1.

DBMS & Advantages or Explain Database systems & advantages

DBMS :
Dbms is a collection of programs that manages the database.
It is responsible to manage the data in the database.
The DBMSs main functions are
o data dictionary management
o data storage management
o data transformation and presentation
o security management
o multiuser access control
o backup and recovery management
o data integrity management etc.,

Advantages of DBMS

1.Improved Data Sharing : The DBMS helps to access data by different users simultaneously. It
also supports accessing a table more people at a time, and they can perform different types of
operations on the table.
2. Better data integration : Database is a place, where all tables data is stored in a single place.
Collecting data in a single place is called integration. The collected items can possible to access
all people easily.
3. Reduction of Redundancy : DBMS reduce the redundancy because it shares the data by
different users at a time. So that redundancy is reduced
4. Data Security : We can restrict certain people from accessing the database . The people can
access the database with the help of user name and password.
5.Multiple access : DBMS allows to access the data in variety of ways with the help of front end
applications like c, c++, Java etc.,
6.Enforcing standards : DBMS provides enforcing standards. For creating enforcement
standards we can use Integrity Constraints. These constraints allows specific type of data allows
into the table.
7. Concurrent Access : In DBMS, it is possible to access the table by different users at a time
and they can perform different operations simultaneously. DBMS supports Locks to prevent
disturbances between transactions
8. Crash recovery : If any table suddenly crashed, the dbms supports to recover the table along
with the data. No disturbances for any records. Predefined recovery algorithms makes to access
the data.
9. Backup facility : In DBMS, it is very easy to backup any data. If any problem generated in
the system, we can restore the data easily.
10. Supports Data models : The DBMS supports different data models to organize data in
systematic way. They are Hierarchical, network, relational and object oriented model,

2. What is file system & drawbacks of file system

It is oldest approach used by different organizations to collect and store data.

 In this approach people use different programming languages to store data like Cobol, c
etc.,
File processing system store data in separate computer files.
File system allows to store different departments data in different data files. The file
system faces problems like data redundancy, no security etc.,

Disadvantages of File Processing System

The conventional file processing system have lot of problems. They are:

1. No Data Sharing : The file system doesnt support data Sharing. So we must duplicate
every file whenever different people wants to access file.
2. No Integration : In the file system, the data files are spread all around the disk. So,
creating relationships between files are difficult.
3. Increasing Redundancy : Redundancy is the problem that occupies more space in the
disk. In the file system, it is common that having the same file in more places. So it occupies
more space.
4. No Security : In the file system, It is highly difficult to stop unauthorized people to
access the data. So, it will not support any security rules.
5. No Multiple access : In the file system, accessing data file by only one person at a time,
and also the data is possible to access by only the suitable language only.
6. No Standards : In the file system, No specific integrity rules. If we want to write any
integrity rules, we must write the related program. It is difficult to write the program
7. No Concurrent Access : In file system, it supports to access the same table by only
person at a time. There will be no locks for operation.
8. Crash recovery : If any data file suddenly crashed, the file system doesnt have any
predefined recovery programs to recovery. So our information will be destroyed.
9. No Backup facilty: In the file system, there will be no standard methods to backup data,
but we can copy, it may or may not be useful in some situations
10. No Data models : In the file system, there are no standard data models to organize data.
It allows only Sequential files and Random access files.

3. Explain Types of Data Models :

Data model is like a blue print in which we represent collection of Items that are used to
describe the overall structure of a database project.
Data model contains the types of data that we are collecting into the table, relationships
among these data and restriction which are applied to the data.
A data model is collection of tools for describing
o Data
o Relationships
o Semantics
o Data Constraints

There are 5 different types of data models

 Hierarchical data model
Network data model
Relational Data model
ER model
Object oriented data model

1. Hierarchical database model: -

In this model, files are arranged in a top-down structure that resembles a tree.
Data are related in a nested, one-to-many set of relationships.
The top file is called the root, the bottom files are called leaves, and intermediate files
have one parent file one or several children files.
It is very oldest Data model, and also many hierarchical databases exist in larger
organizations today.
Hierarchical model support Parent-Child Relationships. Here one parent have one or
more child nodes

2. Net work Database model:

In this model, each Record may be associated with one more records in the table.
Network models are resembles of Graphs in Data structures
It is very flexible because any relationships can be implemented between those files i.e.(1
to 1 and 1 to many and many to 1).
The relationship between files are indicated using pointers between related records in
different files.
Network data model creates significant overhead in storage space and maintenance time.
In the network model the relationships are called as Owner and Member
Network model systems are still popular on powerful mainframes and huge data
organizations maintained by companies.
Network systems support a wider variety of processing requirement than hierarchical
database systems.

3. Relational Model :

Relational model was invented by E.F.Codd.

In this model the data is stored in the form of TABLES
Every Table contains Rows and columns.
Each table must have Primary key to identify your exact record
The main importance of this model is to create different tables and we create
relationships between them using primary key and foreign key.
Every relational model supports various features, They are:

o Tables
o Keys (Primary Key, Foreign key, Candidate key, Secondary Key & super key)
o Integrity Constraints (Primary key, Unique, Check, not null, Foreign key)
4. ER model :

ER stands for Entity Relationship model.

It is a diagrammatic representation for developing data base design.
Using ER model it is very easy to represent conceptual design of the project with variety
symbols.
It was invented by Peter Chen in 1976.
ER diagrams are used by Relational database model
ER model there are 2 types of representations : 1) Chen model 2) crow foot model
It is popular because all developers start their design with ER model

5. Object Oriented Model

In Object-oriented model, the database is organized in real world objects.

In the object oriented model both data and their relationships are contained in a single
structure known as object.
Object technology allows to move objects easily from one place to another place.
The advantage of the object model is to combine multimedia items, along with individual
items like images, sound, animations etc.,
An object contains both instance variables & methods in a single place.
The instances variables are manipulated with the help of methods.
We can move objects easily from one place to another place.
The objects are created from the class. So we call the class as user defined data type.
From a single class, we can create any number of objects.