9/27/2012

Office hours are posted on the website.

Molly: Tuesdays 2-4pm
Dr. Keister: Wednesdays 10am-12
Prof. Goldman: Wednesdays 2-3:30pm

All office hours are in the help room downstairs.

I have unclaimed homework at the front.

Homework Policies

Homework is due at the beginning of class. It will be

collected 15-20 minutes after the start of class.

Homework will be accepted until the end of class,

with points deducted for lateness.

No homework is accepted after class is over,

because the solutions are posted on the website.

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Exam 1!

First exam is next Thursday, October 4th.

It will be in class.
It will cover chapters 1-3.
There is no homework due next week.

We will try to post a practice exam this week.

Check the website.

Chapter 4: Cameras and Photography

Pinhole Camera Types of cameras

Review image formation View camera
Focusing Single lens reflex
Rangefinder
Lens-based Cameras
Essential parts
Focusing the image
Depth of focus
Depth of field

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Pinhole Cameras
Pinhole camera
Object

Image

Light rays from each point on the object reach one

point on the screen, and no rays from other points on
the object reach that same point on the screen.
This produces a focused image.

Clicker Question

Which camera will A

produce the smallest
image of the light bulb?
A
B
B
C
D, they are the same size
C

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Clicker Question

Which camera will A

produce the smallest
image of the light bulb?
A
B
B
C
D, they are the same size C

Pinhole Cameras
Pinhole camera
Object

Image

Remember that the object does not have to be self-

luminous. The rays reflected from a light source will
also enter the pinhole and can image the object.

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Pinhole Camera
Object

blurry
image
If we increase the size of the hole in a pinhole camera, we get
more light, but the image gets blurry, because rays from each
point on the object hit more than one spot on the screen, and
rays from more than one point on the object reach the same spot
on the screen

Camera with Lens

Object

Image

Adding a lens bends the rays so that rays from each

point on the object reach only one point on the screen,
and no rays from other points on the object reach that
point. This produces a focused image on the screen.

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Image Size and Zoom

To produce a larger image with a pinhole camera, you can either

decrease the distance from the object to the camera, or increase the
distance from the pinhole to the back screen of the camera.
The image stays in focus because only one ray from each point on
the object gets through the pinhole and reaches the screen

Camera with Lens: Zoom

Just increasing the distance between the lens and the back of the
camera does not increase the size of the image. The image no longer
focuses on the back of the camera.

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Camera with Lens: Zoom

To produce a larger image, in focus, with a camera that has

a lens, you have to both move the position of the screen
and change the focal length of the lens.

Focusing
As weve seen, objects at
different distances from a lens
will result in focused images at
different distances behind the
lens.

This means that a camera has

to allow the lens to move so
that the image will be focused
to the plane of the film for
different object distances.

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Essential Parts of a Camera

diaphragm
film or screen
shutter

lens

The components are all mounted in a light-tight box. The

bellows allow the photographer to change the distance
between the film and the lens.

Focusing

We have thus far been drawing lens diagrams as

if the lens focuses to exactly one spot.
In reality, film and digital sensors have limitations
that prevent them from recording a perfectly
focused image.
In addition, there is some amount of blurring that
is not detectable even by your eyes.
Thus there will be a range of image locations that
will be acceptably focused.

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Depth of Focus
In a pinhole camera, the object
is in focus at any plane behind
the pinhole. This is an infinite
depth of focus

size of acceptable blur

depth of focus

Depth of Focus
depth of focus

If we reduce the size of the

lens, but do not change the
focal length, the depth of
focus that generates the same
size blur becomes larger.

depth of focus

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Depth of Field

size of acceptable blur

depth of field

Depth of field refers to the range of object distances that

will produce an acceptably focused image at a given film
position
It is a measure of how far apart two objects can be and
still both be in reasonable focus on the film

Depth of Field: Object Distance

As the distance to the objects increases, the depth of

field increases.
Here the two objects are farther apart than before, but
they focus to almost the same film position.

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Finding Focusing Distance

A camera is focused by changing the distance between the lens
and the film or CCD at the back of the camera
Lets say our camera has a lens with focal length 1 cm.

We want to take a picture of a friend 100 cm from the camera.

Where should we put the film?
Note that the image distance is very close to the focal length.
This is because the object distance is much larger than the focal
length

What if we are looking at a flower 5 cm from the camera?

Camera Examples: View Camera

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Camera Examples

Some old cameras did not have an adjustable diaphragm,

and could only be used in bright outdoor conditions

Camera Examples

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Rangefinder and Viewfinder Cameras

Single-lens Reflex (SLR)

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Point-and-Shoot Digital

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