Legal Medicine - outline

Legal Medicine that branch of medicine which deals Identification of Person : hair, clothing, frequent place of
with the application of medical knowledge to the visit, gait, mannerism, complexion, ambidextrous,
purposes of law and in the administration of justice. nutrition, marks, race, stature

Forensic medicine application of medicine to elucidate Bertillon system of ID basis:

legal problems. (fora) 1) Skeleton is fully grown at age 20.
2) No two human beings have bones exactly alike.
Distinction between Medical Dr. & Medico-Legal : 3) Measurements may be taken by simple
1) MD sees an injury with a view to cure it; instrument.
medico-legal sees it as a cause.
2) MD diagnoses an ailment to provide treatment; Portrait parle : spoken picture : verbal description.
medico-legal sees it to testify to it.
3) MD usually ignores minor/trivial injuries; Scientific Methods of ID
medico-legal views it as a whole in order to 1) Fingerprinting : basic types : whorls, arches loops
deduce what really happened. and composite. Lifting prints
4) An MD performs autopsy in order to learn the 2) Dental : wisdom teeth erupts by 18. 32teeth
medical cause of death ; the medico-legal Determination of age .. dental records
autopsy, while determining cause of death, is occlosal,mesial, distal, buccal, lingual surfaces
more concerned with the legal implications of 3) Handwriting : exact signature usually forged
the fact of death. 4) Skeleton : determination of age .. cranial sutures,
sex (greater sciatic notch)
Purpose in studying Legal Medicine : (my own view) So 5) Determination of age
that the lawyer may be familiar with the common 6) Determination of sex : Social, Genital, Gonadal,
medical words/injuries/conditions which he will Chromosomal Test (Jeffrey
encounter in practice. 7) Blood Splatter
8) Blood
PD 856, Dec 23, 1975 (Sanitation Code) provides that a) Blood type table
Health officers , Med. Officers of law enforcement OxO = O A,B,AB
units and medical staff of accredited hospitals are O x A = O, A B, AB
allowed to perform autopsies. . Autopsy required : O x B = O, B A, AB
when required by law, upon order of court, upon A x A = O, A B, AB
request of police, sol.gen. , or next of kin. A x B = O, A, B, AB
B x B = O, B A, AB
Methods of Preserving Evidence : O x AB = A, B O, AB
A x AB = A, B, AB O
1) Photographs, audio/video, Xerox etc ; 9) Hairs and fibers poison traces
2) Sketching 10) DNA rules of evidence
3) Description ; 11) e-Docs rules on e-docs : fax is not e-doc (MCC
4) Manikin method Indl Sales vs SSangYong). Rules re identification
5) Special methods : embalming, soft tissue in by proving it was digitally signed etc does not
formalin, semen/blood samples in sealed apply to criminal cases
containers 12) effect of lighting : can ID a person at 16 yds by
moonlight, 100 yds by sunlight
Methods of detecting deception :
Importance of determination of death :
1) Devices which record the psycho-physiological Civil personality extinguished ; succession (Art 43
response : NCC) ; Partnership ; Agency (except those coupled w/
a) Use of polygraph : can you compel a interest) ; Criminal liability ; personal obligations.
person to take this test ?
b) Use of word association test Determination of Death :
c) Use of psychological stress evaluator a. Brain Death : flat EEG, no reflexes
2) Use of drugs that try to inhibit the inhibitor : b. Cardio-respiratory death
a) Truth Serum (hyoscine hydrobromide c. Eclectic : combination of the above
depresses nervous system)
b) Narcoanalysis or narcosynthesis (sodium Chronological Sequence of Putrefaction :
pentathol)
c) Intoxication .. in vino veritas 12 hrs : Rigor Mortis all over
3) Hypnotism (not reliable) 24 hrs : Rigor absent
4) By observation ; flushing, fidgeting, behavior 48 hrs : Ova of flies; trunk bloated, face
5) Scientific interrogation, catch them in a lie discolored and swollen
6) Confession 72 hrs : Whole body swollen; hairs/nails loose
1 week : Soft viscera putrefied
1975 Tokyo Declaration forbade medical doctors from 2 weeks : Soft tissues largely gone
participating intorture. 1 month : Body skeletonized
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Kinds of Death Proximate (Secondary) Cause : the cause of death which
1) Clinical or somatic death resulted from the immediate cause. Ex. Stab wound
2) Molecular or cellular death : 3-6 hrs later caused infection which was fatal. Infection is the
3) Apparent death or suspended animation proximate cause of death.

Signs of Death : Classes : Natural and Violent death

1) Cessation of heart action and circulation
2) Cessation of respiration Pathological Classification of Death, generally classified as
3) Algor Mortis (cooling of body by 1 C per hour) to Heart, Lung and Brain :
4) Changes in skin : loss of elasticity, flattening of 1) Death from syncope : sudden and fatal cessation
muscles, no reaction to heat. of heart/circulation .. may be due to:
5) Changes in and about the eye : no corneal Disease ; aneurism, embolism, hypertension.
reflex, clouding of cornea. 2) Death from Asphyxia : lack of oxygen .. may be
6) Action of heat on skin due to : pneumonia, choking on food, or
strangulation (hyoid bone fracture) ; lividity,
Changes in the body when it dies : fingernails & lips blue
1) Primary flaccidity 3) Death from Coma : brain inactivity .. may be due
2) Rigor mortis (3-6 to 24-48 hrs) to : tumors, concussion, apoplexy (hemorrhage),
3) Secondary flaccidity strokes, poisons, drugs.

Cadaveric Spasm : distinguished from Rigor : CS Chapter VII

immediate appearance/RM 3hrs ; CS particular
muscles/RM all muscles ; Special Deaths : Judicial death (execution) Electric Chair,
Lethal Injection, Firing Squad ; euthanasia ; suicide.
Changes in Blood :
1) Coagulation Chapter VIII
2) Lividity : hypostatic and diffusion
Disposal of dead body devolves upon 1) spouse ; 2) next of
Diff. between Lividity & Contusion (bruise) : skin kin ; 3) authorities
abrasion , L in epidermis/C below epidermis , Methods of disposal : embalming ; burial (inhumation);
elevated , blood outside veins. disposal at sea ; cremation
Physical Injuries : effect of stimulus on the body
Lividity : pooling of blood. Post mortem lividity Causes of physical injuries :
develops 3-6 hrs after death. a) physical violence ;
Hypostasis of internal organs : b) heat or cold ;
Digestion stops : Digestion of food : 3-4 hrs after meal c) electricity ;
What happens to the body when it dies (Determination d) chemicals ;
of Time of Death): muscles Rigor , blood coagulate, e) radioactivity ;
autodigestive, putrefaction and bloating, f) Barotrauma (change in air pressure) ;
Liver Temperature : decreases 1.5 degrees F per hour to g) infection.
room temperature. Classification of wounds :
Presence of maggots : As to severity :
Presumption of Death 7yrs / 10 yrs to open succession a) mortal ; and
Survivorship : Rule 131 (jj) RoC does not apply to b) non-mortal
succession. As to kind of instrument used :
Declaration of absence 3yrs or 5yrs w/administrator 1) blunt instrument (contusion a.k.a. black eye,
Declaration of presumptive death for remarriage : 4 yrs hematoma or blood cyst)
or 2 yrs under exceptional circumstances 2) sharp instrument (stab, incise, puncture)
Include RPC Art 4 3) laceration (tearing)
4) heat/cold (burn, scald, frostbite)
Inquest officer is the one charged with investigating the 5) chemical explosion (shrapnel)
manner of death 6) infections
Stages of medico-legal investigation : Crime Scene Depth of wound :
Investigation and Autopsy. 1) superficial ;
Autopsy required in : 2) deep (penetrating and perforating)
1) Violent death ; Type of wound :
2) Accidental death ; 1) Closed wound :
3) Suicides ; a) superficial : petecheia; contusion;
4) Death unattended by physician (even in hematoma.
hospital) ; b) Deep : musculo-skeletal ; hemorrhage ;
5) Unnatural deaths. cerebral concussion.
2) Open wound : abrasion; incise, stab, puncture;
Causes of Death : lacerated
Immediate (Primary) Cause : the initial cause which also Special types of wound :
caused the death ; and 1) Defensive wounds ;
2) Patterned ;
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 3) Self-inflicted.
Legal Classifications of wounds :
Mutilation
Serious Physical Injuries
Less serious physical injuries
Slight physical injuries
Musculo-skeletal injuries :
1) Sprain damage to ligaments
2) Dislocation physical displacement of bone
3) Fracture
a) Simple - crack
b) Compound- multiple cracks
c) Comminuted broken in pieces
d) Linear usually in flat bones
e) Spiral spiral pattern, in long bones
f) Pathological due more to disease
Fatality of wounds :
1) Hemorrhage
2) Mechanical injury to vital organs
3) Shock
Complications arising from Injuries :
1) Shock : disturbance of fluid balance resulting
to peripheral deficiency.. caused by a) injury to
nervous system ; b) anoxemia (reduction of
oxygen-carrying capacity of blood ; and c)
endothelial damage
2) Hemorrhage
3) Infection
4) Embolism : air and fat embolus
Healing of wounds :
a. Primary (1st) intention when there is minimal
tissue loss with no infection. Scab forms 24hrs
b. Secondary Intention more extensive injury,
scar tissue forms
c. Aberrated Healing .. may result to :
1) Formation of Exuberant Granulation
granulation may protrude to prevent
closure of wound.
2) Keloid formation abnormal amount of
collagen. May be hereditary
3) Stricture contraction of fibrous tissue
4) Fistula or sinus formation Fistula is
communication between an inner cavity
and the outside. Sinus is a tract of
infection traversing the inner part of the
body.
Chapter X
Rules for examination of wounds:
1) all injuries must be described
2) comprehensive description and
sketch/photograph
3) independent observations
General Investigation of surroundings : exam of place,
clothing, witnesses, wounding instrument, photo or
sketch of scene etc.
Exam. of wounded body : age of wound, what weapon
caused the wound, whether accidental, homicidal or
suicidal.
Exam of living body : if injury is dangerous, if it will
cause deformity, if it will cause shock, if other
complications.
Exam of dead body : if wound post/ante mortem, if wound
was mortal, if death was accelerated by disease, if
accidental or homicidal.
Examination of wound :
1) Character of wound abrasion, contusion,
incision etc.
2) Location of wound
3) Depth
4) Condition of surroundings
5) Extent
6) Direction
7) Number of wounds
8) Other conditions : evidence of struggle, position
of body, degree of hemorrhage
Determination whether post or ante mortem :
Hemorrhage ; inflammation ; regeneration ; retraction of
edges of wound
Chapter XI
Head and neck Injuries :
1) Direct (coup) occur at the site of application of
force
2) Indirect injuries :
a. contre-coup develops at the opposite site of
application of force
b. remote injuries force applied to parts
which have no relation to head (fall on
buttocks may cause basal fracture of skull)
c. locus minoris Resistencia injury is not at
site of force but at the path of least
resistance.
3) Coup-contre-coup : (direct and indirect)
combination of injuries
Fractures of skull
1) Fissure linear fracture, cause by blunt
instrument, radiating cracks
2) Localize depressed fracture signature
fracture, same shape as weapon used
3) Penetrating injuries
4) Comminuted fractures multiple cracks = severe
force
5) Indented fracture indentation of skull, usually
in children, when skull is still malleable
6) Gutter fracture could be caused by a glancing
bullet
7) Bursting fracture two fractures parallel to two
points of contact
Trepanation boring a hole into skull to access the brain
Intercranial hemorrhage even without fractures,trauma
1) Extradural or epidural - almost exclusively due
to trauma fracture causes laceration of vessels
grooved at inner table of cranium
2) Subdural essentially venous or capillary, many
causes small blood vessels.
3) Subarachnoidal bleeding into the space
between the arachnoidal membrane and pia
mater of the brain
4) Cerebral bleeding in gray matter.
Brain :
1) Laceration of brain coup/contre-coup injuries
2) Edema accumulation of fluid in brain
3) Concussion blow to head
4) Compression due to hemorrhage
Face: generally, injuries to the fact heals fast.
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Nose : broken nose, fractured nasal bone.
Ear : rupture of eardrum, disorientation, infection.
Mouth : lacerations, swelling.
Neck : abrasions, ligature marks, whiplash.
Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord : C1-7,T1-12,L1-5
Fracture and concussion of spine. S1-5, coccyx
Chest : usually to the ribs , fractures.
Lungs : Hemorrhage, compression, severe
pneumothorax (escape of air into thorax), cerebral
air embolism, hemoptysis (bleeding into lungs) and
subcutaneous emphysema.
Diaphragm : rupture , hernia
Abdominal Wall :
Liver :Spleen :Kidney :Pancreas :Pelvis : fractures.
Chapter XII
Death or Physical Injury caused by Explosion
Explosion : a sudden expansion of space (gas).
Kinds :
1. mechanical;
2. electrical;
3. nuclear;
4. chemical
Nitroglycerin / Dynamite (Nobel)
grenades
Chapter XIII
Gunshot wounds
Kinds of firearms : revolvers, pistols, rifles, single shot,
semi auto, auto, shotguns
How a gun works:
Single action / double action
Bullets : lead, jacketed, full metal jacket
Barrel : rifling (lands and grooves) , twist, direction
Caliber : inch / metric
Primer : mercury fulminate, percussion
Gas burns (point blank)
Powder deposits on victim for close range firing, ring
patterns depending on distance.
Parafin test for presence of nitrates not conclusive
Bullet richochet upon impact due to spin rate
Bullet migration (unextracted) due to age
Shotguns : ammo, birdshot #4 , buckshot 00
Calibers 12ga / .404 / slugs
IDENTIFICATION of firearm through bullet
comparison :
1) rifling patterns or striations found on the
projectile .. using a comparison microscope,
2) Striations found on the ejected cartridge ;
3) firing pin marks on the primer cap
4) cartridge extractor marks
THERMAL INJURIES/DEATHS :
Due to Cold :
Hypothermia : lowering of bodys core temperature to
fatal level.
Frostbite : damage to tissues due to extreme cold, may
result in the amputation of the limb.
Due to Heat : Classifications :
1) Heat cramps : involuntary spasmodic contraction of
muscles due to dehydration and loss of chlorides by
sweating ;
2) Heat Exhaustion : primarily due to heart failure due
to excessive heat ;
3) Heat Stroke :
Local Effects of Heat :
1) Scald : injuries caused by hot liquids
2) Burns : caused by heat radiation ; hot gas or
contact with hot solids.
Burn Classification :
First Degree : erythema or simple redness of skin,
superficial swelling .
Second Degree : there is vesicle (small blister) formation
with acute inflammation. Skin is blackened, hair
follicles singed. Superficial layers of the epithelium
destroyed.
Third Degree : there is destruction of cuticle and part of
the dermis. Very painful owing to exposure of nerve
endings. Healing may leave a scar.
Fourth Degree : whole skin is destroyed. Surface ulcerated.
Not painful because all nerve endings are destroyed.
Fifth Degree : involves deep fascia and muscles.
Sixth Degree : charring of subjacent tissues, organs and
bones.
Causes of Death due to Burns / Scalds :
Immediate Fatal Result :
1) Death from shock;
2) Death from concomitant physical injuries with
burns;
3) Suffocation.
Delayed Fatal Result :
1) Exhaustion ;
2) Dehydration with hemoconcentration ;
3) Secondary shock ;
4) Hypothermia ;
5) Complications such as infections, pneumonia,
nephritis.
6) Changes in Blood
Heat Rupture : splitting of skin due to heat may be
mistaken for incised or lacerated wound.
Heat Stiffening : body becomes rigid due to heat owing to
the coagulation of albuminous matter in the muscles.
CHEMICAL BURNS : or corrosive burns caused by the
application of corrosive chemicals on skin.
ELECTRICITY :
Main cause of death is Shock.
Other causes is burn caused by electric current
PRESSURE : (Barotrauma)
Overpressure (hyperbarism) : almost never occurs
naturally.
Decrease in pressure (Hypobarism) : causes the Bends, a
condition where Nitrogen dissolved in the blood gasify
upon sudden decrease in pressure and causes
embolisms.
ASPHYXIA : due to lack of supply of oxygen.
1) Anoxic death : due to failure of arterial blood to
be saturated with oxygen.. such as when :
a. Lack of oxygen in high altitudes;
b. Obstruction of air passage;
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 c. Paralysis of respiratory organs due to
toxins.
2) Anemic Anoxic Death : due to decrease in
capacity of blood to deliver oxygen to
tissues/organs :
a. Hemorrhage ;
b. Carbon monoxide poisoning;
c. Low hemoglobin level in blood.
3) Stagnant Anoxic Death : due to failure in blood
circulation , such as when :
a. Heart failure;
b. Shock;
c. Blood vessel obstructions (emboli)
4) Histotoxic Anoxic Death : there is supply of
oxygen but tissues/cells unable to use it :
a. Cyanide and alcohol
Phases of Asphyxial Death :
1) Dyspneic phase : symptoms due to lack of
oxygen and retention of CO2 , lips, fingernails
become bluish;
2) Convulsive phase : due to stimulation of
central nervous system by the massive CO2.
3) Apneic phase : due to damage to the
respiratory center of the brain; fatal beyond
recovery.
Classifications of Asphyxia :
1) Hanging
a. Breaking the neck (dropping a distance);
b. asphyxia
2) Strangulation
a. By ligature hyoid bone usually not
damaged
b. Throttling : manual strangulation -
3) Suffocation : smothering, gagging, plastic bag,
SIDS SUNDS
4) Choking obstruction due to foreign object in
windpipe : regurgitation of food blocking
windpipe. Heimlich maneuver
5) Drowning
6) Traumatic Crush Asphyxia
7) Irrespirable gasses : CO ; CO2 ; H2S ; HCN ;
Cl ;
Classification based on its action :
1) Lacrimator or Tear Gas
2) Vesicant or Blistering Gas : mustard gas
3) Irritants : chlorine , phosgene
4) Sternutator or vomiting gas :
5) Paralysants (Nerve Gas)
6) Blood poisons : HCN, H2S, CO
SEX CRIMES
Virginity :
RPC definition of virginity : not necessarily a physical
virgin ; just a woman of good repute.
True physical virginity : hymen intact, cannot admit a
finger.
False physical virginity : hymen also unruptured, but
wide and elastic enough to admit two or more
fingers. May indicate previous sexual contact just
that the hymen distended but did not rupture. No
definite conclusion regarding true virginity.
Demi-virginity : woman permits sexual liberties but
maintains the integrity of the hymen.
Self-defloration : practiced in some African cultures.
Vaginal Canal : generally tight composed of smooth
muscles and fibroelastic connective tissues. May be
stretched on childbirth never to regain the original
tightness.
Labia Majora and Labia Minora (major and minor lip) :
Labia Majora is the exterior lip and covers the labia
minora and clitoris. Plump women tend to have more
skin and and tissue forming a more closed labia
while thin women tend to have gaping labia.
Clitoris is the organ or a clump of nerve endings located
above the labia minora extending into vaginal wall
whose anatomical function seems to be dedicated
solely to providing sexual stimulus or pleasure.
Female circumcision : practiced in some African cultures.
Fourchette : the V shaped posterior end of the Labia
Minora (originally). With sexual contact (insertion of
penis) it becomes rounded and the edges retracted.
Not a good indicator of sexual activity as it could be
caused by other factors such as horseback riding,
stretching of legs (athletics or ballet).
Hymen may have multiple openings or having no opening
at all.
Intact hymen is not necessarily indicative of sexual
activity. Rupture could be caused by masturbation
without sexual contact with opposite sex.
Things to consider by the medical examiner :
1) Condition of the vulva : normally, the labia
majora and minora are in close contact with each
other and covers the area completely. After
sexual contact, the labia may gape. Again, not a
good indicator of sexual activity.
2) Fourchette : as discussed before, loss of the
normal V shape is not also indicative. It could be
lacerated by penetration, together with the
vaginal walls.
3) Vaginal Canal : after repeated sexual acts, there is
diminution of the sharpness of vaginal
rugositites. Walls will be lax, enough to insert a
medium sized speculum with little resistance.
4) Hymen : is lacerated during the initial act.
However, some are thick and elastic. Childs
hymen could also heal and return to its original
state.
Medical examination of hymen :
1) General condition : width, thickness, elasticity
2) Original shape of the orifice;
3) If lacerated, must determine degree of laceration,
which could be :
a. Incomplete : rupture/laceration does not
involve the whole width or height of hymen.
Superficial (less then ) or Deep.
b. Complete : involves the whole width but not
beyond the base of the hymen;
c. Compound : laceration involves hymen and
surrounding tissues ;
Location of laceration : clock method with the fourchette
as 6 oclock.
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Duration of laceration : Disorder in Perception :
1) Fresh bleeding : recent ; 1) Illusion : false interpretation of perception ;
2) Fresh healing with fibrin and edema of 2) Hallucination : false perception when there was
surrounding tissue : after 24 hrs ; no stimulus ;
3) Healed with congested edges with sharp Disorder of Memory :
coapted borders : 4 10 days old 1) Dementia : form of insanity due to deterioration
4) Healed without congestion with sharp coapted of brain, but without delusion or uncontrollable
borders : 2-3 weeks ; impulse ;
5) Healed with rounded non-coaptive borders and Acute Dementia
retraction of edges : more than 1 month. Dementia Paralytica : cirrhosis of the brain :
Complications : infection ; hemorrage, fistulae, stricture, degeneration of physical, intellectual and moral
sterility (due to infection). power leading to paralysis ;
Dementia Praecox (schizophrenia) :
Death from the sex act : Senile Dementia
Male : usually from hypertension, cardiac arrest. Toxic Dementia
Female : almost never , maybe suffocation/strangulation 2) Amnesia : loss of memory, anterograde and
Stuck inside : no medical reports yet. retrograde
SEX CRIMES : Disorder in content of thought :
1) Delusion : erroneous belief in something which is
Rape , Seduction (simple and qualified) not a fact : of Grandeur, persecution
Acts of lasciviousness , same with consent (paranoia), hypochondria , conspiracy.
Abduction (forcible and with consent) 2) Obsession : continually occurring thoughts and
Adultery and concubinage impulses
Prostitution Disorder in the trend of thought :
Corruption of minors , white slave trade , abuse against 1) Mania : State of excitement accompanied by
chastity exaltation which is out of step with his
Grave Scandal surroundings ;
Immoral Doctrines 2) Melancholia : depression
3) Manic-depressive psychosis : alternating states
Unnatural Sexual Offenses/abnormalities between mania and depression
Homosexuality
Pedophilia Disorder of Emotion :
Zoophilia 1) Exaltation : unwarranted well being/joy ;
Gerentophilia (older women) 2) Depression :
Necrophilia 3) Apathy : disregard of surroundings (sociopathy)
Incest 4) Phobia : fears (Deimos and Phobos) fears of
Satyriasis / nymphomania things, places, situations, illness .. such as
Frigidity / impotence arachnophobia, hematophobia, agoraphobia,
Fetishes claustrophobia,

MENTAL DISTURBANCES Disorder of Volition (Doing) :

1) Impulse or Compulsion : irresistible urge to do
Insanity : from sociological viewpoint is the inability to something : such as pyromania, kleptomania,
adapt to the environment due to mental causes. nymphomania, suicidal impulse,
Legal Importance :
1) Civil code Art 38 : is a mere restriction on Mental Deficiency :
capacity to act ; 1) Idiot : IQ 0-20
2) Marriage : may be annulled when one is of 2) Imbecile : IQ 20-40
unsound mind unless they continue to cohabit 3) Feeble minded : IQ 40-70
after regaining sanity ; 4) Moron : higher end of feeble-mindedness
3) Succession : must be of sound mind at time of
execution of will ; Malingering : feigning disease or injuring to avoid a
4) Witness to wills : responsibility/obligation.
5) ObliCon : insane cannot give consent ;
6) RPC : exempting circumstance Other mental conditions :
1) Somnambulism (sleepwalking )
Factors influencing Mental Disorder : 2) Hypnotism (mesmerism)
1) Heredity 3) Delirium : state of mental confusion
2) Incestuous marriage 4) Hysteria : (off the books)
3) Physical illnesses
4) Emotional distress Drugs and Poisons :
5) Toxins
RA 9165 : things to remember
Manifestations of Mental Disorders : 1) Chain of Custody of evidence
2) No plea bargaining ..sec 23
Disorder of Cognition :
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 3) No probation to TRAFFICKERS AND
PUSHERS only .. users eligible for probation
sec 24
4) Mandatory drug test Sec 36 (f) persons
charged and (g) candidates for public office
declared unconstitutional by SJS vs DDB 2008
5) PDEA made the LEAD AGENCY in
enforcement (but not the exclusive agency)
Popular Drugs :
1) Opium
2) Marijuana (hallucinogen) not addicting
3) Magic Mushrooms (hallucinogen)
4) Hashish
5) Cocaine coca cola
6) Methamphetamines (uppers)
7) Cough Syrup (codeine phosphate)
8) Rugby (solvents)
9) Barbiturates (sedatives) downers
10) LSD (hallucinogen)
Alcohol :

Legal drunkenness : 0.15% blood alcohol

Wine / liquors
Fermentation process

Poisons :

Arsenic
Cyanide
Snake Venoms
Corrosives (acid, insecticides)
Carbon Monoxide

Antidotes :

Actions which survives death :

The question as to whether an action survives or not

depends on the nature of the action and the damage
sued for. In the causes of action which survive, the
wrong complained [of] affects primarily and principally
property and property rights, the injuries to the person
being merely incidental, while in the causes of action
which do not survive, the injury complained of is to the
person, the property and rights of property affected
being incidental.

RA 7438

Lucas v. Lucas GR 190710 DNA testing

june 6, 2011