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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards

Element 1: Workplace Hazards and Control *Control measures for violence at work
Work In a Hot Environment Training and information
The environment
*Health effects Design of the job
Skin burns Communication
Cataracts Lone working
Dehydration Reporting and recording incidents
Heat cramps
Headaches Hazards to Pedestrians
Fainting Slips, trips and falls on same level
Falls from Height
*Precautions Collisions with moving vehicles
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatisation Precautions for accident on Staircases
Limit time of exposure Removal of obstructions
Cold drinks Provision of non-slip surfaces
PPE Reflective edging
Adequate lighting
Work in Cold Environment Effective maintenance
Use of Signs
Health effects Width
Hypothermia Provision of handrails
Loss of concentration Dimensions treads and risers
Shivering Landings
Frost bite Consider disabled persons
Avoid the need to carry heavy objects up and down
Precautions
Medical pre-selection Causes of Accidents on walkways almost the same
Acclimatisation
Limit time exposure Accidents on walkways on staircases opposite of above
Hot drinks
Insulated clothing Health Effects of Poor Lighting
Eye strain
Welfare and Environment issues Headaches
Poor posture
*Welfare Tripping over unseen objects
Sufficient toilets Increased likelihood of human error
Washing facilities Increased time to vacate work area
Eating and changing facilities
Clothing storage Factors to Consider When Assessing Adequacy of Lighting
Seating The tasks being undertaking
Rest areas The size and layout of the work area
Arrangements for non-smokers The equipment used
Availability of natural light
*Working Environment Shift times/work patterns
Temperature Suitable number of artificial light
Ventilation Contrast levels
Lighting Glare
Room dimensions Areas in shadow
Suitable work stations and seating Need for localized lighting
Weather protection for outdoor workstations Maintenance of lighting
Adequate emergency lighting
Violence at work
Ladders
Occupations at risk
Taxi drivers *Hazards in use
Hospitals Falling off
Schools Overreaching
Cash transactions Carrying up materials
Delivery/ collection of money Unsuitable ladders
Ladder not properly secured
Incorrect angle
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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards

Not reaching above landing place *Precautions for underground services


Aluminium ladders near electrical lines Plan job
Locate cables
Mobile Tower Scaffold Avoid cables
Safe digging procedures
*Precautions
Erected by competent persons *Hazardous of Demolition
Pre use inspections Underground and over head services
Positioned on firm ground Falls from height
Correct height to base ratio 3.5 :1 inside, 3:1 outside Fall of materials
Use of outriggers to broaden base Premature collapse
Tying in to adjacent structure Health hazards
People and materials removed before moving Gases and vapours
Handrails and toe boards Noise
Suitable work platform Vibration
Not overloaded Ionising radiations
Biological hazards
Hazards opposite of above
Precautions opposite of above plus
Mobile Elevating Work Platforms Exclusion zones
Safe method of demolition
Hazards
PPE
People falling or being thrown
Materials falling
Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure
Element 2: Transport Hazards and Control Measures
Collapse or overturning of MEWP cause by
Hazards of Fork Trucks
Equipment failure
Unsuitable ground conditions Overturning
Defective or unused outriggers Overloading
Overloading of the carrier Loss of loads
Struck by load Collisions with other vehicles
Struck by another vehicle Collision with pedestrians
Interference with controls Explosions and fire

*Why can trucks overturn


Precautions opposite of above
Suspended access cradles and platforms Traveling on gradients that are too steep
Travelling forwards when descending slopes
Precautions Overload or unevenly loaded
Pre- use inspection Travelling over soft or uneven ground
Supports to building of adequate strength Travelling over slippery surfaces
Suitable maintained Travelling too fast
Safe access and egress Striking kerbs of other edges
Not exceed safe working load Carrying loads at dangerous heights
Guard rails and toe boards fitted
Safety harness worn To avoid overturning opposite of above
Limitations on use in strong winds
*Procedures to follow when parking fork lift trucks
Excavations Put gears in neutral position
Apply the handbrake
*Main Hazards Switch off engine
Undermining foundations Remove key and keep it with the responsible person/place
Collapse Forks to be rested on the floor
Underground services Mast slightly forward
Persons falling in Parked in the designated parking area making sure its not
Vehicles close to edge blocking Walkways or exits.
Access and egress
*Additional hazards of electric fork trucks
Hazardous atmospheres
Flooding Hydrogen gas released during safety charging
Contamination Electricity problems
Type of soil Manual handling of liquids
Removal of soil Corrosive acids
They are quit (People may not hear them coming)
Precautions for Above opposite

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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards

Driver Selection Fatigue and stress


Suitable age
Medical examination Workstation Requirements
Routine medical checks at regular intervals Adequate lighting
Assessment after prolonged absences Minimum noise
Capable of Training Ample legroom
Refresher Training Suitable screen at eye level
Suitable software
*Safety of pedestrian in vehicle moving areas Keyboard
Segregation Work surface
Suitable parking areas Suitable work chair
Avoid reversing if possible Footrest if necessary
One- way systems
Avoid sharp or blind bends Health Effects of Remaining Seated For a Long Time
Sufficiently wide entrances and gateways Vertebral and muscular damage
Vision Aids High blood pressure
Speed limits Circulation problems
Signallers (Banksmen)
Protection from fumes *Suitable Seat for Sedentary Workers
Protection from materials falling off Good lumbar support
High visibility jackets Good width and depth
Ability to adjust seat back and height
Stable base
Element 3: Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards Ability to swivel
Provision of arm rests
*Ergonomics
*Manual Handling Injuries
The study of the relationship between workers and their
External: Cuts, bruises, contusions, abrasions, crush
environment, work equipment and work task.
injuries (Fractures)
Internal: Muscle Strains, Tendon Tears, Hernias, slipped
Work related Upper limb Disorders (WRULDs)
disc (Disc prolapsed)
*Causes If WRULDs
Hierarchy to reduce manual handling injuries
Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements
Avoid manual handling
Twisting movements
Assess
Squeezing
Implement controls
Hammering
Pushing, pulling or reaching movements
*Manual handling Risk Assessment ( LITE)
Symptoms *Load
Weight
Numbness in fingers
Size
Pains in hands or arms
Shape
Restriction of joint movement
Rigidity
Soft tissue swelling
Difficult to grasp
*Factors to Be Considered During Risk Assessment Unstable
Sharp edges
Force exerted
Hot/Cold
Frequency and duration of operation
Repetition of movement without rest or recovery
*Individual
Posture
Sex
Constraints on space
Stature
Environment
Individual capability
Training
Improve Above plus
Persons assessment of won capability
Mechanise task
Use correct tools and equipment *Task
Holding away from trunk
Display Screen Equipment (DSEs)
Twisting, Stooping
Reaching upwards
*Health Effects
Long vertical movement
Upper limb pains and discomfort
Long carrying distances
Eye and eyesight effects
Strenuous pushing or pulling
Epilepsy
Number of boxes needed to be lifted (frequency of lifting)
Radiation effects in pregnant women
Repetitive handling

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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards

Insufficient rest or recovery Suitable storage for fuels etc


Work rate imposed by the process
Hazards opposite of above plus
*Environment Use of crane in high winds
Constraints on posture
Poor floors *Employee Safety during Lifting
Variations in levels Trained personnel
Hot/Cold/humid conditions Properly trained equipment
Poor lighting Equipment has had statutory inspections
Warning of lift taking place
No employee to walk under load
*Correct Manual Handling Technique Ensure load is secure
Assess the load SWL crane and tackle not exceeded
Close to load as possible Lifted to correct height
Secure grip Moved at appropriate speed
Suitable feet position Adequate supervision
Back Straight Lifting Accessories (Tackle)
Bend the knees
Load close to the body Main Hazards
Smooth movement Over loading/ used above safe working load
Incorrect use e.g. too wide an angle with chains
Insecure attachment of load
Types of Crane Damage to tackle
Mobile Incorrect slinging method
Tower Failure to examine and inspect pre-use
Gantry Incompetent staff
Overhead
Precautions opposite of above
Cranes may fail because of
Overturning *Conveyors
Overloading Hazards Precautions
Unsuitable support or inadequate bases for crane Trapping in driver Guards, No looses clothing
Loss of load mechanisms
Failure of load Traps, Nips, Drawing in Pop out, rollers, nip guards
Lack of maintenance Sharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edges
Failure of load bearing part Items jamming Adequate design
conveyor
Falling objects Edge guards, barriers
Cranes may Overturn Because of Riding or crossing Bridges, complete enclosure
Poor road surfaces soft, greasy, uneven surfaces conveyor
Poor environmental factors such as lighting, dust Impact with objects Helmets, Padding
Speeding Noise Hearing protection
Lack of regular maintenance Manual handling Mechanical handling
Lack of driver competence Electrical Hazards Suitable equipment
Overloading of vehicles
Vehicles carrying unstable loads
Wind Element 4: Work Equipment Hazards and Control

Unstable ground conditions *Precautions on Maintenance of Work Equipment


Use of permit to work
*Safe Use of Cranes Isolation/locking off
Dissipation of stored energy
Suitable crane
Segregation
Suitable crane conditions
Safe means of access
Use of outriggers
Use of PPE
Avoidance of obstructions
Competent personnel
Care near overhead power lines
Ensure safe environment (allow to cool)
Designated and protected area
Suitable and tested lifting tackle *Hazards of Maintenance Work Opposite of above plus
Correct slinging technique
Chemical
Competent personnel
Biological
Load gear ground if travelling
Asbestos
Good visibility
Hot or Cold
Good communications

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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards

Pressure to complete work May not fail to safety

*Mechanical Hazards of Machinery (ENTICE)


Entanglement Element 5: Electrical Hazards Controls
Traps (Also referred to as drawing in - shear- crush)
Impact Main Hazards of Electricity (BSAFE)
Contact (Also referred to as cutting- stabbing-
Burns
puncture)
Shock
Ejection
Arcing
Fire
Draw labelled diagrams of each one
Explosions
*Non- Machinery Hazards of Machinery
Secondary Effects of Electricity
Chemical/Biological Hazards
Fall from height
Dust and fumes
Unintentional movement of machine
Ergonomics
De-activation of control measures
Electricity
Loss of information
Fire
Throw off
Explosion
Hazardous substances *Health effects of Electricity on the Body
Manual Handling
Damage to nervous system
Noise
Irregular heartbeat (fibrillation)
Radiation
Internal Burns
Stability of Machine
External Burns
Temperature of extremes
Muscular contractions
Ultra violet light
Stopping breathing
Vibration
Stopping of the heart
Guards - FIAT
*Factors Influencing Severity of Electrical Shock
*Fixed Guards Voltage
Current
A physical barrier not connected to the machine controls
Time
which has no moving parts and requires a tool to remove
Conductivity of resistance
it.
Path of current through the body
*Fixed Guards Environmental factors wet conditions
Conductivity of the skin wet or dry
Advantage Disadvantages
Minimal maintenance Not linked to machine controls *Action on Finding Someone In Contact With Electricity
Only defeated by No protection when removed
Isolate the supply if possible or remove person from
deliberate act
the supply using a non-conductive instrument
Only visual inspection Access to dangerous parts when
Summon help
removed
Give first- aid if able
May protect against other More difficult to remove not
Remain with casualty until emergency services arrive
hazards e.g. noise, dust, practical when frequent access
injection of materials required
Causes of Electrical Fire
Tends to be left unfixed when
Inadequate circuits
frequent access required
Overload circuits
May hamper visibility
Incorrect fuses
*Interlocking Guard Damaged insulation
Loose connections
Linked to the machine controls so that when the machine
Flammable materials too close to electrical
is in a dangerous condition the guard cannot be opened or
equipment
opening the guard causes the machine to become safe.
Over heating of cables
*Interlocking Guard
*Safety of Portable Electrical Appliances
Advantage Disadvantages
Allow safe access for feeding Increase the complexity of the
*The appliance
materials machine
Battery operated
Convenient to use Difficult to test and maintain
Checked before use
Less likely to be deliberately May need a brake or time delay
Suitable selected equipment
defeated
Properly maintained equipment
Speeds up operations Components could fail in
service
*The Lead
Regular maintenance required

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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards

Ensure not run over by vehicles Element 6: Fire Hazards and Control
Dragged over rough services
Trapped in machinery *Cause of Fire
Exposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicals Arson
Continuous flexing Electrical faults
Misuse of electrical equipment
*Joints, Connections and plugs Smokers materials
Makeshift temporary connections Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters
Leads getting pulled out Unsafe storage of materials
Poor made connections Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas
Fuse being replaced Welding/ hot work
Battery operated Mechanical heat (Spark/friction)

*Fuse *The Fire Triangle:- Fuel, Source of ignition, Oxygen


A weak link designated to melt, breaking the circuit at
excessive currents Safety Using the Fire Triangle:
Remove Fuel = starve
Circuit Breakers
Remove Heat = cool
Electromagnetic device which perform the same function as fuses Remove Oxygen = smother
i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster.
Flash Point: - The temperature at which a vapor given off by
Earthing substance will ignite when brought to a source of ignition.
Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means providing a
path to earth lower than the human body. *Classes of Fire:
A- Combustible Solid (Wood, Paper Etc)
Isolation B- Flammable Liquids (Alcohol, Petrol)
The disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from C- Flammable Gases (Butane, Hydrogen, Propane)
every source of electrical equipment in such a way that the D- Metals (Magnesium)
disconnection and separation is secure. F- Cooking Media (Vegetable Oil or Animal Fats)

Reduced Voltage Systems Method of Heat Transfer


By reducing the voltage present system the consequences of
electrical shock can be greatly reduced. *Direct Contact
The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact and the fuel
Residual Current Devices (RCD) heats up and eventually ignites.
It compares the current flowing into the system with the current
flowing out. When the level differs by a present value the RCD will *Conduction
open rapidly and interrupt the supply. Heat travels within a solid material (such as metal) from hotter to
cooler parts
User Checks
Equipment is of an approved standard
Wiring and casing are free from damage *Radiation
Cables are correctly routed Heat waves (infrared) is radiated through the air causing heating of a
Systems not overloaded material at a distance from the fire.
Correct fuses
Plug properly wired and gripped *Convection
Competent users Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt
Using reduced voltage in wet conditions gases ceilings etc, and allows fire to spread from one room to
Using RCDSs another.

Office Environments *Fire precautions to minimize the risk to people in the event of fire
Suitable equipment manufactured to appropriate Suitable Fire/ smoke detection
standards
Avoid the use of trailing cables *Fire Alarms
Avoid multi- socket extensions Suitable
Control private electrical equipment brought from Regular testing
home Contact with emergency services
Report defective and damaged equipment
Ensure effective heating *Means of Escape
Switch off overnight Travel distances
Test appliances at regular intervals Stairways
Fire doors
Signage
Emergency lighting

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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards

Assembly point Irritant


Non- corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged or
*Means of Lighting the Fire repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause
Suitable extinguishers inflammation e.g Petrol
Properly sited extinguishers
Training in use of extinguishers Corrosive
Extinguishers properly maintained Substance which on a contact with living tissue may destroy it by
burning e.g. acids
*Emergency Evacuation Procedures
Fire marshals Harmful
Fore notices Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin may
Fire drills cause damage to health.
Roll calls
Provision for disables Toxic
A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death,
acute or chronic damage to health.
Element 7: Chemical and Biological Health hazards and controls
Carcinogenic
Target Organs Substance which causes disorders to dell growth that may lead to
cancer.
A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is
exposed to or by contaminated by a particular harmful agent. *Information on Manufactures Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Identification of the substance
Examples: Mercury, lead the brain, asbestos, ammonia the lungs
Manufactures information
*Body Defenses against Dust Composition of the ingredients
First-aid precautions
The hair and wetness of the nose
Fire-fighting measures
The change of direction of the larynx
Handling and storage
Sneezing and coughing
PPE
The hair cells in the respiratory tract
Disposal considerations
Tears and blinking of the eyes
Transport information
Dermatitis Regulatory information
Symptoms: Blisters, Inflammation, Dryness, Reddening, Cracking
*Grab Sample (Chemical Stain Detector Tube)
of skin
Advantages Disadvantages
*Protective measure against Dermatitis Low cost Inaccurate
Takes little time Positioning of tube
Eliminate the substance
Substitution of the substance Immediate result Only a snap shot
Barrier creams, Little training Inefficient
Good hygiene practices Information during spillage Chemical use only
PPE Good for coarse indication Substance specific

*Routes of Entry in the Body


Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal Control of
Inhalation
Ingestion health hazards Eliminate or Reduce by substitution
Absorption
Direct entry Isolate
Injection Total enclosure
Segregate the people

*Acute Effects Control


Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure Engineering Control (LEV)
to large quantity of the harmful substance, it is usually reversible e.g Maintenance of controls
splashing acid onto the skin will give an immediate reaction. Change the work pattern or method
Hygiene and housekeeping
*Chronic
Adverse health effects resulting from prolonged or repeated PPE
exposure to small quantities of the harmful substance leading to a
gradual often irreversible effects e.g exposure to asbestos duct over Discipline
many years will lead to asbestosis and cancer of the lungs-
mesothelioma. Emergency controls for spillage, air pollution etc.
Ventilation systems alarmed
Classification of Hazardous Substances PPE
Emergency showers, eye wash facilities
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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards

Booms, sawdust, spillage procedures Dusts


Evacuation procedures Nuisance dust can cause asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and
Isolation of the area conditions such as asbestos, silicosis.
Evacuation of the employee at risk
PPE for staff involved in clear up *Dust Identification
Visual signs of dust
Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) Dust lamps
Main parts: Hood, Ducting, Filter, Fan Static or personal sampling
Health surveillance
Draw sketch as provided.
*Control Measures for Dust
Elimination
*LEV becomes inefficient because of; Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powers
Blocked filters Enclosure of the process
Lack of maintenance Local exhaust ventilation
Position of hood Vacuuming instead of sweeping
Unauthorized alterations Damping down
Broken ducting Limiting time of exposure
Wear of fan blades Limiting numbers exposed
Incorrect settings Respiratory protective equipment
Increased contaminant level
Inadequate design Lead
Failure of operators to use it A heavy, soft and easily worked metal. Can enter body by eating
contaminated food but usually by breathing fumes or dust.
Check opposite of above
Acute lead poisoning can result in nausea, headaches, effects on the
Specific Agents nervous system sometimes death in serve cases.

*Ammonia *Organic solvents


Is a colourless gas with a pungent odour. It is a corrosive and can These dissolve other substances and are also used as cleaning and
cause irritation to the eyes upper respiratory tract in small degreasing agents. They are volatile and evaporate quickly at room
concentrations. Large concentrations can cause blindness and fluid temperature so their vapours can be drawn into the lungs.
in the lungs. Eye protection and respiratory essential. Acute effects are irritation of the eyes, skin, throat and lungs. Effects
may be headaches, nausea, dizziness and loss of consciousness and
*Asbestos in extreme cases in death.
Main types: - Blue, Brown and White
Diseases: Asbestos, Lung Cancer, Mesothelioma Isocyanates
Organic compounds widely used in industry for products such as
Uses spray painting of vehicles and production of polyurethane rubbers
Pipe lagging and foams.
Wall and roof panels
Ceiling tiles Inflammation of the nasal passages and throat can lead to asthma.
Textured coatings
Insulation materials Silica
Gaskets Found in sand, granite etc. and the health hazard comes from
Brake linings breathing it in which can lead to the lung disease silicosis.

Carbon Dioxide Biological Agents


Colourless and odourless gas that is heavier than air. Low levels
increases the rate of respiration and high depress the rate of Leptospirosis or Weils disease
respiration leading to unconsciousness and even death. Produced in Bacteria found in the urine of female rats and the most common
fermentation process e.g breweries. source is in river water, sewers etc. Enters the body through
puncture of the skin or ingestion. Attacks the kidneys and liver
Carbon Monoxide causing high temperatures and may be fatal.
Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas. Found where incomplete
combustion occurs e.g boilers, vehicle exhausts. Legionella
An airbone bacterium found in water sources such as cooling towers,
Inhalation of the gas results in headache, drowsiness, flushed pink stagnant water etc. It is caused by inhalation of airbone droplets of
appearance and ultimately asphyxiation. water containing the legionalla bactieria leading to a form of
pneumonia e.i. breathing difficulties, high temperature and possible
Chlorine death. Those at greatest risk are middle aged smokers or elderly
A greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell which is highly irritant to people with chest problems. Control measures involve temperature
the respiratory system. control and monitoring, avoiding dead legs legs in pipework,
biocide treatment and effective cleaning and maintenance.

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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards

Hepatitis The Person


A disease of the liver and can cause high temperatures, nausea and Distance
jaundice. It is caused by hazardous substances or a virus. Health Time exposed
workers and those handling bodily fluids are most at risk. The Information and training
control measures involve inoculation and good hygiene practices.
Limitation on Personal Hearing Protection
*Control Measures for Biological Hazards Not worn correctly
Cleaning and disinfection Not lifted correctly
Water treatment Not properly maintained
Vermin control Uncomfortable or inconvenient to wear
Containment of the biological agent Needs constant management commitment
Avoidance of sharp implements May introduce secondary risks
Proper disposal of contaminated waste
Immunization *Factors affecting the choice of Personal Hearing Protection
Personal Hygiene Ease of monitoring
PPE Compatibility with other PPE
Hygiene
*Waste of Storage Cost
Sufficient storage area Quality and performance
Clearly the label the storage area Comfort
Ensure storage area secure Ease of use
Protect storage area with bunds etc. Training required
Store different types of waste separately Disposable or reusable
Never store incompatible waste together
Select appropriate containers *Advantages and Disadvantages of Personal Hearing Protection
Keep quantities of waste to a minimum Ear plugs Ear Muffs
Protect waste from the elements Advantage Advantage
Cheap Comfort
Disposable hygienic Easy to monitor usage
Element 8: Physical and Psychological Hazards No Interference other PPE Reusable
Noise Disadvantage Disadvantage
Uncomfortable Expensive
Noise Terminology Difficult to monitor usage Hygiene Issues
Frequency: The number of wave fronts assign a point Training required Interferes with other PPE
in one second measured in Hertz
Intensity: the loudness of the noise Hand Arm Vibration
Decibel: The sound pressure level
*Health Effects
A Weighting: A filter in the noise meter that Tingling in the hands extremities
equates the noise to how the human ear perceives Numbness and blanching of the fingers
the noise. Swollen painful joints
Reduction in manual dexterity
Hearing Damage Reduction in the sensation of touch

Acute Chronic *Control Measures


Stress Noise induced hearing loss
Temporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shift *Elimination
Temporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus
Blast deafness Prebyacusis *Reduce the Degree of Vibration
Select low vibration equipment
Noise Control Select ergonomically designed equipment
Maintenance of equipment
Source Reduce grip and push force with work equipment
Design Reduce the time workers exposed
Damping Introduce health surveillance
Isolate Glove and heated pads
Maintenance Information and training on the nature of risks

Path *Radiation
Screens and barriers *Non- lonising
Enclosure Type Use in Industry
Absorption Infrared Heating and brazing
Silencer Lasers Cutting, bar code readers
Microwaves Food preparation, signal transmission
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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control of Workplace Hazards

Ultra- violet Welding Clearly defined roles


Clearly work objectives
*Health Effects Comfortable working environment
Burns Good line of communication
Reddening of the skin Realistic work schedules
Cataracts Employee involvement
Arc Eye Grievance procedure
Temporary sterility Impartial investigation of stress
Management support
*Ionizing radiation
Type Use in industry
Alpha Smoke detectors
Beta Thickness testing
Gamma Non- destructive testing
X-ray Medical
Neutron By product nuclear fission

Acute effects from high dose Chronic effects


Reddening of the skin Cancers
Radiation sickness, nausea, Sterility
vomiting, diarrhea
Hair loss Hereditary defects
Death Effects on unborn children
Death

*Control measures
Time
Distance
Shielding

*Others
PPE
Environment and personal monitoring
Correct disposal of radiation materials
God hygiene practices
Training and supervision

Stress
Physical Effects Psychological effects
Headaches Increase anxiety
Aching neck and shoulders Irritability
Skin rashes Sudden mood changes
Prone to infections Inability to cope
Panic attacks Reduces work output
Panic attacks Reduced work output
Raised heart rate Increased use of alcohol ,etc
Increased blood pressure Poor sleep patterns
Heart disease
Stomach ulcers

*Cause of stress
Culture
Demands
Control
Relationships
Change
Role
Individual
Environment

Control Measure for Stress


Selecting suitable employees
Training

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