SECTION 10
PILING WORKS
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10.4.2 Materials
10.4.2.1 Concrete S10-250
10.4.2.2 Reinforcement S10-250
10.4.2.3 End Plates S10-250
10.4.2.4 Pile Shoes S10-250
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The piling rig shall be set and Any unexpected driving or boring
maintained to attain the required conditions shall be noted in the
rake. The maximum permitted records.
The materials and workmanship Mild steel straps cast into the
shall be as specified under shoes shall be as shown on the
Section 9 of this Specification. Drawings. Rock shoes where
The grade of concrete and the required shall consist of wrought
details of reinforcement to be iron shoes and mild steel straps
used shall be as shown on the cast into "Chilled-hardened" cast
Drawings. iron blocks, as shown on the
Drawings.
10.3.2.2 Reinforcement
10.3.3 Manufacture and Storage of Precast
The main reinforcing bars in piles Reinforced Concrete Piles
not exceeding 12 m in length
shall be in one continuous length 10.3.3.1 Casting
unless otherwise approved by the
S.O. The length of piles to be cast
shall be as shown on the
In piles exceeding 12 m long, Drawings, subject to revision by
joints shall be permitted in main the S.O. Based on the results of
longitudinal bars at 12 m nominal pile driving resistance and/or load
intervals. Joints in adjacent bars tests carried out on piles driven
shall be staggered at least 1 m on the site, the S.O. may from
apart along the length of the pile. time to time order the lengths of
Joints shall be butt welded as piles to be modified.
specified in Sub-Section 9.7.5 of
this Specification.
A set shall be taken only in the driving. If a pile has been driven
presence of the S.O. unless to the required set or depth but
otherwise approved. The sound concrete of the pile is
Contractor shall provide all below cut-off level, the pile shall
facilities to enable the S.O. to be made good to the cut-off level
check driving resistances. The as described above.
final set of a pile other than as
friction pile, shall be recorded as 10.3.4.4 Lengthening of Piles
the penetration in millimeters per
10 blows. The temporary Where piles have to be
compression of the pile shall be lengthened, other than by means
recorded if required. of welding of steel plates as
detailed on the Drawings, the
Piles shall be driven in an reinforcement shall be stripped of
approved sequence to minimise all surrounding concrete for a
the detrimental effects of heave distance equal to thirty times the
and lateral displacement of the diameter of the main
ground. When required, careful reinforcement measured from the
levelling from a datum unaffected pile head for spliced joints and
by the piling shall be made on 300 mm for butt welded joints
the pile heads already driven, and all lateral reinforcement shall
before and after driving be removed. The lengthening
subsequent piles. Piles which bars shall butt on the exposed
have been displaced as a result bars in true alignment and shall
of driving adjacent piles shall be be butt welded as specified or
redriven to the required shall be spliced with bars of the
resistance. same diameter as the main pile
bars, 60 diameters in length and
10.3.4.3 Repair of Damaged Pile Heads lapping the main bars for a
distance of 30 diameters above
If a pile is to be subjected to and below the joint, and shall be
further driving, concrete in the securely bound with 1.63 mm
damaged pile head shall be cut soft annealed iron wire. New
off square at sound concrete, binders of similar size shall be
and all loose particles shall be provided and spaced at half the
removed by wire brushing, fol centres of the binders in the main
lowed by washing with water. body of the pile and shall be
Care shall be exercised to ensure securely bound with 1.63 mm
that the reinforcement in the pile soft annealed iron wire and the
head is not in any way damaged. pile extended by concreting in
Any damaged reinforcement properly constructed mounds to
shall be made good to the the length required.
satisfaction of the S.O. The head
shall be replaced with concrete of
an approved grade. The new
head shall be cast truly in line
with the remainder of the pile and
be properly cured and allowed to
harden sufficiently to develop
the strength necessary for further
The root edge or root face lengths Unless otherwise approved, the
of piles that are to be butt welded deviation from straightness shall
shall not differ by more than 25% not exceed 1/600 of a length not
from the thickness of piles not exceeding 10 m. When two or
exceeding 12 mm in thickness; or more such lengths are joined, the
by more than 3 mm for piles deviation from straightness shall
exceeding 12 mm in thickness. not exceed 1/960 of the
When piles of unequal thickness completed length.
are to be butt welded together, the
thickness of the thinner material 10.7.3.5 Fabrication of Piles on Site
shall be the criterion.
When pile lengths are to be made
Pile lengths shall be set up so that up on Site, all test procedures and
the differences in dimensions are dimensional tolerances shall
matched as evenly as possible. conform to the Specification
for the supply of pipe materials.
The length of piles to be supplied Adequate facilities shall be
shall be as shown on the provided for supporting and
Drawings subject to revision by aligning the lengths of pile.
the S.O. Based on the results of
pile driving resistance and/or load 10.7.3.6 Handling and Storage
tests carried out on piles driven
on the Site, the S.O. may from All piles within a stack shall be in
time to time order the lengths of groups of the same length and on
piles to be modified. approved supports. All
operations such as handling,
10.7.3.3 Matching of Pile Lengths transporting and pitching of piles
shall be carried out in a manner
Longitudinal seam welds and such that damage to piles and
spiral seam welds of lengths of their coatings is minimised. Piles
pipe piles forming a completed that are damaged during handling
pile shall, whenever possible, be and transporting shall be replaced
evenly staggered. However, if in by the Contractor at his own
order to obtain a satisfactory expense. All damaged and
match of the ends of piles or the rejected piles shall be removed
specified straightness, the from the Site forthwith.
longitudinal seams or spiral
seams are brought closely to one 10.7.3.7 Marking of Piles
alignment at the joint, then they
shall be staggered by at least Each pile shall be clearly marked
100 mm. with white indeletable marking
showing its reference number and
overall length. In addition, each
pile shall be marked at intervals
of 0.5 metre along its length
before being driven.
This work shall comprise the drilling The Contractor shall submit to
of a hole, placing of reinforcement the S.O. details of drilling
unit and subsequently filling the hole equipment and drilling procedure
with grout to form micropiles, all in for approval before
accordance with this Specification commencement of works.
and to the details shown on the Drilling operations shall be
Drawings. carried out in accordance with the
relevant requirements of Sub-
10.8.2 Materials Section 10.5.3.
ii) the total settlement under the Bakau piles shall be tested to
Working Load exceeds 12.50 failure by the Maintained Load
mm; or Test as described hereinbefore.
The load on the pile group shall
iii) the total settlement under be applied in 2 to 4 equal
twice the Working Load increments as directed by the
exceeds 38.0 mm, or 10% of S.O. until the failure load is
pile diameter/width whichever reached. The failure load (i.e.
is the lower value. ultimate load) is that load at
which the piles continue to settle
10.11.8 Load Testing of Bakau Piles at a constant rate without further
increase of applied load.
In general, all relevant Sub-Sections
stated hereinbefore shall apply to the For each increment of load, the
load testing of bakau piles, except settlement readings shall be
that what is understood as single test recorded at 15 minute intervals
piles in these Sub-Sections shall until the rate of settlement is less
mean a group of test piles for bakau than 0.25 mm per hour. The load
piles. at each increment shall be
maintained at a constant value
The load testing of bakau piles shall throughout the test.
be carried out on a group of nine
bakau piles, made up of three rows Graphs of time-settlement, load-
of piles, three in a row. time and load-settlement, to a
suitable scale, shall be plotted
An approved reinforced concrete pile and submitted to the S.O. with all
cap with a loading pedestal shall be records of the readings.
cast centrally over the group of piles
to be tested. The loading pedestal
shall be short to ensure stability, and
it shall have an approved mild steel
bearing plate cast on top. The load
shall be applied centrally on to the
steel plate.