RF SPECTRUM BANDS
Because it is not practical either to design a circuit that covers the entire frequency range or to
use all radio frequencies for all purposes, the RF spectrum is broken into various bands. Each
band is used for a specific purpose and usually RF circuits are designed to be used in one
particular band. Table 1-1 shows the most common assignment of RF commercial bands.
Table 1-1 COMMERCIAL RADIO FREQUENCY BANDS
DEFINITION OF MICROWAVES
When the frequency of operation starts to increase toward approximately 1GHz and above, a
whole set of new phenomena occurs that is not present at lower frequencies.
The radio waves at frequencies have wavelengths that range from 30cm (at 1 GHz) to 1
millimeter (300 GHz). The special frequency range from 30 GHz to 300GHz has a wavelength in
the millimeter range; thus it is referred as millimeter waves.
The microwave frequency range consists of three commercial bands-(UHF, SHF & EHF) can
further be subdivided into several specific frequency ranges, each with its own band
designation. This band subdivision and designation facilitate the use of microwave signals for
specific purposes and applications.
In electronics industries and academic institutions, the most commonly used microwave bands
are set forth by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE); they are shown in
Table 1-2. In this table the Ka to G are the millimeter-wave (mmw) bands.
RF/MICROWAVES APPLICATIONS
The major applications of RF/Microwave signals can be categorized as follows:
COMMUNICATION: This application includes satellite, space, long-distance telephone, marine,
cellular telephone, data, mobile phone, aircraft, vehicle, personal, and wireless local area
network (WLAN), among others. Two important subcategories of applications need to be
considered: TV and radio broadcast, and optical communications.
TV AND RADIO BROADCAST: In this application, RF/microwaves are used as the carrier signal
for audio and video signals. An example is the Direct Broadcast System (DBS), which is
designed to link satellites directly to home users.
OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS: In this application, a microwave modulator is used in the
transmitting side of a low-loss optical fiber with a microwave demodulator at the other
end. The microwave signal acts as a modulating signal with the optical signal as the
carrier. Optical communication is useful in cases where a much larger number of
frequency channels and less interference from outside electromagnetic radiation are
desired. Current applications include telephone cables, computer network links, low-noise
transmission lines, and so on.
RADAR: This application includes air defense, aircraft/ship guidance, smart weapons, police,
weather, collision avoidance, and imaging.
NAVIGATION: This application is used for orientation and guidance of aircraft, ships, and land
vehicles. Particular applications in this area are as follows:
Microwave Landing System (MLS), used to guide aircraft to land safely at airports
Global Positioning System (GPS), used to find ones exact coordinates on the globe
REMOTE SENSING: In this application, many satellites are used to monitor the globe constantly
for weather conditions, meteorology, ozone, soil moisture, agriculture, crop protection from
frost, forests, snow thickness, icebergs, and other factors such as monitoring and exploration
of natural resources.
DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS: This application includes microwave ovens, microwave
clothes dryers, fluid heating systems, moisture sensors, tank gauges, automatic door openers,
automatic toll collection, highway traffic monitoring and control, chip defect detection, flow
meters, power transmission in space, food preservation, pest control, and so on.
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS: This application includes cautery, selective heating, heart stimulation,
hemorrhage control, sterilization, and imaging.
SURVEILLANCE: This application includes security systems, intruder detection, and Electronic
Warfare (EW) receivers to monitor signal traffic.
ASTRONOMY AND SPACE EXPLORATION: In this application, gigantic dish antennas are used to
monitor, collect, and record incoming microwave signals from outer space, providing vital
information about other planets, stars, meteors, and other objects and phenomena in this or
other galaxies.
Voltages and currents at each port provide us with four variables of interest: , , and .
There are six ways of picking two out of a set of four variables, but only four combinations
(or sets) will yield nontrivial and unique parameters. These are called -, -, -, and -
parameters.
A two-port network with terminal voltages and currents is shown in Fig. 1-1. These four sets of
parameters are defined as follows;
IMPEDANCE OR PARAMETERS
= + -------- (1.1 a)
= + -------- (1.1 b)
Or in matrix form:
[] = [][]
-------- (1.2)
[] = [ ]
-------- (1.3 a)
[] = [ ]
-------- (1.3 b)
[] = [ ]
-------- (1.3 c)
ADMITTANCE OR PARAMETERS
= + -------- (1.4 a)
= + -------- (1.4 b)
Or in matrix form:
[] = [][] -------- (1.5)
where [] and [] are defined as before and [] as follows;
[] = [ ]
-------- (1.6)
HYBRID OR PARAMETERS
[ ] = [ ][ ] -------- (1.7)
TRANSMISSION OR PARAMETERS
[ ] = [ ][ ] -------- (1.8)
EXAMPLE 1.1 : Find the -parameters and of the two-port network shown in Fig. 1-2.
Solution:
Using KVL, the following can be written:
= +
= +
Fig. 1-2
Thus, the [] matrix is given by;
[] = [
[ ] = [ ][ ] ]
EXAMPLE 1.2 : Find the []-matrix for a series impedance element as shown in Fig. 1-3.
Solution:
Using KVL and KCL, the following can be
written:
= =
= =
Fig. 1-3
Thus, the [] matrix is given by;
[ ] = [ ][ ]
[ ]=[ ]
EXAMPLE 1.3 : Find the []-matrix for a shunt element as shown in Fig. 1-4.
Solution:
Using KVL and KCL, the following can be
written:
= = +
= ( + ) =
Fig. 1-4
Thus, the [] matrix is given by;
[ ] = [ ][ ]
[ ]=[ ]
EXAMPLE 1.4 : Find the []-matrix for a circuit of a series element and a shunt element
as shown in Fig. 1-5.
Solution:
The []-matrix for the whole circuit, which is a
cascade of a series and a shunt element, is a
multiplication of the two matrices as follows ;
Fig. 1-5
EXAMPLE 1.5 : Find the []-matrix for a transformer as shown in Fig. 1-6.
Solution:
Using KVL and KCL, the following can be
written:
= = +
= =
Fig. 1-6
Thus, the [] matrix is given by; [ ] = [ ][ ] [ ] = [ ]
EXAMPLE 1.6 : Find the []-matrix for a lossless transmission line of length () and
characteristic impedance ( ) as shown in Fig. 1-7.
Solution:
From the fundamental concepts in wave
propagation, the output voltage or current has the
same magnitude as the input but lags behind in
phase .
Fig. 1-7
An -port network with terminal voltages and currents is shown in Fig. 1-8.
Fig. 1-8 Basic voltage and current definitions for multiport network
The voltage at each port = , is given by;
For port ; = + + +
-------- (1.9 a)
For port ; = + + +
-------- (1.9 b)
For port ; = + + +
-------- (1.9 c)
Or in matrix form:
-------- (1.10)
Or in matrix notation;
[] = [][] -------- (1.11)
where [] and [] are vectors of voltages , , , and currents , , , respectively, and
[] is the impedance matrix.
Each impedance element in Eqn. (1.10) can be determined via the following protocol;
= |
-------- (1.12)
= ( )
-------- (1.13)
Or in matrix notation;
[] = [][] -------- (1.14)
where [] and [] are vectors of voltages , , , and currents , , , respectively, and
[] is the admittance matrix.
Each admittance element in Eqn. (1.14) can be determined via the following protocol;
= | -------- (1.15)
= ( )
Comparing Eqn. (1.10) and (1.13) , it is evident that the impedance and admittance matrices
are inverse of each other.
[] = [] -------- (1.16)
In this case the individual voltages are additive while the currents remain the same. This
results in;
-------- (1.17)
where [] is given by ;
-------- (1.18)
When the two networks are connected with the output interchanged, as in Fig. 1-10, the most
suitable representation is the hybrid form.
In the network connection that is shown in Fig. 1-10, the voltages on the input ports and
currents on the output ports are additive (i.e., = + and = + ), while the
voltages on the output ports and currents on input ports are the same (i.e., = =
and = = ),
The resulting -matrix for the overall system is equal to the sum of the -matrices of the
individual network.
-------- (1.19)
In this case the individual currents are additive while the voltages remain the same. This
results in;
-------- (1.20)
where [] is given by ;
-------- (1.21)
CASCADING NEWORKS
The -parameter description is most suitable when cascading networks, as shown in
Fig. 1-12 for the example of a two-transistor configuration.
In this case the current on the output of the first network is equal in value, but opposite in
sign, to the input current of the second network (i.e., = ).
The voltage drop across the output port of the first network is equal to the voltage drop
across the input port of the second network. Thus, we can write the following relations;
-------- (1.22)
The overall system -matrix is equal to the product of the -matrices of the
individual networks.
Fig. 1-13 A two-port with incident and reflected waves at each port.
To define the S-parameters accurately, we will consider a voltage phasor [ + ] incident on and
a voltage phasor [ ] reflected from the terminals of a two-port network ( = , ) as shown
in Fig. 1-12.
The scattering matrix, [], is now defined to describe the linear relationship between the
incident voltage wave phasor matrix [ + ] and the reflected wave phasor matrix [ ] at any
of the two ports as follows ;
= + + +
= + + +
Or in matrix form:
+
[ ] = [ ][ ] -------- (1.23)
+
Or,
[ ] = [][+ ] -------- (1.24)
where;
[ ] = [ ]
+
[+ ] = [ + ]
and
[] = [ ] -------- (1.25)
This linear relationship is expressed in terms of a ratio of two phasors that are complex
numbers with the magnitude of the ratio always less than or equal to 1. Each specific element
of the [] matrix is defined as:
-------- (1.26)
-------- (1.27)
-------- (1.28)
-------- (1.29)
-parameters, have many advantages at high RF/microwave frequencies that can be briefly
stated as follows: (Advantages of -parameters)
-parameters provide a complete characterization of a network, as seen at its two
ports.
-parameters make the use of short or open (as prescribed at lower frequencies)
completely unnecessary at higher frequencies. It is a known fact that the impedance of
a short or an open varies with frequency which is one reason why they are not useful
for device characterization at high RF/microwave frequencies & Furthermore, the
presence of a short or open in a circuit can cause strong reflections which usually lead
to oscillations or damage to the transistor circuitry.
-parameters require the use of matched loads for termination and because the loads
absorb all the incident energy, the possibility of serious reflections back to the device
or source is eliminated.
RECIPROCAL NETWORKS
A reciprocal network is defined to be a network that satisfies the reciprocity theorem, which is
defined as follows;
DEFINITION-RECIPROCITY THEOREM: Is a theorem stating that the interchange of electromotive
force at one point (e.g., in branch , ) in a passive linear network, with the current produced at
any other point (e.g., branch , ) results in the same current (in branch , ) when the same
electromotive force is applied in the new location (branch , ); that is
-------- (1.30)
Networks that satisfy this condition include all passive networks that contain linear passive
elements including resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers except independent or
dependent sources, nonlinear elements, and/or active solid-state devices such as diodes,
transistors, and so on.
It can be shown that for all reciprocal networks, the [] matrix is symmetrical:
= -------- (1.31 a)
For an -port network;
-------- (1.31 b)
The equality of input and output impedances leads to the equality of input and output
reflection coefficients in addition to equality of and as required by the reciprocity
theorem stated earlier. Therefore, for symmetrical networks, we can always write:
-------- (1.32 a)
-------- (1.32 b)
-------- (1.33 a)
-------- (1.33 b)
LOSSLESS NETWORKS
For a lossless passive network (i.e., one containing no resistive elements), the power entering
the circuit will always be equal to the power leaving the network, i.e., the power is conserved.
This condition will impose a number of restrictions on the -parameters that give rise to the
unity and zero properties as follow:
THE UNITY PROPERTY OF [] MATRIX: This property states that for a passive loss less -port
network, the sum of the products of each term of anyone row (or any one column) multiplied
by its own complex conjugate is unity, i.e.,
-------- (1.36)
Furthermore, if the lossless network is also reciprocal (i.e., = ), these two equations are
greatly simplified as follows:
-------- (1.38 a)
-------- (1.38 b)
-------- (1.38 c)
THE ZERO PROPERTY OF [] MATRIX: This property states that for a passive lossless -port
network, the sum of the products of each term of any row(or any column) multiplied by the
complex conjugate of the corresponding terms of any other row(or column) is zero:
-------- (1.39)
Furthermore, if the lossless network is also reciprocal (i.e., = ), these two equations are
greatly simplified as follows:
-------- (1.41 a)
-------- (1.41 b)
NOTE: A matrix satisfying the zero and unit property is called a unitary matrix.
ANALYSIS OF RECIPROCAL LOSSLESS NETWORKS: From the zero and unity properties of the
-matrix, the -parameters of a reciprocal loss less network are constrained by Eqns (1.37),
(1.38) and (1.41) as follows:
-------- (1.42 a)
-------- (1.42 b)
-------- (1.42 c)
-------- (1.42d)
-------- (1.43 b)
Eqns (1.43 a) and (1.43 b) provide the magnitude and phase of (or ) in terms of
magnitude and phase of and .
Therefore, from a measurement knowledge of and , we can completely describe and
specify a reciprocal lossless two-port network.
Therefore, the location of the reference plane must be known precisely to calculate or measure
the exact phase of the -parameters.
Consider a two-port network in which the reference plane at has moved a distance
to . Similarly, the reference plane at has moved a distance 2 to as
shown in Fig. 1-14. The phasors for voltage waves at each new port (i,e and ) can now be
written as ;
+
= +
, = , -------- (1.44 a)
=
, = , -------- (1.44 b)
and further mathematical manipulation, we obtain [], which is the shifted -parameters as:
( + )
[ ] = [ ][ + ], [ ] = [ ]
( + ) -------- (1.46)
or conversely
( + )
[] = [ ( + ) ]
-------- (1.47)
Taking each ports characteristic impedance into account, we need to define two normalized
voltage waves as follows;
= +
/ , = , -------- (1.50 a)
=
/ , = , -------- (1.50 b)
where "" is the port number, represents the normalized incident voltage, represents the
normalized reflected voltage wave from the port and is the characteristic impedance
at the port.
Thus, the total volatage and current at each port can now be written as;
= +
+ = ( + ) -------- (1.51 a)
+
( )
= +
= = -------- (1.51 b)
The average power delivered to the port can now be expressed in terms of and :
= { } = (| | | | ) -------- (1.52)
The scattering matrix [], of each element can be expressed as a general equation by ;
= | , for , , = , and -------- (1.53)
=
The generalized scattering matrix [] can now be defined in terms of the normalized voltage
waves as follows;
[] = [][] -------- (1.54 a)
[ ] = [ ][ ]
-------- (1.54 b)
where each element of the generalized scattering matrix [] can now be defined as;
= | = reflection coefficient at port 1 with
= -------- (1.55 a)
port 2 matched
= | transmission coefficient from port 2
= -------- (1.55 b)
to port 1 with port 1 matched
= | transmission coefficient from port 1
= -------- (1.55 c)
to port 2 with port 2 matched
= | = reflection coefficient at port 2 with
= -------- (1.55 d)
port 1 matched
-------- (1.56)
LOSSES IN NETWORK:
() = | |
() = | |
() = ( | | )
() = (( | | )/| | )
1 = (( + | |)/ | |)
= =
+
( )
( ) +
= =
( ) ; =
+
( ) + + +
To obtain , we terminate port-1 in a matched load and find the output reflection
coefficient as follows:
= = = = ; =
+
( )
( ) + +
= =
( ) ; =
+
( ) + + +
( )
= =
;
+ + + + + +
Fig. 1-17
Solution:
With reference to Fig. 1-17, the reflection coefficient seen looking toward the load is;
=
+
In general, the input impedance of the terminated two-port network will be mismatched with a
reflection coefficient given by , which can be determined by the following analysis.
From the definition of the scattering parameters, and the fact that we have + =
= + + + = + + ( ) ()
= + + + = + + ( ) ()
= + = +
1
where is the impedance seen looking into port 1 of the terminated network.
Similarly, the reflection coefficient seen looking into port 2 of the network when port 1 is
terminated by is given by considering + =
= + = +
1
EXAMPLE 1.9 : A shunt element is connected across a transmission line with characteristic
impedance . Find the -matrix of the junction.
Solution:
Solution:
a. Network is reciprocal but not lossless.
Since [] is symmetric, the network is reciprocal. For lossless, the scattering parameters
must satisfy;
b. If the port 2 is terminated with a short circuit, what is the return loss seen at port 1?
EXAMPLE 1.11 : A two-port network is known to have the following scattering matrix:
b. If the port 2 is terminated with a matched load, what is the return loss seen at port 1?
c. If the port 2 is terminated with a short circuit, what is the return loss seen at port 1?
+ -------- (1.57)
[ ] = [ ][ ]
+
The relationship between - and - parameters can be derived using the above basic definition
as follows:
1
-------- (1.58)
[ ] =
[ ]
The reverse relationship expressing [] in terms of [] matrix can also be derived with the
following result:
-------- (1.59)
[ ] =
1
[ ]
For a cascade connection of two-port networks, as shown in Fig. 1-20, the overall -matrix can
be obtained as follows:
+
[ ] = [ ][ ] -------- (1.60 a)
+
+
-------- (1.60 b)
[ ] = [ ][ ]
+
EXAMPLE 1.12 : The two-port devices represented by the following matrices are cascaded. Find
the Scattering matrix of the resulting device. Determine its properties (symmetry, reciprocity,
losses and match).
. . . .
[1] [ ] [2] [ ]
. . . .
Solution:
The relationship between - and - parameters can be derived using the above basic definition
as follows:
1
. .
[ ] = =[ ]
. .
[ ]
1
/ /
[ ]= =[ ]
/ /
[ ]
/
Cascade : [] = [][ ] [ ][ ]=[ ]
/ /
The diagonal elements are not equal to zero, so the network is not perfectly matched two-
port network.
Why?
Current and voltage vary spatially over the component size.
Leads to the concept of distributed components.
The KCL and KVL are no more applicable.
-------- (1.64 b)
Capacitor behaves as open circuit at DC and low frequencies whereas an Inductor behaves as
short circuit at DC and low frequencies.
At low frequency, resistances, inductances, and capacitances are not only formed by wires,
coils, and plates etc. Even a single wire or a copper line of a printed circuited board ()
possesses resistance and inductance. For instance, a cylindrical copper conductor of radius ,
length , and conductivity has a DC resistance of ;
-------- (1.65)
At DC, current flows uniformly distributed over the entire conductor cross-sectional area. The
current density at DC is given by:
-------- (1.66)
=
At AC, the alternating charge carrier flow establishes a magnetic field that induces an electric
field (Faradays Law) whose associated current density opposes the initial current flow. This
effect is very strong at the center ( = ) where the impedance is substantially increased, as a
result the current flow resides at the outer periphery with the increasing frequency (skin
effect).
The current density at AC is given by:
-------- (1.67)
-------- (1.68)
Wire-wound resistors tend to exhibit widely varying impedances over various frequencies.
The inductor , shown in the equivalent circuit of Fig. 1-21, is much larger for a wire wound
resistor than for a carbon-composition resistor. Because wire-wound resistors look like
inductors, their impedances will first increase as the frequency increases. The equivalent
circuit of a wire-wound resistor at radio frequencies is shown in Fig. 1-22, where is the
capacitance between windings capacitances, is the lead inductance, is the inductance of
resistive wires and is the interlead capacitance.
A metal-film resistor seems to exhibit the best characteristics over frequency. Its equivalent
circuit is the same as the carbon-composition and wire-wound resistor, but the values of the
individual parasitic elements in the equivalent circuit decrease. The equivalent circuit of a
metal-film resistor at radio frequencies is shown in Fig. 1-23, where models charge
separation effects and models interlead capacitance.
Thin-film chip resistors find application now a days in RF and MW circuits as surface
mounted devices (SMDs). This is due to the fact that they can be produced in extremely small
sizes. The idea is to eliminate or reduce the stray capacitances associated with the resistors.
Good enough up to 2 GHz. Fig. 1-24 Cross-sectional view of a typical chip resistor.
A metal flim (usually nichrome) layer is deposited on this ceramic substrate (usually
aluminum oxide). This resistive layer is trimmed to the desired nominal value by reducing its
length and inserting inner electrodes. Contacts are made on both ends of the resistor that allow
the component to be soldered to the board. The resistive flim is coated with a protective layer
to prevent environmental interferences.
-------- (1.69)
where is the plate surface area and denotes the plate separation.
Ideally there is no current flow between the plates. However, at high frequencies the dielectric
materials become lossy (i.e., there is a conduction current flow). The impedance of a capacitor
must thus be written as a parallel combination of conductance and susceptance :
-------- (1.70)
-------- (1.71)
The corresponding electric equivalent circuit with parasitic lead inductance , series
resistance describing losses in the lead conductors, and dielectric loss resistance =
/ , is shown in Fig. 1-25.
In a perfect capacitor, current will lead the applied voltage in phase by 90. In a real world
capacitor (practical capacitor), the phase angle () will be less than 90 ( < 90). The reason
( < 90) is the existence of and combine into one equivalent resistor.
Equivalent series resistance (ESR) This resistance is the combined equivalent of and
and is the ac resistance of a capacitor. It is denoted by .
-------- (1.72)
Quality Factor: A measure of the ability of an element to store energy, equal to 2 times the
average energy stored divided by the energy dissipated per cycle. is a figure of merit for a
reactive element and can be shown to be the ratio of the elements reactance to its equivalent
series resistance. For a capacitor, is given by:
= = -------- (1.73)
From the above equation it can be observe that for a practical capacitor, as the equivalent
series resistance ( ) decreases, Q will increase until = , which corresponds to a
perfect capacitor having = , i.e.,
The two distinct regions in the frequency response plot of a capacitor can be identified. These
two regions straddle the resonance frequency ( ) as follows:
< : In this region, as frequency increases, the lead inductances reactance goes up
gradually, cancelling the capacitors reactance and thus causing resonance ( ).
> : In this region the capacitor behaves like an inductor, and is no longer
performing its intended function.
Inductors are used extensively in RF design in resonant circuits, filters, phase shift and delay
networks, and as RF chokes used to prevent, or at least reduce, the flow of RF energy along a
certain path.
Fig. 1-27 shows what an inductor really looks like at RF frequencies. Whenever we bring two
conductors into close proximity but separated by a dielectric, and place a voltage differential
between the two, we form a capacitor.
Fig. 1-27 Distributed capacitance and series resistance in the inductor coil.
The equivalent circuit model of the inductor at high frequency is shown in Fig. 1-28. The
distributed capacitance exists due to a voltage drop in the coil caused by internal resistance
. The voltage drop causes a voltage difference between two turns of the coil separated from
each other. The aggregate of s and s provides the equivalent circuit.
From this Fig. 1-29, there are two regions that straddle the resonant circuit. These two regions
can be defined as,
< : In this region, the inductors reactance ( = ) increases as frequency is
increased.
> : In this region the inductor behaves like an capacitor, and as the frequency is
increased the reactance decreases.
At = , resonance takes place in an inductor (inductor's reactance is cancelled by
parasitic distributed capacitor) and theoretically the inductor's reactance is infinity,
however in practice, the total impedance of the element is finite due to a non-zero
series resistance.
where = ( + )( + )
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE 1.13 : A attenuator is specified as having VSWR of . . Assuming that the device
is reciprocal, find the -parameters.
Solution:
Attenuation in () for any device = | |
| | = = . | | = . = .
1 = (( + | |)/ | |)
| | = = .
+
The device is reciprocal, the scattering matrix is given by = ;
Assume the device is also symmetric ; = ;
. .
[] = [ ]=[ ]
. .
EXAMPLE 1.14 : A four port network has the scattering matrix shown below:
3) If the port 2,3 and 4 is terminated with a matched load, what is the return loss seen at
port 1?
4) When 1 and 3 is terminated with a matched load, what is the insertion loss between
ports 2 and 4?
() = | | = 4.43
Phase delay= +45
( )( + )
[ ]=
( + )( )
[ ]
where ; = ( + )( + )
a) [] = [. . . . ]
. . . .
/ /
b) [] = [ ]=[ ]
/ /
EXAMPLE 1.16 : The input of an amplifier has a of and the output has a of
, find the magnitudes of the -parameters and under matched condition.
Solution:
Since the input is equal to , we conclude ;
+ | |
= = | | = =
| | +
EXAMPLE 1.17 : The impedance matrix of a certain lumped element network is given by
[ ] = [ ]. Determine the equivalent scattering parameter matrix [ ] = [ ]for the
[ ]. (or) If the impedance matrix of a simple device is [ ], find its Scattering matrix.
Solution:
Note: is not specified in the problem, so the given [ ] matrix is normalized [] ;
( )( + )
[ ]=
( + )( )
[ ]
where ; = ( + )( + )
[ ] = [ ]
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. Evaluate the -parameters from the -parameters.
+
[] = [ ] , =
0 1
2. Which component is represented by the scattering matrix [ ]?
1 0
UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY
36
AAMEC/ECE-VII SEM/ EC 6701 (RF AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING)
7. Find the , and matrices for the two-port network shown below.
8. Express power input and power output under matched conditions for a two-port network in
terms of wave components.
QUESTION BANK
PART A:
1. Mention the limitations in measuring , and parameters at Microwave
[N/D frequencies.
2011] 2. A attenuator is specified as having VSWR of . . Assuming that the device is
reciprocal, find the -parameters.
[M/J 3. What are the advantages of Scattering parameters?
2012] 4. Which component is represented by the scattering matrix [
0 1
]?
1 0
[N/D 5. Name the properties of -parameters.
2012] 6. Draw the equivalent circuit of a practical capacitor.
7.7. Define reciprocal and symmetrical networks.
[M/J 8. Express power input and power output under matched conditions for a two-port network
2013]
in terms of wave components.
[N/D 9.8. Draw the equivalent circuit of an inductor at radio frequency.
2013] 10. What is ESR?
[M/J 11.9. List any four reasons for the wide use of RF.
2014] 12. Give the relationship between [] and [].
[N/D 13. What are the high frequency limitations of conventional tubes?
2014] 14.
3.2 1
Given [] = [ ] find -parameters.
1 3.2
UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY
37
AAMEC/ECE-VII SEM/ EC 6701 (RF AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING)
[M/J 15. Mention any four differences between low and high frequency microwave circuits.
2015] 16. Draw the high frequency equivalent circuit of the resistor and inductor.
[N/D 17. Find the S-parameters for the following network.
2015]
PART B:
1. i. A shunt impedance is connected across a transmission line with characteristic
impedance . Find the -matrix of the junction. (8)
ii. List and explain the properties of -parameters. (8)
[N/D 2. The -parameters of a two-port network are given by ;
2011]
= . = .
= . = .
c. Prove that the network is reciprocal but not lossless.
d. Find the return loss at port 1 when port 2 is short circuited. (16)
3. i. Explain the properties of -matrix and hence -matrix representation of -port
networks. (8)
[M/J ii. If the impedance matrix of a simple device is [
], find its Scattering matrix. (8)
2012]
4. i. Derive the -matrices of linear lossless Microwave devices. (8)
ii. What are transmission matrices? Explain them and obtain their relationship with -
matrix. (8)
5. i. Formulate scattering matrix for a -port microwave network. (8)
ii. Give the [] matrix for a two-port network and derive its [] matrix. (8)
6. The S-parameters of a two-port network are given by ; (16)
[N/D = . = .
2012] = . = .
(i) Determine whether the network is lossy or not?
(ii) Is the network symmetrical and reciprocal? Find the insertion loss of network.
7. State and explain the properties of -parameters. Derive the -parameters of a Directional
[M/J
Coupler. (16)
2013]
8. Formulate -matrix for a -port network compute for a -network. (16)
9. i. Write a detailed note on -parameters. (8)
ii. The input of an amplifier has a of and the output has a of , find the
magnitudes of the -parameters and under matched condition. (8)
10. i. A four port network has the scattering matrix shown below: (10)
[N/D . . .
2013] [] = [. . ]
. .
. .
(1) Is this network lossless? (2) Is this network reciprocal? (3) What is the
return loss at port 1 when all the ports are matched?
- Justify your answer.
ii. Find the -parameters and of the two-port network shown in Fig. (6)
11. With the help of -matrix concept prove the following properties. (44=16)
i. Symmetry ii. Unity iii. Zero and iv. Phase Shift
12. i. When do you prefer transmission matrix? Obtain the matrix of a transformer
with turns ratio N:1. (8)
[M/J ii. The impedance matrix of a certain lumped element network is given by
2014] [ ] = [
].
Determine the equivalent scattering parameter matrix [ ] = [ ] for the [ ].
(8)
13. i. Discuss the importance of low frequency and high frequency parameters of RF two
port networks. (8)
ii. The two-port devices represented by the following matrices are cascaded. Find the
Scattering matrix of the resulting device. Determine its properties (symmetry,
[N/D reciprocity, losses and match). (8)
2014] . .
[2] [ ]
. .
. .
[3] [ ]
. .
14. Verify the lossless and reciprocity properties of any two-port network using scattering
matrix. (16)
[M/J 15. i. Derive and matrix formulation of multi-port network. (8)
2015] ii. State and prove the symmetry property of -matrix for a reciprocal network. (8)
16. Explain the scattering matrix for lossless junction. (16)
[N/D 17. i. State and verify the symmetry property of the reciprocal networks. (8)
2015] ii. Find the S-parameters for the following network. (8)
18. i. Draw the high frequency equivalent of wire, resistor, inductor and capacitor and
explain. (8)
ii. Evaluate the -parameters from the -parameters. (8)
+
[] = [ ] , =
19. i. Derive and matrix formulation of multi-port network. (8)
[M/J ii. State and prove the symmetry property of -matrix for a reciprocal network. (8)
2016]
20. Explain the scattering matrix for lossless junction. (16)