting columns
before reaching the structure foundations. Load transfer to beams may vary according to type of slab (one-way or two-
way slab).
Long span
If 2 ; One-way slab
Short span
Long span
If
Short span
< 2 ; Two-way slab
Foundation and column loads are cumulated from the above floors. Diagram below shows two-way load transfer from
slab to beam;
All beams are passing through columns therefore they are termed as main beams, together with columns form the
space frame. They were two unique main beam (B01 and B02) to analyze and checking for flexure, crack control,
deflection and shear. Figure below portrays the general layout of main beams from 8th floor to 1st floor.
4.1.1 Beam design for flexural
The beam was designed for the flexural forces they would experience. This design comprised of the determination and
selection of the adequate amount of steel necessary in each of the critical beam sections. The steel reinforcement is
necessary in the portions of the beam that are in tension because steel is strong in tension while concrete is very weak
and brittle in tension.
4.1.2 Beam design for shear
Next in the design process was the determination of the shear reinforcement. Without shear reinforcement the beam
would have a catastrophic failure due to shear web and flexure shear cracks. These cracks would form due to the shear
forces in the beam and cause equivalent tension stresses that would cause failure in the beam since concrete is very
weak in tension. This failure would be sudden and extremely dangerous and must be designed against. Therefore,
stirrups at a determined spacing are used to provide a source of tensile strength against these shear forces.
4.1.3 Deflection control
Deflection must be controlled in any structure in order to make the building feels safe and is serviceable. Additionally,
deflection must be controlled so that the non structural components of the building do not fail.
4.2 MEMBER (B01)
Analysis and design calculation for all member beams indicated with member label B01 were done as follow;
Basic Data
Minor Axis Moments

Torsional Design
Vt <Vtmin No Special torsional reinforcement required
Bending Moments
X/d=Fn(As, fy, K1, Beff, d, fcu, m) 603, 460, 0.41, 250, 402.0, 25, 0.95 0.18
Musteel= mAs'fy'(d-d') 0.95339251(402.0 - 46.0) 29 kN.m
AsRequired to BS8110 Cl 3.4.4.4 Assuming d = 400, d' = 50 top 554

AsRequired to BS8110 Cl 3.4.4.4 Assuming d = 400, d' = 50 bottom 385 mm

AsRequired to BS8110 Cl 3.4.4.4 Assuming d = 400, d' = 50 top 360
Shear
Max Shear
v = Vmax/ (d b) 74 1000 / (402 250) 0.738 N/mm OK

vc=Fn(As, bv, d, fcu) 603, 250, 402, 25 0.53 N/mm Table 3.8
Vcap=Fn(Asv, Sv, bv, d, fyv, vc) 157, 250, 250, 402, 460, 0.53 163.9 kN Table 3.7
V/Vcap 74.8/ 163.9 0.456 OK
V/Vcap 65.5/ 163.9 0.400 OK
Dimensional Checks
General Checks





Longitudinal c/c Not greater than 302 (Cl 3.4.5.5) 250 OK
Nominal Asv/Sv Not less than 0.23 (Cl 3.4.5.3) 0.63 OK
4.3 MEMBER (B02)
Analysis and design calculation for all member beams indicated with member label B02 were done as follow;
Basic Data
Minor Axis Moments

Torsional Design
Vt < Vtmin No Special torsional reinforcement required
Bending Moments

AsRequired to BS8110 Cl 3.4.4.4 Assuming d = 400, d' = 50 bottom 777 mm

Shear
Max Shear
v = Vmax/ (d b) 147 1000 / (402 250) 1.461 N/mm OK

V/Vcap 128.8/ 228.7 0.563 OK

V/Vcap 148.4/ 225.1 0.659 OK
Dimensional Checks
General Checks
Max Axial Tension Not greater than 281 ((0.1 fcuAc)) 8 OK
Spacer Size Not less than 13 (Cl 3.12.11.1) 16 OK
LH Support Reinforcement Matching Not greater than 1 (Check Continuity with Prev. beam) 1 OK





Longitudinal c/c Not greater than 302 (Cl 3.4.5.5) 175 OK
Nominal Asv/Sv Not less than 0.23 (Cl 3.4.5.3) 0.90 OK
5.0 COLUMN DESIGN
Column is the vertical compression member of the structure, which carries the whole structures load from slab, beam,
and transfer to the soil through foundation. The convenient diagram showing interaction of beam and column in load
transfer from slab to foundation (raft foundation);
Although the column is essentially a compression member, the manner in which it tends to fail and the amount of
load that causes failure depend on:
The material of which the column is made.
The shape of cross-section of the column.
The end conditions of the column.
The code classifies columns first as

short columns when the ratios lex/h and ley/b are both less than 15 for braced columns and less than 10 for
unbraced columns and
Slender columns when the ratios are larger than the values given above
5.1 COLUMNS (C1) (INTERIOR COLUMNS)

The convenient diagram for reference in designing concrete column shown in figure below;
Here, design of column C1 of interior frame as illustrated below.

5.1.1 GROUND FLOOR TO THIRD (3rd) FLOOR COLUMNS
Basic Data
Grades Fy, Fyv, Fcu 460 N/mm, 460 N/mm, 25 N/mm
Restraint Conditions and Effective Lengths
x : for 400 mm deep column Top: Deep, Bottom: Deep 1.20
y : for 400 mm wide column Top: Shallow, Bottom: Shallow 1.50
Lc=3000 Lox=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Loy=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Lex=2880.0 mm, Lex/h=7.2, exx=20.0 mm
Ley=3600.0 mm, Ley/b=9.0, eyy=20.0 mm
Bi-Axial , Short, UnBraced, Column Design
Critical Case : 1 : Dead plus Live
Part 1 of 2 with Mxx Nominal considered
Axial Capacity
Applied Axial N 1596.4 k
Nuz=.45(BH-acs)fcu + .95ascfy .45x(400x400-5027)x25 + 0.95x5026.5x4603940.1 k OK
Ncap=.9.45(BH-acs)fcu + .95ascfy. 9x.45x(400x400-5027)x25 + 0.95x5026.5x460 3765.7 k OK
X-X Moments
Applied Moments (Mx1, Mx2) -11.0 kN.m, 13.6 kN.m
M nom=fn(N, exx) 1596.4 kN, 20.0 mm 31.9 kN.m
Design Moment 31.9 kN.m
Y-Y Moments
Applied Moments (My1, My2) -81.2 kN.m, 75.3 kN.m
Resultant Design Moment
M=sqr(Mx + My) sqr(31.9 + 81.2 ) 87.3 kN.m
= atn(My / Mx) atn(81.2/ 31.9) 68.5 deg
Moment Capacity
Design Data X/h, h, b, X, Ac, Ybar 0.608, 519 mm, 400 mm, 315.21 mm, 90481 mm, 174.2 m
Bar group1:M1 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 446.0, -0.145, -290, -186.7, -91.2 17.0 kN
Bar group2:M2 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 178.0, 0.152, 305, 81.3, 95.8 7.8 kN
Bar group4:M4 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 312.0, 0.004, 7, -52.7, 2.3 -0.1 kN
Concrete Fc=(Ac.45fcu) 90481 x 0.45 x 25 1017.9 k
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -91+96-44+2+49-73-54-36-18+137+29+7+123+114+133+137+1018-1596.4 0.0k OK
Concrete Mc=Fc(H/2-Ybar) 1017.9 x (519 / 2 - 174.2) 86.6 kN
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M16)
Max Moment/Mu 87.3 / 237.6 0.36 OK
X-X Shear Checks

App. Shear Vx, v, v max 8.22 kN, 0.06 N/mm, 4 N/mm 0.01 OK
M/N, 0.6h 20 mm, 240 m Nominal links
Y-Y Shear Checks
App. Shear Vy, v, v max 52.2 kN, 0.38 N/mm, 4 N/mm 0.09 OK
M/N, 0.6b 50.9 mm, 240 m Nominal links

Part 2 of 2: with Myy Nominal considered
Axial Capacity
Nuz=.45(BH-acs)fcu + .95ascfy .45x(400x400-5027)x25 + 0.95x5026.5x460 3940.1 k OK
Ncap=.9.45(BH-acs)fcu + .95ascfy.9x.45x(400x400-5027)x25 + 0.95x5026.5x460 3765.7 k OK
X-X Moments
Y-Y Moments
M nom=fn(N, eyy) 1596.4, 20.0 31.9 kN.m

M=sqr(Mx + My) sqr(13.6 + 81.2 ) 82.4 kN.m
= atn(My / Mx) atn(81.2/ 13.6) 80.5 deg
Moment Capacity
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -88+133-32+23+78-78-69-60-51+137+5+6+115+137+137+137+1013-1596.4 0.1k OK
Max Moment/Mu 82.4 / 253.6 0.32 OK
X-X Shear Checks

M/N, 0.6h 8.5 mm, 240 m Nominal links
Y-Y Shear Checks

Column tie check
Maximum floor load in lift BS 8110 Pt 1: CL 3.12.3.7 & 2.4.3.
No Tie Force case found (1.05D+0.35/1.05L). Using ULS reduced by 1.33=1.40/1.05 conservative
Capacity = 0.95 fy Asc 0.95 460 5027 2196.6 k OK
Dimensional Checks
Main Steel % 0.40 to 6.00 (Cl 3.12.5.3) 3.1 OK
Min Main Dia Not less than 9 (Cl 3.12.11.2.2) 2 OK
Max Link Pitch Not greater than 240 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 15 OK
Nominal Link Pitch Not greater than 240 (Tab 3.7) 15 OK
XX Steel Gap Not less than 25 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 5 OK
YY Steel Gap Not less than 25 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 5 OK
XX Link Leg Length Not less than 106 (mm Shape code 82[33]) 10 OK
YY Link Leg Length Not less than 106 (mm Shape code 82[33]) 10 OK
XX Un-restrained distance c/c 0 to 150 (Cl 3.12.7.2) 6 OK
YY Un-restrained distance c/c 0 to 150 (Cl 3.12.7.2) 6 OK
XX Valid Link pattern 4 to 4, 5, 6, 7 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
YY Valid Link pattern 4 to 4, 5, 6, 7 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
5.1.2 FOURTH FLOOR (4th) TO FIFTH FLOOR (5th) COLUMNS
Basic Data

Lc=3000 Lox=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Loy=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Lex=2880.0 mm, Lex/h=7.2, exx=20.0 mm
Ley=3600.0 mm, Ley/b=9.0, eyy=20.0 mm

Axial Capacity
X-X Moments
Mom=fn(N, exx) 801.1 kN, 20.0 mm 16.0 kN.m
Design Moment
16.9 kN.m
Y-Y Moments

M=sqr(Mx + My) sqr(16.9 + 88.7 ) 90.3 kN.m
= atn(My / Mx) atn(88.7/ 16.9) 79.2 deg
Moment Capacity
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -137+108-69+20-137-124-107+137-18+7+125+137+796-801.10.0 k OK
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M12)88.3 + (23.1+12.4+5.1+0.4+20.7+16.4+12.2+ (23.1+0.4+5.2+16.5+20.7)244.4kN
Max Moment/Mu 90.3 / 244.4 0.37 OK
X-X Shear Checks

Y-Y Shear Checks

M/N, 0.6b 110.8 mm, 240 m

Axial Capacity
Nuz=.45(BH-acs)fcu + .95ascfy 45x(400x400-3770)x25 + 0.95x3769.9x460 3405.0 k OK
X-X Moments
Y-Y Moments
M nom=fn(N, eyy) 801.1, 20.0 16.0 kN.m
M=sqr(Mx + My) sqr(16.9 + 88.7 ) 90.3 kN.m
= atn(My / Mx) atn(88.7/ 16.9) 79.2 deg
Moment Capacity
F Equilibrium (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -137+108-69+20-137-124-107+137-18+7+125+137+796-801.10.0 k OK
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M12)88.3 + (23.1+12.4+5.1+0.4+20.7+16.4+12.2+ (23.1+0.4+5.2+16.5+20.7)244.4kN
Max Moment/Mu 90.3 / 244.4 0.37 OK
X-X Shear Checks

Y-Y Shear Checks

Column tie check
Dimensional Checks
Cover to Bars Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.2) 4
XX Steel Gap 25 to 163 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 7 OK
YY Steel Gap 25 to 163 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 7 OK
5.1.2 SIXTH FLOOR (6th) TO EIGHT FLOOR (9th) COLUMNS
Basic Data

Lc=3000 Lox=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Loy=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Lex=1800.0 mm, Lex/h=4.5, exx=20.0 mm
Ley=2040.0 mm, Ley/b=5.1, eyy=20.0 mm
Bi-Axial , Short, Un Braced, Column Design

Axial Capacity
Ncap=.9.45(BH-acs)fcu + .95ascfy .9x.45x(400x400-1608)x25 + 0.95x1608.5x460 2306.6 k OK
X-X Moments
Y-Y Moments

M=sqr(Mx + My) sqr(16.0 + 92.9 ) 94.2 kN.m
= atn(My / Mx) atn(92.9/ 16.0) 80.2 deg
Moment Capacity
Bar group7:M7 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 206.3, -0.063, -127, 24.8, -25.5 -0.6 kN
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -88+51-65-88-88+88-25+71+563-417.4 0.0 k
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M8)77.1 + (14.8+6.0+1.6+12.6+10.5+14.8+-0.6+ (10.1) 147.0kN
Max Moment/Mu 94.2 / 147.0 0.64 OK
X-X Shear Checks

Y-Y Shear Checks


Axial Capacity
X-X Moments
Y-Y Moments
M nom=fn(N, eyy) 417.4, 20.0 8.3 kN.m

M=sqr(Mx + My) sqr(16.0 + 92.9 ) 94.2 kN.m
= atn(My / Mx) atn(92.9/ 16.0) 80.2 deg
Moment Capacity
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -88+51-65-88-88+88-25+71+563-417.4 0.0 k OK
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M8) 77.1 + (14.8+6.0+1.6+12.6+10.5+14.8+-0.6+ (10.1) 147.0kN
Max Moment/Mu 94.2 / 147.0 0.64 OK
X-X Shear Checks

Y-Y Shear Checks
Column tie check

Dimensional Checks
XX Valid Link pattern 2 to 2, 3 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
YY Valid Link pattern 2 to 2, 3 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
5.2 COLUMNS (C2) (EXTERIOR COLUMNS)
The convenient diagram for reference in designing concrete column shown in figure below;
Here, design of column C1 of interior frame as illustrated below.

5.2.1 GROUND FLOOR TO FOURTH (4th) FLOOR COLUMNS
Basic Data
Lc=3000 Lox=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Loy=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Lex=2880.0 mm, Lex/h=7.2, exx=20.0 mm
Ley=3600.0 mm, Ley/b=9.0, eyy=20.0 mm

Axial Capacity
X-X Moments
Mom=fn(N, exx) 801.1 kN, 20.0 mm 16.0 kN.m
Design Moment
16.9 kN.m
Y-Y Moments

M=sqr(Mx + My) sqr(16.9 + 88.7 ) 90.3 kN.m
= atn(My / Mx) atn(88.7/ 16.9) 79.2 deg
Moment Capacity
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -137+108-69+20-137-124-107+137-18+7+125+137+796-801.10.0 k OK
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M12)88.3 + (23.1+12.4+5.1+0.4+20.7+16.4+12.2+ (23.1+0.4+5.2+16.5+20.7)244.4kN
Max Moment/Mu 90.3 / 244.4 0.37 OK
X-X Shear Checks

Y-Y Shear Checks

M/N, 0.6b 110.8 mm, 240 m

Axial Capacity
Nuz=.45(BH-acs)fcu + .95ascfy 45x(400x400-3770)x25 + 0.95x3769.9x460 3405.0 k OK
X-X Moments
Y-Y Moments
M nom=fn(N, eyy) 801.1, 20.0 16.0 kN.m

M=sqr(Mx + My) sqr(16.9 + 88.7 ) 90.3 kN.m
= atn(My / Mx) atn(88.7/ 16.9) 79.2 deg
Moment Capacity
F Equilibrium (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -137+108-69+20-137-124-107+137-18+7+125+137+796-801.10.0 k OK
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M12)88.3 + (23.1+12.4+5.1+0.4+20.7+16.4+12.2+ (23.1+0.4+5.2+16.5+20.7)244.4kN
Max Moment/Mu 90.3 / 244.4 0.37 OK
X-X Shear Checks

Y-Y Shear Checks

Column tie check

Dimensional Checks
Cover to Bars Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.2) 4
5.2.2 SIXTH FLOOR (5th) TO EIGHT FLOOR (9th) COLUMNS
Basic Data

Lc=3000 Lox=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Loy=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Lex=1800.0 mm, Lex/h=4.5, exx=20.0 mm
Ley=2040.0 mm, Ley/b=5.1, eyy=20.0 mm
Bi-Axial , Short, Un Braced, Column Design

Axial Capacity
X-X Moments
Y-Y Moments

M=sqr(Mx + My) sqr(16.0 + 92.9 ) 94.2 kN.m
= atn(My / Mx) atn(92.9/ 16.0) 80.2 deg
Moment Capacity
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -88+51-65-88-88+88-25+71+563-417.4 0.0 k
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M8)77.1 + (14.8+6.0+1.6+12.6+10.5+14.8+-0.6+ (10.1) 147.0kN
Max Moment/Mu 94.2 / 147.0 0.64 OK
X-X Shear Checks
Y-Y Shear Checks


Axial Capacity
X-X Moments
Y-Y Moments
M nom=fn(N, eyy) 417.4, 20.0 8.3 kN.m

M=sqr(Mx + My) sqr(16.0 + 92.9 ) 94.2 kN.m
= atn(My / Mx) atn(92.9/ 16.0) 80.2 deg
Moment Capacity
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -88+51-65-88-88+88-25+71+563-417.4 0.0 k OK
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M8) 77.1 + (14.8+6.0+1.6+12.6+10.5+14.8+-0.6+ (10.1) 147.0kN
Max Moment/Mu 94.2 / 147.0 0.64 OK
X-X Shear Checks

Y-Y Shear Checks
Column tie check

Dimensional Checks
XX Valid Link pattern 2 to 2, 3 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
YY Valid Link pattern 2 to 2, 3 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
6.0 TWO WAY SLAB DESIGN
6.1 DESIGN INFORMATION
The main slab floor was designed as monolithic beam and slab construction with solid slabs spanning either one way or
two ways, supported on transverse and longitudinal beams framing directly into the columns.
The panel for design purpose is of two-way slabs. Figure bellows shows 3D finite view of slab.
Design parameters
Fcu=25N/mm2
Fy=460N/mm2
Fyv=250N/mm2
Slab depth (h)=150mm
Durability and fire resistance

Typical condition
Complete protection from weather or from aggressive conditions except briefly during construction
Exposure rating
Mild exposure (minimum cover=25mm)

Maximum fire resistance of 150mm slab with 25mm cover is 1 hour
6.2 LOAD ANALYSIS
Dead load
Self-weight of tiles = 0.4KN/m2
Self-weight of plaster (t=15mm) = 0.3KN/m2
Self-weight of cement sand screed (t=40mm) = 0.8 KN/m2
Total dead load = 1.5KN/m2
Imposed load
Characteristic Imposed Load (Gk) = 3.5 KN/m2
Figure below shows Slab layout

6.3 DESIGN PROCEDURES
Determine moments at critical sections in each direction, normally the negative moments at supports and
positive moment near mid-span.
Distribute moments transverse at critical sections to beams.
Determine the area of steel required in the slab at critical sections for column and middle strips.
Select reinforcing bars for the slab and concentrate bars near the column, if necessary.
MasterKey Concrete - Two-Way Slab

Slab 1
Basic Data
Dimensions Lx=5200, Ly=6000, D=200
Grades and Covers fcu=25, fy=500, top=25, bottom=25, Aggregate = 25
Load = 1.4(gk + DenD) + 1.6qk 1.4(1.50 + 24.000.200) + 1.63.00 13.62 kN/m
Edge Fixity Edge: 1 Fixed, 2 Fixed, 3 Fixed, 4 Fixed Nd = 0
Bottom Steel at Mid-Span XX (3-4)

As bottom (0.262%) 10 @ 150 mm c/c 524 mm OK
BM app = Fn(Wult, Lx, Coef) 13.62, 5200, 0.030 11.0 kN.m
X/d = Fn(As, fy, K1, fcu, m) 524, 500, 0.41, 25, 0.87 = 22 / 170 0.13
Mu conc = Fn(Z, X, K1, fcu) 160, 22, 0.41, 25 36.40 kN.m OK
Tens MF=Fn(Asr, Asp, fy, M, d) 155, 524, 500, 170 2.00 Table 3.10
Allow L/d=Fn(Basic, Ten) 26, 2.000 52.00 Cl 3.5.7
Actual L/d=Fn(L,d) 5200, 170 30.59 OK
Bottom Steel at Mid-Span YY (1-2)
As bottom (0.262%) 10 @ 150 mm c/c 524 mm OK
X/d = Fn(As, fy, K1, fcu, m) 524, 500, 0.41, 25, 0.87 = 22 / 160 0.14
Support Steel at Edges 3&4 XX (short span)

As top (0.196%) 10 @ 200 mm c/c 393 mm OK
X/d = Fn(As, fy, K1, fcu, m) 393, 500, 0.41, 25, 0.87 = 17 / 170 0.10
SF app = Fn(Wult, Lx, Coef) 13.62, 5200, 0.370 26.2 kN
Vcap = Fn(As, d, fcu, vc) 393, 170, 25, 0.48 81.65 kN OK
Support Steel at Edges 1&2 YY (long span)

As top (0.196%) 10 @ 200 mm c/c 393 mm OK
X/d = Fn(As, fy, K1, fcu, m) 393, 500, 0.41, 25, 0.87 = 17 / 160 0.10
SF app = Fn(Wult, Lx, Coef) 13.62, 5200, 0.330 23.4 kN
Vcap = Fn(As, d, fcu, vc) 393, 160, 25, 0.50 79.61 kN OK
Distribution Steel
As Min = Fn(fy, d, b, As%) 500, 200, 1000, 0.13 260 mm/m
7.0 DESIGN OF BASEMENT RETAINING WALL
Basement walls are designed as propped cantilevers in reinforced concrete, the basement slab acting as the prop at
base level. The walls are designed using parameters relevant to the geo-technical report. The walls will be designed
for a water table 1.5m above the base of the stem.
The surcharge load allowed on the external walls of the property will be 10KN/m i.e within the garden areas of the
property.
7.1 BASEMENT SLAB

The slab will be formed in reinforced concrete. It will be designed for uplift due to water pressure below; the
basement slab will act as a prop to the base of the basement walls.
7.2 DESIGN CRITERIA.

Basement walls and bases are designed using the program TEKLA TEDDS parameters for the retained soils and
bearing soils are referred from Geo technical report. The design is in accordance with BS 8002:1994.
The design adopts the coulomb theory in calculating the active and passive earth pressures. Pressure coefficients in
the design adopt at rest pressures.
The wall and base is designed for the following

Vertical loads from walls and distributed loads from slab above.
Wall will be designed for a surcharge loading of 10kN/m
An allowable bearing pressure at base formation on the geo technical report will be taken as 200KN/m2, this will
limit settlements. Figure below shows position of Raft foundation, Retaining walls and Shear wall.
Relevant Codes of Practice and British Standards
B.S. 8004 Code of Practice For Foundations
B.S. 6031 Code of Practice For Earthworks
B.S. 8110 Structural Use of Concrete
7.3 RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS (BS 8002:1994)
Wall details
Retaining wall type; Cantilever propped at base
Height of retaining wall stem; hstem = 3250 mm
Thickness of wall stem; twall = 350 mm
Length of toe; ltoe = 1500 mm
Length of heel; lheel = 600 mm
Overall length of base; lbase = ltoe + lheel + twall = 2450 mm
Thickness of base; tbase = 450 mm
Depth of downstand; dds = 400 mm
Position of downstand; lds = 1500 mm
Thickness of downstand; tds = 400 mm
Height of retaining wall; hwall = hstem + tbase + dds = 4100 mm
Height of ground water behind wall; hwater = 1500 mm
Height of saturated fill above base; hsat = max(hwater - tbase - dds, 0 mm) = 1150 mm
Density of wall construction; wall = 23.6 kN/m3
Density of base construction; base = 23.6 kN/m3
Angle of rear face of wall; = 90.0 deg
Angle of soil surface behind wall; = 0.0 deg
Effective height at virtual back of wall; heff = hwall + lheel tan() = 4100 mm
Retained material details

Mobilisation factor; M = 1.5
Moist density of retained material; m = 21.0 kN/m3
Saturated density of retained material; s = 23.0 kN/m3
Design shear strength; ' = 24.2 deg
Angle of wall friction; = 18.6 deg
Base material details

Stiff clay
Moist density; mb = 18.0 kN/m3
Design shear strength; 'b = 24.2 deg
Design base friction; b = 18.6 deg
Allowable bearing pressure; Pbearing = 200 kN/m2
Using Coulomb theory

Active pressure coefficient for retained material
Ka = sin(+ ')2 / (sin()2 sin(- ) [1 + (sin(' + ) sin(' - ) / (sin(- ) sin(+ )))]2) = 0.369
Passive pressure coefficient for base material
Kp = sin(90- 'b)2 / (sin(90- b) [1 - (sin('b + b) sin('b) / (sin(90 + b)))]2) = 4.187
At-rest pressure
At-rest pressure for retained material; K0 = 1 sin() = 0.590
Loading details
Surcharge load on plan; Surcharge = 10.0 kN/m2
Applied vertical dead load on wall; Wdead = 64.9 kN/m
Applied vertical live load on wall; Wlive = 0.0 kN/m
Position of applied vertical load on wall; lload = 1675 mm
Applied horizontal dead load on wall; Fdead = 0.0 kN/m
Applied horizontal live load on wall; Flive = 0.0 kN/m
Height of applied horizontal load on wall; hload = 0 mm
Loads shown in kN/m, pressures shown in kN/m2
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; wwall = hstem twall wall = 26.8 kN/m
Wall base; wbase = lbase tbase base = 26 kN/m
Wall downstand; wds = dds tds base = 3.8 kN/m
Surcharge; wsur = Surcharge lheel = 6 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; wm_w = lheel (hstem - hsat) m = 26.5 kN/m
Saturated backfill; ws = lheel hsat s = 15.9 kN/m
Applied vertical load; Wv = W dead + W live = 64.9 kN/m
Total vertical load; Wtotal = wwall + wbase + wds + wsur + wm_w + ws + W v = 169.8 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall

Surcharge; Fsur = Ka cos(90 - + ) Surcharge heff = 14.3 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; Fm_a = 0.5 Ka cos(90 - + ) m (heff - hwater)2 = 16.2 kN/m
Moist backfill below water table; Fm_b = Ka cos(90 - + ) m (heff - hwater) hwater = 30.9 kN/m
Saturated backfill; Fs = 0.5 Ka cos(90 - + ) (s- water) hwater2 = 9.2 kN/m
Water; Fwater = 0.5 hwater2 water = 19.6 kN/m
Total horizontal load; Ftotal = Fsur + Fm_a + Fm_b + Fs + Fwater = 90.2 kN/m
Calculate propping force

Passive resistance of soil in front of wall; Fp = 0.5 Kp cos(b) (dcover + tbase + dds - dexc)2 mb = 15.1 kN/m
Propping force; Fprop = max(Ftotal - Fp - (W total - wsur) tan(b), 0 kN/m)
Fprop = 20.0 kN/m
Overturning moments
Surcharge; Msur = Fsur (heff - 2 dds) / 2 = 23.7 kNm/m
Moist backfill above water table; Mm_a = Fm_a (heff + 2 hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 37.3 kNm/m
Moist backfill below water table; Mm_b = Fm_b (hwater - 2 dds) / 2 = 18.5 kNm/m
Saturated backfill; Ms = Fs (hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 2.5 kNm/m
Water; Mwater = Fwater (hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 5.2 kNm/m
Soil in front of wall; Mp_o = Fp [2 dds - tbase - dcover + dexc] / 3 = 2.8 kNm/m
Total overturning moment; Mot = Msur + Mm_a + Mm_b + Ms + Mwater + Mp_o = 89.9 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Wall stem; Mwall = wwall (ltoe + twall / 2) = 45 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase = wbase lbase / 2 = 31.9 kNm/m
Wall downstand; Mds = wds (lds + tds / 2) = 6.4 kNm/m
Surcharge; Msur_r = wsur (lbase - lheel / 2) = 12.9 kNm/m
Moist backfill; Mm_r = (wm_w (lbase - lheel / 2) + wm_s (lbase - lheel / 3)) = 56.9 kNm/m
Saturated backfill; Ms_r = ws (lbase - lheel / 2) = 34.1 kNm/m
Design vertical load; Mv = W v lload = 108.6 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest = Mwall + Mbase + Mds + Msur_r + Mm_r + Ms_r + Mv = 295.8 kNm/m
Check bearing pressure

Total moment for bearing; Mtotal = Mrest - Mot = 205.9 kNm/m
Total vertical reaction; R = W total = 169.8 kN/m
Distance to reaction; xbar = Mtotal / R = 1212 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; e = abs((lbase / 2) - xbar) = 13 mm
Reaction acts within middle third of base
Bearing pressure at toe; ptoe = (R / lbase) + (6 R e / lbase2) = 71.5 kN/m2
Bearing pressure at heel; pheel = (R / lbase) - (6 R e / lbase2) = 67.2 kN/m2
PASS - Maximum bearing pressure is less than allowable bearing pressure
RETAINING WALL DESIGN (BS 8002:1994)
Ultimate limit state load factors
Dead load factor; f_d = 1.4
Live load factor; f_l = 1.6
Earth and water pressure factor; f_e = 1.4
Factored vertical forces on wall

Wall stem; wwall_f = f_d hstem twall wall = 37.6 kN/m
Wall base; wbase_f = f_d lbase tbase base = 36.4 kN/m
Wall downstand; wds_f = f_d dds tds base = 5.3 kN/m
Surcharge; wsur_f = f_l Surcharge lheel = 9.6 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; wm_w_f = f_d lheel (hstem - hsat) m = 37 kN/m
Saturated backfill; ws_f = f_d lheel hsat s = 22.2 kN/m
Applied vertical load; Wv_f = f_d W dead + f_l Wlive = 90.8 kN/m
Total vertical load; Wtotal_f = wwall_f + wbase_f + wds_f + wsur_f + wm_w_f + ws_f + W v_f = 239 kN/m
Factored horizontal active forces on wall

Surcharge; Fsur_f = f_l Ka cos(90 - + ) Surcharge heff = 23 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; Fm_a_f = f_e 0.5 Ka cos(90 - + ) m (heff - hwater)2 = 22.7 kN/m
Moist backfill below water table; Fm_b_f = f_e Ka cos(90 - + ) m (heff - hwater) hwater = 43.2 kN/m
Saturated backfill; Fs_f = f_e 0.5 Ka cos(90 - + ) (s- water) hwater2 = 12.9 kN/m
Water; Fwater_f = f_e 0.5 hwater2 water = 27.5 kN/m
Total horizontal load; Ftotal_f = Fsur_f + Fm_a_f + Fm_b_f + Fs_f + Fwater_f = 129.2 kN/m
Calculate propping force

Passive resistance of soil in front of wall; Fp_f = f_e 0.5 Kp cos(b) (dcover + tbase + dds - dexc)2 mb = 21.1 kN/m
Propping force; Fprop_f = max(Ftotal_f - Fp_f - (W total_f - wsur_f) tan(b), 0 kN/m)
Fprop_f = 30.9 kN/m
Factored overturning moments

Surcharge; Msur_f = Fsur_f (heff - 2 dds) / 2 = 37.9 kNm/m
Moist backfill above water table; Mm_a_f = Fm_a_f (heff + 2 hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 52.2 kNm/m
Moist backfill below water table; Mm_b_f = Fm_b_f (hwater - 2 dds) / 2 = 25.9 kNm/m
Saturated backfill; Ms_f = Fs_f (hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 3.4 kNm/m
Water; Mwater_f = Fwater_f (hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 7.3 kNm/m
Soil in front of wall; Mp_o_f = Fp_f [2 dds - tbase - dcover + dexc] / 3 = 3.9 kNm/m
Total overturning moment; Mot_f = Msur_f + Mm_a_f + Mm_b_f + Ms_f + Mwater_f + Mp_o_f = 130.6 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Wall stem; Mwall_f = wwall_f (ltoe + twall / 2) = 63 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase_f = wbase_f lbase / 2 = 44.6 kNm/m
Wall downstand; Mds_f = wds_f (lds + tds / 2) = 9 kNm/m
Surcharge; Msur_r_f = wsur_f (lbase - lheel / 2) = 20.6 kNm/m
Moist backfill; Mm_r_f = (wm_w_f (lbase - lheel / 2) + wm_s_f (lbase - lheel / 3)) = 79.6 kNm/m
Saturated backfill; Ms_r_f = ws_f (lbase - lheel / 2) = 47.8 kNm/m
Design vertical load; Mv_f = W v_f lload = 152.1 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest_f = Mwall_f + Mbase_f + Mds_f + Msur_r_f + Mm_r_f + Ms_r_f + Mv_f = 416.7 kNm/m
Factored bearing pressure

Total moment for bearing; Mtotal_f = Mrest_f - Mot_f = 286.1 kNm/m
Total vertical reaction; Rf = W total_f = 239.0 kN/m
Distance to reaction; xbar_f = Mtotal_f / Rf = 1197 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; ef = abs((lbase / 2) - xbar_f) = 28 mm
Reaction acts within middle third of base
Bearing pressure at toe; ptoe_f = (Rf / lbase) + (6 Rf ef / lbase = 104.1 kN/m2
2)
Bearing pressure at heel; pheel_f = (Rf / lbase) - (6 Rf ef / lbase2) = 90.9 kN/m2

Rate of change of base reaction; rate = (ptoe_f - pheel_f) / lbase = 5.39 kN/m2/m
Bearing pressure at stem / toe; pstem_toe_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate ltoe), 0 kN/m2) = 96.1 kN/m2
Bearing pressure at mid stem; pstem_mid_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate (ltoe + twall / 2)), 0 kN/m2) = 95.1 kN/m2
Bearing pressure at stem / heel; pstem_heel_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate (ltoe + twall)), 0 kN/m2) = 94.2 kN/m2
Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall toe (BS 8002:1994)
Material properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 25 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 500 N/mm2
Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in toe; ctoe = 50 mm
Calculate shear for toe design

Shear from bearing pressure; Vtoe_bear = (ptoe_f + pstem_toe_f) ltoe / 2 = 150.1 kN/m
Shear from weight of base; Vtoe_wt_base = f_d base ltoe tbase = 22.3 kN/m
Total shear for toe design; Vtoe = Vtoe_bear - Vtoe_wt_base = 127.8 kN/m
Calculate moment for toe design

Moment from bearing pressure; Mtoe_bear = (2 ptoe_f + pstem_mid_f) (ltoe + twall / 2)2 / 6 = 141.9 kNm/m
Moment from weight of base; Mtoe_wt_base = (f_d base tbase (ltoe + twall / 2)2 / 2) = 20.9 kNm/m
Total moment for toe design; Mtoe = Mtoe_bear - Mtoe_wt_base = 121 kNm/m
Check toe in bending

Width of toe; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; dtoe = tbase ctoe (toe / 2) = 390.0 mm
Constant; Ktoe = Mtoe / (b dtoe2 fcu) = 0.032
Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; ztoe = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Ktoe, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) dtoe
ztoe = 371 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_toe_des = Mtoe / (0.87 fy ztoe) = 751 mm2/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_toe_min = k b tbase = 585 mm2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_toe_req = Max(As_toe_des, As_toe_min) = 751 mm2/m
Reinforcement provided; 20 mm dia.bars @ 150 mm centres
Area of reinforcement provided; As_toe_prov = 2094 mm2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall toe is adequate
Check shear resistance at toe
Design shear stress; vtoe = Vtoe / (b dtoe) = 0.328 N/mm2
Allowable shear stress; vadm = min(0.8 (fcu / 1 N/mm2), 5) 1 N/mm2 = 4.000 N/mm2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; vc_toe = 0.517 N/mm2
vtoe < vc_toe - No shear reinforcement required
Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall heel (BS 8002:1994)

Material properties
Base details
Cover to reinforcement in heel; cheel = 50 mm
Calculate shear for heel design

Shear from bearing pressure; Vheel_bear = (pheel_f + pstem_heel_f) lheel / 2 = 55.5 kN/m
Shear from weight of base; Vheel_wt_base = f_d base lheel tbase = 8.9 kN/m
Shear from weight of downstand; Vheel_wt_ds = f_d base dds tds = 5.3 kN/m
Shear from weight of moist backfill; Vheel_wt_m = wm_w_f = 37 kN/m
Shear from weight of saturated backfill; Vheel_wt_s = ws_f = 22.2 kN/m
Shear from surcharge; Vheel_sur = wsur_f = 9.6 kN/m
Total shear for heel design; Vheel = - Vheel_bear + Vheel_wt_base + Vheel_wt_ds + Vheel_wt_m + Vheel_wt_s + Vheel_sur = 27.5 kN/m
Calculate moment for heel design
Moment from bearing pressure; Mheel_bear = (2 pheel_f + pstem_mid_f) (lheel + twall / 2)2 / 6 = 27.7 kNm/m
Moment from weight of base; Mheel_wt_base = (f_d base tbase (lheel + twall / 2)2 / 2) = 4.5 kNm/m
Moment from weight of downstand; Mheel_wt_ds = f_d base dds tds (lds - ltoe + (tds - twall) / 2) = 0.1 kNm/m
Moment from weight of moist backfill; Mheel_wt_m = wm_w_f (lheel + twall) / 2 = 17.6 kNm/m
Moment from weight of saturated backfill; Mheel_wt_s = ws_f (lheel + twall) / 2 = 10.6 kNm/m
Moment from surcharge; Mheel_sur = wsur_f (lheel + twall) / 2 = 4.6 kNm/m
Total moment for heel design; Mheel = - Mheel_bear + Mheel_wt_base + Mheel_wt_ds + Mheel_wt_m + Mheel_wt_s + Mheel_sur = 9.6 kNm/m
Check heel in bending
Width of heel; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; dheel = tbase cheel (heel / 2) = 390.0 mm
Constant; Kheel = Mheel / (b dheel2 fcu) = 0.003
Lever arm; zheel = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kheel, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) dheel
zheel = 371 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_heel_des = Mheel / (0.87 fy zheel) = 59 mm2/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_heel_min = k b tbase = 585 mm2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_heel_req = Max(As_heel_des, As_heel_min) = 585 mm2/m
Area of reinforcement provided; As_heel_prov = 2094 mm2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall heel is adequate
Check shear resistance at heel
Design shear stress; vheel = Vheel / (b dheel) = 0.071 N/mm2
Design concrete shear stress; vc_heel = 0.517 N/mm2
vheel < vc_heel - No shear reinforcement required
Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall downstand (BS 8002:1994)

Material properties
Base details
Cover to reinforcement in downstand; cds = 50 mm
Calculate shear for downstand design

Total shear for downstand design
Vdown = f_e Kp cos(b) m dds (dcover + tbase + dds / 2) = 30.3 kN/m
Calculate moment for downstand design

Total moment for downstand design
Mdown = f_e Kp cos(b) m dds [(dcover + tbase) (tbase + dds) + dds (tbase / 2 + 2 dds / 3)] / 2 = 13.5 kNm/m
Check downstand in bending
Width of downstand; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; ddown = tds cds (down / 2) = 340.0 mm
Constant; Kdown = Mdown / (b ddown2 fcu) = 0.005
Lever arm; zdown = Min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kdown, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) ddown
zdown = 323 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_down_des = Mdown / (0.87 fy zdown) = 96 mm2/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_down_min = k b tds = 520 mm2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_down_req = Max(As_down_des, As_down_min) = 520 mm2/m
Area of reinforcement provided; As_down_prov = 2094 mm2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall downstand is adequate
Check shear resistance at downstand
Design shear stress; vdown = Vdown / (b ddown) = 0.089 N/mm2
Design concrete shear stress; vc_down = 0.560 N/mm2
vdown < vc_down - No shear reinforcement required
Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall stem (BS 8002:1994)

Material properties
Wall details
Cover to reinforcement in stem; cstem = 50 mm
Cover to reinforcement in wall; cwall = 50 mm
Factored horizontal active forces on stem
Surcharge; Fs_sur_f = f_l Ka cos(90 - + ) Surcharge (heff - tbase - dds) = 18.2 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; Fs_m_a_f = 0.5 f_e Ka cos(90 - + ) m (heff - tbase - dds - hsat)2 = 22.7 kN/m
Moist backfill below water table; Fs_m_b_f = f_e Ka cos(90 - + ) m (heff - tbase - dds - hsat) hsat = 24.8 kN/m
Saturated backfill; Fs_s_f = 0.5 f_e Ka cos(90 - + ) (s- water) hsat2 = 4.3 kN/m
Water; Fs_water_f = 0.5 f_e water hsat2 = 9.1 kN/m
Calculate shear for stem design

Shear at base of stem; Vstem = Fs_sur_f + Fs_m_a_f + Fs_m_b_f + Fs_s_f + Fs_water_f - Fprop_f = 48.2 kN/m
Calculate moment for stem design

Surcharge; Ms_sur = Fs_sur_f (hstem + tbase) / 2 = 33.7 kNm/m
Moist backfill above water table; Ms_m_a = Fs_m_a_f (2 hsat + heff - dds + tbase / 2) / 3 = 47.1 kNm/m
Moist backfill below water table; Ms_m_b = Fs_m_b_f hsat / 2 = 14.3 kNm/m
Saturated backfill; Ms_s = Fs_s_f hsat / 3 = 1.6 kNm/m
Water; Ms_water = Fs_water_f hsat / 3 = 3.5 kNm/m
Total moment for stem design; Mstem = Ms_sur + Ms_m_a + Ms_m_b + Ms_s + Ms_water = 100.1 kNm/m
Check wall stem in bending

Width of wall stem; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; dstem = twall cstem (stem / 2) = 290.0 mm
Constant; Kstem = Mstem / (b dstem2 fcu) = 0.048
Lever arm; zstem = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kstem, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) dstem
zstem = 274 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_stem_des = Mstem / (0.87 fy zstem) = 841 mm2/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_stem_min = k b twall = 455 mm2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_stem_req = Max(As_stem_des, As_stem_min) = 841 mm2/m
Area of reinforcement provided; As_stem_prov = 2094 mm2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall stem is adequate
Check shear resistance at wall stem
Design shear stress; vstem = Vstem / (b dstem) = 0.166 N/mm2
Design concrete shear stress; vc_stem = 0.614 N/mm2
vstem < vc_stem - No shear reinforcement required
Check retaining wall deflection
Basic span/effective depth ratio; ratiobas = 7
Design service stress; fs = 2 fy As_stem_req / (3 As_stem_prov) = 133.8 N/mm2
Modification factor; factortens = min(0.55 + (477 N/mm2 - fs)/(120 (0.9 N/mm2 + (Mstem/(b dstem2)))),2) = 1.92
Maximum span/effective depth ratio; ratiomax = ratiobas factortens = 13.43
Actual span/effective depth ratio; ratioact = hstem / dstem = 11.21
PASS - Span to depth ratio is acceptable
Indicative retaining wall reinforcement diagram
Toe bars - 20 mm dia.@ 150 mm centres - (2094 mm2/m)

Heel bars - 20 mm dia.@ 150 mm centres - (2094 mm2/m)
Downstand bars - 20 mm dia.@ 150 mm centres - (2094 mm2/m)
Stem bars - 16 mm dia.@ 150 mm centres - (2094 mm2/m)
8.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN
Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock that have sufficient
bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics.
Foundation of the building was designed as pad foundation, but was seem impractical to create individual strip or
pad foundations for a large number of individual loads. In very general terms, if strip or pad foundations would cover
50% or more of the foundation area, then a raft/mat may be appropriate according to BS-8004 (as shown in figure
below).
Other Importance of Mat foundation over Pad foundation
It may be able to overcome differential settlement problems for the raft acts as a unit. Load incurred by raft
foundation will be transferred to the underlying soil by reinforced concrete continuous slab by covering the
entire site structure.
Raft foundation can across the low soil bearing capacity and will distribute the loads on wide area. It spreads the
loads over a larger area when the construction takes place on the soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity.
To carry loads which are too heavy to be supported by a shallow foundation. The loads are to be transferred to
deeper, stronger and less compressible strata or over a larger depth of the foundation soil as in foundations of
tall buildings.
To withstand uplift forces in foundations as in expensive soils and floating foundations.
8.1 MAT FOUNDATION DESIGN
Raft foundation covers the entire area of the structure, transmitting the entire structural load and reduces differential
settlements. In this paper, analysis of raft foundation has been carried out by using finite element software Tekla
Structural Designer.
8.1.1 DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Today, most mat foundations are designed with the aid of a computer using the finite element method (FEM).
This method divides the mat into hundreds or perhaps thousands of elements. Each element has certain defined
dimensions, a specified stiffness and strength (which may be defined in terms of concrete and steel properties)
and is connected to the adjacent elements in a specified way.
The mat elements are connected to the ground through a series of springs, which are defined using the
coefficient of subgrade reaction. Typically, one spring is located at each corner of each element. The loads on
the mat include the externally applied column loads, applied line loads, applied area loads, and the weight of the
mat itself. These loads press the mat downward, and this downward movement is resisted by the soil springs.
These opposing forces along with the stiffness of the mat can be evaluated simultaneously using matrix algebra
which allows us to compute the stresses, strains, and distortions in the mat. If the results of the analysis are not
acceptable, the design is modified accordingly and reanalyzed.
The finite element analysis can be extended to include the superstructure, the mat, and the underlying soil in a
single three-dimensional finite element method. This method would, in principle, be a more accurate model of
the soil structure system, and thus may produce a more economical design.
Tekla Structural Designer is one of the sophisticated finite element software, which is well suited for foundation
analysis because of its flexibility in modelling, meshing and the field conditions can be incorporated effectively.
The model meshed as shown in figure below;

Two dimensional plane analysis under vertical load is carried out using finite element software TEKLA Structural
Designer to determine ultimate load carrying capacity and settlement of foundation.
8.1.2 DESIGN OUTPUT
The rafts were modelled throughout the area of the building. The soil parameters used in the model were as per the soil
investigation report. The Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil assumed was 200kN/m2. The sample calculation for the design
of Mat is given below.
Slab/Mat Panels
Reinforcement Design Summary
Reinforcement Reinforcement Area Area Utilization
Layer Provided Provided Required
[mm2/m] [mm2/m]
Bottom-X H25-150.0-B1 3272 2512 0.768
Bottom-Y H25-150.0-B2 3272 2531 0.774
Top-X H20-150.0-T1 2872 1259 0.438
Top-Y H20-150.0-T2 2872 1302 0.453
Bearing Pressure Summary

Bearing pressure checks Max. value Limit Status Utilization
[kN/m2] [kN/m2]
Pressure 134.3 200.0 Pass 0.672
Iso-values for bearing pressure
Panel Details
Concrete Class C25
Overall Depth 800.0 mm
Top Cover 50.0 mm
Bottom Cover 50.0 mm
Reinforcement Design Details

Bottom-X
Summary
Utilization 0.157
Critical combination 1 Cb1-1.4D+1.6I+1.6RI
Pass
Moment Capacity Check

As,prov X Bottom 3272 mm2/m
MdX Bottom -156.119 kNm/m
As,req X Bottom 512 mm2/m
Limiting Reinforcement Parameters Checks

Check Minimum Diameter Pass
Check Maximum Diameter Pass
Check Minimum Bar Distance Pass
Check Maximum Spacing Tension Bars Pass
Check Minimum Area of Reinforcement Pass
Check Maximum Area of Reinforcement Pass
Bottom-Y
Summary
Utilization 0.162
Pass

As,prov Y Bottom 3272 mm2/m
MdY Bottom -156.283 kNm/m
As,req Y Bottom 531 mm2/m

Top-X
Summary
Utilization 0.385
Pass

As,prov X Top 3272 mm2/m
MdX Top 383.835 kNm/m
As,req X Top 1259 mm2/m

Top-Y
Summary
Utilization 0.398
Pass

As,prov Y Top 3272 mm2/m
MdY Top 383.415 kNm/m
As,req Y Top 1302 mm2/m

Bearing Capacity
First-order linear
Max base pressure, qmax 132.8 kN/m2
Allowable bearing pressure, qa 200.0 kN/m2
Pressure status Pass
Grillage chase-down
FE chase-down
Tension Check
First-order linear
Min base pressure, qmin 92.3 kN/m2
Tension status Pass
Grillage chase-down
Tension status Pass
FE chase-down
Tension status Pass
Slab/Mat Patches
Figure below shows patch load pattern from columns
MF 1-C1
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2615 0.799
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2476 0.756
Strip X-Right
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2464 0.753
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2633 0.804
MF 1-C2
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2352 0.718
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2188 0.669
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2242 0.685
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2183 0.667
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2244 0.686
MF 1-C3
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2436 0.745
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2320 0.709
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2386 0.729
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2326 0.711
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2798 0.855
MF 1-C4
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2443 0.747
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2720 0.831
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2386 0.729
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2362 0.722
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2660 0.813
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2378 0.727
MF 1-C5
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2258 0.690
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2554 0.781
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2146 0.656
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2320 0.709
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2438 0.745
MF 1-C6
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2426 0.741
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2134 0.652
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2362 0.722
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2499 0.764
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2152 0.658
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2633 0.805
MF 1-C7
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2220 0.678
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2156 0.659
Strip X-Right
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2408 0.736
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2184 0.667
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2195 0.671
MF 1-C8
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2526 0.772
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2146 0.656
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2468 0.754
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2670 0.816
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1622 0.496
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2679 0.819
MF 1-C9
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2520 0.770
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2260 0.691
Strip X-Right
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2124 0.649
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2562 0.783
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2117 0.647
MF 1-C10
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2275 0.695
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2141 0.654
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2426 0.741
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2252 0.688
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2230 0.682
MF 1-C11
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2462 0.752
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1076 0.329
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2408 0.736
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2709 0.828
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1580 0.483
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2451 0.749
MF 1-C12
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 1621 0.495
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1320 0.403
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2478 0.757
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2526 0.772
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1364 0.417
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 1687 0.516
MF 1-C13
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2527 0.772
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1256 0.384
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2394 0.732
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2633 0.805
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1556 0.475
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 1086 0.331
MF 1-C14
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2420 0.740
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2883 0.881
Strip X-Right
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2159 0.600
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2290 0.700
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 3170 0.969
MF 1-C15
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2611 0.798
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2327 0.711
Strip X-Right
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2401 0.734
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2633 0.805
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2380 0.727
MF 1-C16
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2414 0.738
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2183 0.667
Strip X-Right
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2401 0.734
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2442 0.746
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2261 0.691
MF 1-C17
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2386 0.729
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2427 0.742
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2252 0.688
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2429 0.742
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2189 0.669
Strip Y-Right
MF 1-C18
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2387 0.730
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2612 0.798
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2367 0.723
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2633 0.805
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2340 0.715
Strip Y-Right
MF 1-C19
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2227 0.681
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2844 0.869
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2282 0.697
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2122 0.649
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2892 0.884
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2499 0.764
MF 1-C20
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2111 0.645
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2861 0.874
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2480 0.758
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2234 0.683
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2875 0.879
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2289 0.700
MF 1-C21
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2346 0.717
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1136 0.347
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2447 0.748
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 1078 0.330
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1418 0.433
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2378 0.727
MF 1-C22
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2153 0.658
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2187 0.668
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2164 0.661
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2456 0.751
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2486 0.760
Strip Y-Right
MF 1-C23
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2612 0.798
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1506 0.460
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 1046 0.320
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2532 0.774
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1296 0.396
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2412 0.737
MF 1-C24
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 1040 0.318
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1368 0.418
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2367 0.723
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2355 0.720
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1177 0.360
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2464 0.753
MF 1-C25
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2518 0.770
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1324 0.405
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 1621 0.495
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 1678 0.513
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1368 0.418
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2496 0.763
MF 1-C26
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2120 0.648
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2460 0.752
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2113 0.646
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2560 0.782
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2763 0.844
Strip Y-Right
MF 1-C27
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2394 0.732
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2177 0.665
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2189 0.669
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2860 0.874
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2161 0.660
Strip Y-Right
MF 1-C28
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2446 0.748
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2611 0.798
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2636 0.807
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2490 0.761
Strip Y-Right
MF 1-C29
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2179 0.666
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2237 0.684
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2364 0.722
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2194 0.670
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2250 0.688
MF 1-C30
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2314 0.707
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2766 0.845
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2439 0.745
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2328 0.711
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2400 0.733
MF 1-C31
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2350 0.718
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2634 0.805
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2365 0.723
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2462 0.752
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2720 0.831
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2400 0.733
MF 1-C32
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2141 0.654
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2297 0.702
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2421 0.740
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2356 0.720
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2564 0.784
MF 1-C33
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2409 0.736
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2242 0.685
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2222 0.679
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2288 0.699
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2137 0.653
MF 1-C34
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2481 0.758
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1488 0.455
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2612 0.798
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2458 0.751
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1395 0.426
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2379 0.727
MF 1-C35
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2684 0.820
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1527 0.467
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2427 0.742
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2477 0.757
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1110 0.339
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2422 0.740
MF 1-C36
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2641 0.807
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1567 0.479
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2653 0.811
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2546 0.778
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1515 0.463
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2488 0.760
MF 1-C37
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2402 0.734
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2627 0.803
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2340 0.715
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2297 0.702
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2651 0.810
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2525 0.772
MF 1-C38
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2276 0.696
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2278 0.696
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2380 0.727
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2233 0.682
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2371 0.725
MF 1-C39
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2276 0.695
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2278 0.696
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2141 0.654
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2320 0.709
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2226 0.680
MF 1-C40
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2137 0.653
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2327 0.711
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2285 0.698
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2279 0.697
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2284 0.698
MF 1-C41
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2390 0.730
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2235 0.683
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2358 0.721
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2729 0.834
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2285 0.698
MF 1-C42
Static
Overall Summary
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2828 0.864
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2630 0.804
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2508 0.767
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2417 0.739
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2651 0.810
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2354 0.719
Punching Checks
Base-C23-PC1
Static
Summary
Section Perimeter u0 / un veff vdes,max / vc Ratio Status As / s s
[mm] [N/mm2] [N/mm2] [mm2/m]
Column 400.0400.0 Loaded 1600.0 3.188 4.000 0.797 Pass

Internal Shear 1 10300.0 0.494 0.418 1.000 Pass 667
Shear 2 14650.0 0.357 0.418 0.856 Pass
Base-C24-PC2
Static
Summary
[mm] [N/mm2] [N/mm2] [mm2/m]
Shear 2 14650.0 0.341 0.418 0.815 Pass
Base-C36-PC3
Static
Summary
[mm] [N/mm2] [N/mm2] [mm2/m]
Shear 2 14650.0 0.421 0.418 1.000 Pass 667
Shear 3 19000.0 0.327 0.418 0.782 Pass
9.0 DESIGN OF LIFT SHAFT/SHEAR WALL
Shear walls are vertical elements in the lateral force resisting system that transmit lateral forces to the foundation, shear
walls may also acts as bearing walls in the gravity load system. Walls will be designed to withstand all vertical loads and
horizontal forces.
Figure above shows deflection isovalue due to lateral loads (wind load)
Shear walls analysis and design was done by using computer program (TEKLA Structural designer) based on the finite
element method (FEM) and subsequent implementation of stress integration techniques to arrive at generalized forces
(axial, shear, and moments).
DESIGN CODES USED
Concrete design to: BS 8110: Part 1:1997

Loading to: BS 6399: Part 1:1996
BS 6399: Part 2:1997
9.1 WIND LOADING (BS6399)
Building data
Type of roof; Hipped
Length of building; L = 27165 mm
Width of building; W = 27165 mm
Height to eaves; H = 27000 mm
Pitch of main slope; 0 = 23.0 deg
Pitch of gable slope; 90 = 28.0 deg
Reference height; Hr = 32765 mm
Dynamic classification
Building type factor (Table 1); Kb = 1.0
Dynamic augmentation factor (1.6.1); Cr = [Kb ( Hr / (0.1 m) )0.75] / ( 800 log( Hr / (0.1 m))) = 0.04
Site wind speed

Location; Dar es salaam
Basic wind speed (Figure 6 BS6399:Pt 2) Vb = 27.0 m/s
Site altitude S = 20 m
Upwind distance from sea to site dsea = 50 km
Direction factor Sd =0.85
Seasonal factor Ss = 0.78
Probability factor Sp = 1.00
Critical gap between buildings; g = 5000 mm
Topography not significant
Altitude factor; Sa = 1 + 0.001 S / 1m = 1.02
Site wind speed Vs = Vb Sa Sd Ss Sp = 18.3 m/s
Terrain category; Town
Displacement height (sheltering effect excluded); Hd = 0mm
The velocity pressure for the windward face of the building with a 0 degree wind is to be considered as 1 part as
the height h is less than b (cl.2.2.3.2)
The velocity pressure for the windward face of the building with a 90 degree wind is to be considered as 1 part as
the height h is less than b (cl.2.2.3.2)

Dynamic pressure - roof

Size effect factors
Diagonal dimension for gablewall; aeg = 38.3 m
External size effect factor gablewall; Caeg = 0.873
Diagonal dimension for side wall; aes = 38.3 m
External size effect factor side wall; Caes = 0.873
Diagonal dimension for roof; aer = 30.9 m
External size effect factor roof; Caer = 0.887
Room/storey volume for internal size effect factor; Vi = 0.125 m3
Diagonal dimension for internal size effect factors; ai = 10 ( Vi )1/3 = 5.000 m
Internal size effect factor; Cai = 1.000
Pressures and forces

Net pressure; p = qs cpe Cae - qs cpi Cai;
Net force; Fw = p Aref;
Walls load case 1 - Wind 0, cpi 0.20, -cpe

Ext Dynamic
External Net
pressure pressure, qs Area, Net force,
Zone size factor, Pressure,
coefficient, (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
Cae p (kN/m2)
cpe
A -1.30 0.72 0.873 -0.96 146.69 -140.52
B -0.80 0.72 0.873 -0.64 586.76 -378.27
w 0.85 0.72 0.873 0.39 733.46 285.09
l -0.50 0.72 0.873 -0.46 733.46 -334.99
Overall loading
Equiv leeward net force for overall section; Fl =Fw,wl = -335.0 kN
Net windward force for overall section; Fw = Fw,ww = 285.1 kN
Overall loading overall section; Fw,w = 0.85 (1 + Cr) (Fw - Fl + Fw,h) = 565.6 kN
Walls load case 2 - Wind 90, cpi 0.20, -cpe

Ext Dynamic
External Net
Cae p (kN/m2)
cpe
A -1.30 0.72 0.873 -0.96 146.69 -140.52
B -0.80 0.72 0.873 -0.64 586.76 -378.27
w 0.85 0.72 0.873 0.39 733.46 285.09
l -0.50 0.72 0.873 -0.46 733.46 -334.99
Overall loading
Total vertical net force; Fw,v = -413.21 kN
Total horizontal net force; Fw,h = 20.23 kN
Walls load case 3 - Wind 90, cpi 0.20, - cpe

Ext Dynamic
External Net
Cae p (kN/m2)
cpe
A -1.30 0.72 0.873 -0.96 146.69 -140.52
B -0.80 0.72 0.873 -0.64 586.76 -378.27
w 0.85 0.72 0.873 0.39 733.46 285.09
l -0.50 0.72 0.873 -0.46 733.46 -334.99
Overall loading
9.2 DESIGN OF SHEAR WALL
United Kingdom (BS), design code: BS 8110-1 (1997)

User nominal cover cnom,u = 25.0 mm
Largest vertical bar diameter v = 16.0 mm
Maximum aggregate size hagg = 20.0 mm
Horizontal or Link bar diameter link = 12.0 mm
Nominal limiting cover cnom,lim = MAX[ (v - link) , hagg ] = 20.0 mm
Pass
Vertical Bars - Critical

1 Cb1-1.4D+1.6I+1.6RI
Ultimate Axial Resistance
Axial force N = 142.4 kN
Cross-sectional area of section A = 698189 mm2
Vertical reinforcement area Asc = 2915 mm2
Concrete area Ac = A - Asc = 695274 mm2
Characteristic strength of concrete fcu = 25.000 N/mm2
Compressive resistance Nmax = Nmax,conc + Nmax,steel = 8045.9 kN B
Compressive resistance Nmax = Nmax,conc + Nmax,steel = 8045.9 kN S
Ultimate axial resistance ratio N / Nmax = 0.018
8
Pass
1
1
Design moments major 0
Bracing panel in this direction -
Moment at the top Mtop = -29.8 kNm 1
Moment at the bottom Mbtm = -84.8 kNm :
|Mtop| < |Mbtm| : M2 = Mbtm , M1 = Mtop 1
Larger initial end moment due to design ultimate loads M2 = -84.8 kNm 9
Smaller initial end moment due to design ultimate loads M1 = -29.8 kNm 9
7
Mid-fifth moment Mmid = -65.8 kNm
Maximum axial force in clear height between end restraints N = 142.4 kN e
q
Clear height between end restraints l0 = 2.850 m
u
Stiffness of incoming beams or flat slabs in this direction (E I / l0)beams = 0.000 kNm/rad
a
Stiffness of this panel (E I / l0)panel = 3.981E+06 kNm/rad
t
Stiffness of incoming panels (E I / l0)incoming walls = 3.981E+06 kNm/rad i
o
Stiffness of panels (E I / l0)walls = 3.981E+06 kNm/rad n
c,1 c,1 = MIN[ MAX[ (E I / l0)walls / ( (E I /
l0)beams) , 1.0 ] , 10 ] =10.00
3
8
Stiffness of this panel (E I / l0)panel = 3.981E+06 kNm/rad
Stiffness of incoming panels (E I / l0)incoming walls = 0.000 kNm/rad
Stiffness of panels (E I / l0)walls = 3.981E+06 kNm/rad
c,2 c,2 = MIN[ MAX[ (E I / l0)walls / ( (E I /
l0)beams) , 1.0 ] , 10 ] = 10.00
c,min c,min = MIN[ c,1 , c,2 ] = 10.00
Effective length factor = MIN[ (1.0 + 0.15 (c,1 + c,2)) , (2 + 0.3 c,min)
] = 4.00
Effective length le = l0 = 11.400 m

Depth of wall section Depth = 2792.8 mm
Slenderness ratio in this direction = le / Depth = 4.082
Wall classification in this direction < 10 : Short
Limiting slenderness ratio = le / Depth = 4.082
Limiting slenderness check lim 30
Pass
Minimum eccentricity emin = MIN[ 0.05 Depth , 20 mm ] =20.0 mm
Minimum eccentricity moment Memin = N emin = 2.8 kNm
Note : Wall is short hence, additional moment not to be
calculated
Additional moment due to slenderness Madd = 0.0 kNm
Moment at the top Mtop = -29.8 kNm
Top end design moment Mtop,des = MAX[ |Mtop| , |Memin| ] = -29.8 kNm
Moment at the bottom Mbtm = -84.8 kNm
Bottom end design moment Mbtm,des = MAX[|Mbtm| , |Memin| ] = -84.8 kNm

No point of zero shear exists in the clear height between end
restraints
Lateral loads are not significant, hence
Initial moment at the point of maximum additional moment Mi = MAX[ (0.4 M1 + 0.6 M2), 0.4 M2, Mmid ] = -
65.8 kNm
Mid-fifth design moment Mmid,des = MAX[ |Mi| , |Memin| ] = -65.8 kNm
Design moments minor

Braced panel in this direction
Moment at the bottom Mbtm = 9.6 kNm
|Mtop| |Mbtm| : M2 = Mtop , M1 = Mbtm
Larger initial end moment due to design ultimate loads M2 = -10.2 kNm
Smaller initial end moment due to design ultimate loads M1 = 9.6 kNm
Maximum axial force in clear height between end restraints N = 142.4 kN
Clear height between end restraints l0 = 2.850 m
Stiffness of this panel (E I / l0)panel = 31898.253 kNm/rad
Stiffness of panels (E I / l0)walls = 31898.253 kNm/rad
c,1 c,1 = MIN[ MAX[ (E I / l0)walls / ( (E I / l0)beams) , 1.0 ] , 10 ]
=10.00
Stiffness of this panel (E I / l0)panel = 31898.253 kNm/rad
Stiffness of panels (E I / l0)walls = 31898.253 kNm/rad
c,2 = MIN[ MAX[ (E I / l0)walls / ( (E I / l0)beams) , 1.0 ] , 10 ] =
10.00
c,min = MIN[ c,1 , c,2 ] = 10.00
Effective length factor = MIN[ (0.7 + 0.05 (c,1 + c,2)) , (0.85 + 0.05 c,min) , 1.0 ] =
1.00
Effective length le = l0 = 2.850 m
Thickness of wall section h = 250.0 mm
Slenderness ratio in this direction = le / h = 11.400
Wall classification in this direction < 15 : Short
Limiting slenderness ratio = le / h = 11.400
Limiting slenderness check lim 30
Pass
Minimum eccentricity emin = MIN[ 0.05 h , 20 mm ] = 12.5 mm
Minimum eccentricity moment Memin = N emin = 1.8 kNm
Note : Wall is short hence, additional moment not to be
calculated
Additional moment due to slenderness Madd = 0.0 kNm
Top end design moment Mtop,des = MAX[ |Mtop| , |Memin| ] = -10.2 kNm
Moment at the bottom Mbtm = 9.6 kNm
Bottom end design moment Mbtm,des = MAX[|Mbtm| , |Memin| ] = 9.6 kNm

At least one point of zero shear exists in the clear height
between end restraints
All points of zero shear are within mid-fifth of stack
Lateral loads are not significant, hence
Initial moment at the point of maximum additional moment Mi = MAX[ (0.4 M1 + 0.6 M2), 0.4 M2, Mmid ] = -4.1 kNm
Mid-fifth design moment Mmid,des = MAX[ |Mi| , |Memin| ] = -4.1 kNm

Moment about major axis Mmajor = -29.8 kNm
Moment about minor axis Mminor = -10.2 kNm
Neutral axis rotation angle = 270.6642
Neutral axis depth x = 50.4 mm
Plastic centroid position in this direction zp = 0.0 mm
Concrete area in compression Ac,comp = 81526 mm2
Partial safety factor of concrete mc = 1.500
Compressive force in concrete Nconc = Ac,comp (0.67 fcu)/ mc = 910.4
Concrete compression centroid position in this direction zc,comp = 257.3 mm
kN
Concrete moment resistance in this direction Mmajor,res,conc = Nconc (zp
zc,comp) = -234.3 kNm

2 Cb3.1-1.2D+1.2I+1.2RI+1.2W - Critical
Ultimate Axial Resistance
Vertical reinforcement area Asc = 2915 mm2
Compressive resistance Nmax = Nmax,conc + Nmax,steel = BS 8110-1:1997
Compressive resistance Nmax = N
8045.9 max,conc + Nmax,steel =
kN equation 38
Ultimate axial resistance ratio N / Nmax
8045.9 kN= 0.014
Pass
Shear Links - Critical
3D Building Analysis - Critical
1 Cb1-1.4D+1.6I+1.6RI - Critical
Major Load Direction - Critical
Maximum design shear force in panel V = 85.5 kN
Shear area Av = 686939 mm2
Maximum shear resistance Vmax = MIN[ 0.8 (fcu)0.5 , 5 N/ mm2 ] Av = 2747.8 kN
Maximum shear resistance ratio V / Vmax = 0.031
Maximum applied compressive force N = 637.4 kN
Longitudinal reinforcement area Asc = 2915 mm2
Tension reinforcement area Asc, tension = 0.5 Asc = 1458 mm2
Effective depth d = 2747.8 mm
Unreinforced concrete shear resistance Vc = ( 0.79 ((100 Asc /(Av))1/3) (400 /d) 0.25 / mc ) (fcu /25 )1/3 A
= 258.9 kN
Moment in this direction M = 128.1 kNm
Section dimension in this direction h = 2792.8 mm
Shear force in this direction V = 85.5 kN
Unreinforced concrete shear and axial resistance Vc' = Vc + (0.6 N V h / (Ac M)) Av = 636.8 kN
For wall panel M/N = 200.9 mm
M /N 0.6 h and |V| / |Vc'| 1.0, hence no shear reinforcement
required
|V| / |Vc'| 1.0, Unreinforced shear resistance sufficient
No Shear Reinforcement required
Pass
Minor Load Direction

Maximum shear resistance Vmax = MIN[ 0.8 (fcu)0.5 , 5 N/ mm2 ] Av = 2290.1 kN
Maximum shear resistance ratio V / Vmax = 0.003
Tension reinforcement area Asc, tension = 0.5 Asc = 1458 mm2
Effective depth d = 205.0 mm
Unreinforced concrete shear resistance Vc = ( 0.79 ((100 Asc /(Av))1/3) (400 /d) 0.25 / mc ) (fcu /25
)1/3 Av = 271.0 kN
Moment in this direction M = 8.0 kNm
Shear force in this direction V = 5.8 kN
Unreinforced concrete shear and axial resistance Vc' = Vc + (0.6 N V h / (Ac M)) Av = 328.2 kN
For wall panel M/N = 12.5 mm
M /N 0.6 h and |V| / |Vc'| 1.0, hence no shear
reinforcement required

Pass
2 Cb3.1-1.2D+1.2I+1.2RI+1.2W
Major Load Direction

Maximum shear resistance Vmax = MIN[ 0.8 (fcu)0.5 , 5 N/ mm2 ] Av = 2747.8 kN B
Maximum shear resistance ratio V / Vmax = 0.012 S
Cross-sectional area of section A = 698189 mm2 8
1
1
Concrete area Ac = A - Asc = 695274 mm2 0
Partial safety factor of concrete mc = 1.250 B
-
Tension reinforcement area Asc, tension = 0.5 Asc = 1458 mm2 S1
Shear area Av = 686939 mm2 :
Effective depth d = 2747.8 mm 8
1
Unreinforced concrete shear resistance Vc = ( 0.79 ((100 Asc /(Av))1/3) (400 /d) 0.25 / mc ) (fcu /25 )1/3 B1
9
Av = 258.9 kN S1
9
Moment in this direction M = 146.2 kNm 0
7
Section dimension in this direction h = 2792.8 mm -8
Shear force in this direction V = 32.8 kN 1
1
S
Section dimension in this direction h = 2792.8 mm :1
e
Unreinforced concrete shear and axial resistance Vc' = Vc + (0.6 N V h / (Ac M)) Av = 504.2 kN 1
B
0
c
For wall panel M/N = 221.3 mm 9
S-t
M /N 0.6 h and |V| / |Vc'| 1.0, hence no shear 9
B
1
i
reinforcement required 7
S8
:o
|V| / |Vc'| 1.0, Unreinforced shear resistance sufficient 1
n
T8
1
9
No Shear Reinforcement required a1
0
9
3
b
-7
1
.
Pass l4
1
0
-:Te.
Minor Load Direction 1
a5
2
:9
b
.
l.2
9
1
e2
7
9
Shear area Av = 572515 mm2 9
Maximum shear resistance Vmax = MIN[ 0.8 (fcu)0.5 , 5 N/ mm2 ] Av = 2290.1 S3
7
Maximum shear resistance ratio kN/ Vmax = 0.005
V e.
Maximum applied compressive force N = 660.9 kN Sc8
Cross-sectional area of section A = 698189 mm2 te
Longitudinal reinforcement area Asc = 2915 mm2 ic
Concrete area Ac = A - Asc = 695274 mm2 to
in
Tension reinforcement area Asc, tension = 0.5 Asc = 1458 mm2 o
Shear area Av = 572515 mm2 3
n
Effective depth d = 205.0 mm .
Unreinforced concrete shear resistance Vc = ( 0.79 ((100 Asc /(Av))1/3) (400 /d) 0.25 / 4
3
mc ) (fcu /25 )1/3 Av = 271.0 kN .
Moment in this direction M = 15.5 kNm 5
8
Section dimension in this direction h = 250.0 mm .
Shear force in this direction V = 11.4 kN 1
4
Section dimension in this direction h = 250.0 mm .2
Unreinforced concrete shear and axial resistance Vc' = Vc + (0.6 N V h / (Ac M)) Av = 331.1 kN 6
For wall panel M/N = 23.4 mm e
q
u
a
M /N 0.6 h and |V| / |Vc'| 1.0, hence no shear reinforcement
required
Pass
10.0 DESIGN RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION(S)
Sides of excavation must be properly supported should the need arise to avoid accidents
Load analysis and design for this project considered the building intended occupancy as office for general use,
this should be respected. In case of any change of use proper consultation to be sought to confirm its suitability
for the proposed change
Construction process must involve all necessary professionals for quality and economic construction.
CONCLUSION
From the summary above the foundation is designed by adopting an bearing capacity value of 200Mpa.
Structural components for the superstructure(Columns, beams) are designed by using loads which takes into
account the use of Building as office for general use as per Bs 6399
Roof structural members are designed by using loads from proposed Architectural cover, building use and effect
of wind.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION ...................................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 DESIGN INFORMATION

BS 6399: Part 3:1988

1.2.2 LOAD ANALYSIS

S/No. LOAD TYPE Typical case(s) for this REMARK(S)

1 Permanent dead load Concrete Considered

2 Superimposed dead Roof structure and coverings Considered

Fixtures Included as allowance for

3 Imposed Load Due to occupancy Considered

4 Wind load Wind forces Considered

5 Earth pressure Earth forces Not significant

7 Dynamic excitation The allowance provided for

8 Earth quake Ground movements The allowance provided for

9 Hydrostatic pressures Water pressures Considered

1.2.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Dead (gk) + Live (qk) (ULS)

No Description Value Unit Remark(s)

Concrete 25 or more N/mm2 For reinforced concrete as

1.2.6 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS TO BE DESIGNED

2.1 WIND LOADING (BS6399)

Site wind speed

Dynamic pressure - windward wall - Wind 0 deg

Length of the building = 27.165m

Width of the building = 27.165m

Roof cover Perimeter = 4 x width

Characteristic Line loads due to wind action

Total net force acting on roof panel (refer roof case 2)

Imposed Load (Qk) on the roof truss

=Imposed load x Purlin space x Cos

Qk=0.75KN/m2 x 0.45 x Cos27

Imposed load (Qk) on roof = 0.3KN/m

Dead Load (Gk) acting on the roof truss

Density of clay tiles = 27KN/m3

Gkc=27KN/m3 x 0.025 x 0.45 x Cos27

Dead load from roof clays tiles (Gkc) = 0.27KN/m

Gkp=7.2KN/m3 x 0.05 x 0.05

Dead load from roof Purlin (Gkp) = 0.018KN/m

Total dead load (Gk)

Total dead load from roof = 0.29KN/m

Dead (gk) + Live (qk) (ULS)

Consider the [ULS] loading as it is critical in this case

Dead plus live: 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk

Dead plus live plus wind: 1.2[Gk + Qk + Wk]

Therefore: analysis and design is based on Case II [the critical case]

Support Reactions Ultimate (001 : Dead plus Live (Ultimate))

Support Reactions Ultimate (Maximum Values)

2.3 TRUSS TRIAL SECTION DATA

Axial Load With Moment Design to BS 5268 : Part 2

Member 19 (N.14-N.22) @ Level 1 (King post)

Summary Design Data

Design Cases Covered 1.0 L1

E = K2.Emean 1.00 x 9400 9400 N/mm

Critical Design Location X = 0.000 0.000 OK

Summary Design Data

Design Cases Covered 1.0 L1

Critical Design Location X = 0.000 0.000 OK

Member 38 (N.6-N.11) (Rafter)@ Level 1

Summary Design Data

Design Cases Covered 1.0 L1

Critical Design Location X = 0.000 0.000 OK

Summary Design Data

Design Cases Covered 1.0 L1

E = K2.Emean 1.00 x 9100 9100 N/mm