5/31/2016

REVIEW
EEEB143 - ELECTRONICS
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

BY AZRUL GHAZALI

ELECTRICAL VS ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
-have no decision making
(processing) capability
-source provides energy
(electric current) to a device
which then will convert it into
another form of energy
-contain passive devices only
-can be low or high voltage
circuits
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
-have processing capability
-much more than just convert
energy, the circuit allows the
electrical current to be
manipulated by devices into
doing interesting and useful
things
-contain active devices
-require small dc voltages only

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PASSIVE DEVICES VS ACTIVE DEVICES

PASSIVE DEVICES ACTIVE DEVICES
- resistors, capacitors, inductors -diodes, transistors

-do not require external sources -require external source to their

to the operation operation
-have linear IV characteristics -have nonlinear characteristics

RESISTORS

Passive two-terminal device

that implements electrical
resistance.
Reduce or limit current
flow, and, at the same
time, lower voltage levels
within circuits.
In electronic circuits,
resistors are used to provide
biasing to active devices.
Measured in Ohms ().

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CAPACITORS
Passive two-terminal device
used to store energy
temporarily in an electric
field
Adding electrical energy to
a capacitor is called
charging. Releasing the
energy from a capacitor is
called discharging.
Measured in Farad (F).

INDUCTORS
Also known as a coil, choke
or reactor
Passive two-terminal device
which resists changes in
electric current passing
through it.
Used to store energy in the
form of magnetic field.
Measured in Henry (H).

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VOLTAGES & CURRENTS

VOLTAGE (V): The potential energy of an electrical supply stored in
the form of an electrical charge. Measured in Volts.
VOLTAGE between two points: Electrical force that drive electric
current between those points, or simply, the difference in charge
between the two points. This difference is also known as potential
difference, or voltage drop.

Electrical Current (I): movement or flow of electrical charges.

Current flows from a point of a higher potential to a point of a lower
potential.

Flow of Current: DC VS AC
Both DC and AC describe types of current flow in a circuit.

Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC)

-current is constant, flows in one -current is alternating periodically
direction (forward) with time (changes direction
between forward and backward)
-source: battery -AC Generator

A constant voltage is called DC voltage. A voltage that varies

periodically with time is called an AC voltage.

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SOURCE SYMBOLS

Ohms Law
The relationship between Voltage, Current and Resistance forms the basis of
Ohms law. Ohms law states that the current flowing through a conductor
between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across
the two points, ie.

I = V/R OR V = IR

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Nodes, Branches, Loops & Meshes in a Circuit

Node: A point or junction where two or more elements meets

Branch: That part or section of a circuit which locate between two

terminals of an element

Loop: Any closed path in circuit.

[Loop counts starting at a node, then passing through a set of
nodes and returning to the starting node without passing the same
node twice.]

Mesh: A closed loop which contains no other loop within it.

Identify the Nodes, Branches, Loops & Meshes

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Shorting & Opening Connection in Circuits

A short circuit (s/c) is an electrical circuit that allows current to travel along an
unintended path. When two nodes are connected to each other, all elements
connected between the two nodes are short-circuited. The Resistance of all
these shorted elements is 0 . Voltage across these elements will be 0 V.

The electrical opposite of short circuit is open circuit. Open circuit is when the
path or loop is interrupted or opened at some point so that current will not
flow. An open circuit is also called an incomplete circuit.

Elements in Series and Parallel

Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a single node and
consequently carry the same current.

Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two
nodes and consequently have the same voltage across them.

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Basic Law of Circuits: KCL and KVL

According to Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL), the algebraic sum of all
currents entering and exiting a node must equal zero. This is known
as the Conservation of Charge.

According to Kirchoffs voltage Law (KVL), the total voltage around

the loop must equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the
same loop. This is known as the Conservation of Energy.

Voltage divider & Current Divider

A voltage divider is a simple linear circuit that produces an output voltage which is
a fraction of its input voltage. Use voltage division to distribute the input voltage
among the elements of the divider.

A Current divider is a simple linear circuit that produces an output current which is a
fraction of its input current. Use current division to split the current between the
branches.

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Norton and Thvenin Theorems

These theorems allow any one-port network to be reduced to a single source and a
single impedance.
A complex linear circuit can be simplified into Norton and Thvenin circuit
equivalents.
The equivalent voltage Vth is the voltage obtained at terminals A-B with terminals A-B open-circuited.
The equivalent resistance Rth is the resistance between terminals A and B, with all ideal voltage
sources short-circuited and all ideal current sources open-circuited.