Analysis and Design of Composite Structures: Class Notes

Instituto Tecnolgico de Aeronutica
Analysis and design of

composite structures
Class notes
MP-206 1
2. Lamina:
macromechanical
behavior
MP-206 2
Fundamentals of continuum mechanics
Ignore infinitesimal molecular details

Any solid is formed by material points continuously
distributed
Mathematical manipulations are considerable
MP-206 3
2.1. Stress
transformations
MP-206 4
Internal force in an arbitrary point of a 3D body

p5
n
p1
dp
p4 O
dp dA
p2
n
dp
p3 Stress vector: t = lim
dA0 dA
MP-206 5
Internal force components
dps dp
p5
p4 O
dpn
dA n
p1
n O
dp dA
p3 p2
n
dPn dPs
= lim = lim stress resultant = 2 + 2
dA0 dA dA0 dA
MP-206 6
Different stresses on different cutting planes
m m
P A P
A
m m
The stress state of a point is unique. However, it may be described

in different reference systems.
MP-206 7
Different stresses on different cutting planes
y
ey x Shear stress on plane z: zx and zy
cutting
ex
plane stress Normal stress on plane z: z
zx
zy resultant
O t = zxe x + zye y + ze z
dA
z
ez z
MP-206 8
Sign convention and notation for stress state in a point
A B y
y
yx
z
yz
A O B xy
xz zx
x
zy zy x
x
zx xz
xy yx
z yz
x xy xz
z y
[ ] = yx y yz
zx zy z

MP-206 9
Equilibrium equations (infinitesimal volume)
y y + y dy yx
y yx + dy
yz y
yz + dy
y dx
xy
xy + dx
z x
xz zx
dy
x x +
x
dx
zy
x
x
xy xz
zy +
zy yx xz + dx
z
dz yz dz x
z z zx
z +
z
dz y zx +
z
dz
MP-206 10
Moment equilibrium about z

xy yx yz dx dx
xy + dx (dydz)dx yx + dy (dxdz)dy + zy + dz (dxdy) zy (dxdy) +
x y z 2 2
dy dy
zx (dxdy) zx + yz dz (dxdy) +
2 z 2
dx dx dy dy
y + y dy (dxdz) y (dxdz) + x (dydz) x + x dx(dydz) = 0
y 2 2 2 x 2
xy = yx
Similarly, moment equilibrium about x and y

yz = zy xz = zx
MP-206 11
Force equilibrium: x axis

x yx
x + dxdydz x dydz + yx + dy dydz yxdydz +
x y
zx x yx zx

zx + dz dxdy zxdxdy + bx dxdydz = 0 + + + bx = 0
z x y z
y yx yz
Force equilibrium: y axis + + + by = 0
y x z
z zx zy
Force equilibrium: z axis + + + bz = 0
z x y
MP-206 12
Change of reference system
z
n n direction given by normal
Any t
Anx unity vector {n} = {nx ny nz}T
t direction given by tangent
Anz unity vector {t} = {tx ty tz}T
y
x
t = x nx t x + y n y t y + z nz t z +
n A = ( x An x )n x + ( xy An x )n y + ( xz An x )n z xy (nx t y + n y t x ) +
( y An y )n y + ( yx An y )n x + ( yz An y )n z xz (nxt z + nz t x ) +
( z An z )n z + ( zx An z )n x + ( zy An z )n y yz (n y t z + nz t y )
n = {n}T [ ]{n}
t = {t}T [ ]{n}
MP-206 13
Change of reference system

z
z
z
zy
z
zy zx
zx z
yz yz
xy
xy
y
x
y yx
yx x y
x y xz x
y xz
x
[ ] = [l ]T [ ][l ] [l ] = [{nx } {n y } {nz }]
MP-206 14
Principal stresses
Find extremes of n = {n}T[]{n} subject to {n}T{n} = 1.
Define extended function: n* = n ({n}T{n} 1)/2
n*
= x nx + xy n y + xz nz nx = 0
nx
n
*

= yx nx + y n y + yz nz n y = 0 ([ ] [ I ]){n} = {0}
n y
n*

= zx nx + zy n y + z nz nz = 0 eigenvalue problem
nz
Solution of the eigenvalue problem provides principal stresses I
II III and their respective principal directions {nI}, {nII} and
{nIII}.
In the principal reference system there are no shear stresses.
MP-206 15
2.2. Strain
transformations
MP-206 16
Configuration of a body: transformation

current X, Y, Z lagrangian coordinates
initial configuration
x, y, z eulerian coordinates
configuration
t
z
t0 x = x( X , Y , Z , t )
y = y( X , Y , Z , t )
P
p trajectory of z = z( X , Y , Z , t )
Z
material point
y
X
Y
The change of configuration of a body is
termed transformation
x
Transformations involving change of
shape or volume are deformations
MP-206 17
Transformation or deformation gradient
current
x = x( X , Y , Z , t )
initial configuration y = y( X , Y , Z , t )
configuration
u + du q z = z( X , Y , Z , t )
z
Q x x x
Z dX
dx X Y
dx
dX
P y y y
p
dy = dY
dz X Y Z
X u
y z z z dZ
X Y Z
x
dx = FdX
MP-206 18
Transformation or deformation gradient
dx = FdX
Deformation gradient
u u u
Z dX
du X Y
v v v F =I+H
du = dv = dY = HdX
dw X Y Z
w w w dZ
X Y Z
u = xX
MP-206 19
Deformation gradient and rigid body motion
initial x = FX
configuration
current (X)T (X) = (x)T (x) = (X)T F T F (X)
z
Q configuration
(X)T [I F T F](X) = 0 FT F = I
X q
P x
XP p
xp
y
x = x p + F( X X P ) = X P + u + F( X X P )
Pure translation u = xp XP followed by pure rotation F(X XP)
MP-206 20
Green strain tensor

(dS ) 2 = (dX)T (dX)
(ds ) 2 = (dx)T (dx) = (dX)T F T F (dX)
(ds ) 2 (dS ) 2 = (dX)T [F T F I ](dX)
(ds ) 2 (dS ) 2 dX F T F I dX TF FI
T T
2
= = {n} {n}
2(dS ) dS 2 dS 2
FT F I H + HT + HT H
[ ] = =
2 2
[ ] = [l ]T [ ][l ] [ ] = [l ][ ][l ]
T
{n} [ ]{n} = {n} [ ]{n}
T T
{n} = [l ]{n}
MP-206 21
Strain displacement relations

x xy xz x xy / 2 xz / 2

[ ] = xy y yz = xy / 2 y yz / 2 xy
xz yz z xz / 2 yz / 2 z

xy xy
Engineering Mathematical
shear strain shear strain
u 1 u v w
2 2 2
x = + + + v w u u v v w w
X 2 X X X yz = 2 yz = + + + +
Z Y Y Z Y Z Y Z
v 1 u v w
2 2 2
y = + + +
u w u u v v w w

Y 2 Y Y Y
xz = 2 xz = + + + +
Z X X Z X Z X Z
w 1 u v w
2 2 2 u v u u v v w w
z = + + + xy = 2 xy = + + + +
Z 2 Z Z Z Y X X Y X Y X Y
MP-206 22
Small strains
Assumption: |ui/Xj| << 1
u v w
x y z
X Y Z
w v w u v u
yz + xz + xy +
Y Z X Z X Y
Although |ui/Xj| << 1 leads to small strains nothing can be concluded about
displacements. Actually there may be practical important cases where strains are
small but displacements are large.
MP-206 23
Example of pure rotation

y, Y P(X, Y, Z) x = X cos Y sin y = Y cos + X sin
p(x, y, z) u
L

L x, X x cos sin 0 X

y = sin cos 0 Y
z 0 0 1 Z

cos sin 0 cos 1 sin 0
F = sin cos 0 H = sin cos 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
cos 1 0 0
cos 1 0
[] = [0]. However, the small strain tensor is 0
0 0 0
MP-206 24
Geometric interpretation of strains
v A(X + dX, Y, Z)
b v+ dY
Y u Y
u+ dY
w+
w
dY
Y
a (/2 xz) B(X, Y + dY, Z)
Y
v
v+ dX C(X, Y, Z + dZ)
B X
o X uA = u + (u/X)dX
dY A
v
c vA = v + (v/X)dX
dX u wA = w + (w/X)dX
u+ dX
O X
w u v
uB = u + (u/Y)dY
w
dZ w+
X
dX v+
Z
dZ
vB = v + (v/Y)dY
C wB = w + (w/Y)dY
u
u+
Z
dZ uC = u + (u/Z)dZ
w+
w
dZ vC = v + (v/Z)dZ
Z
Z wC = w + (w/Z)dZ
MP-206 25
Normal strains
oa OA oa dX
x = =
OA dX
u v w
2 2 2

(oa)2 = dX + u + dX u + v + dX v + w + dX w
X X X
u v w u u
2 2 2 1/ 2

oa = dX 1 + + +
dX 1 + 2 dX 1 +
X X X X X
u v w
x = , y = , z =
X Y Z
MP-206 26
Shear strains
(oa)2 + (oc)2 (ac)2
cosaoc =
2(oa)(oc)
u w w u
2 2

oa = dX 1 + , oc = dZ1 + , (ac) = dZ
2
dX + dX dZ
X Z X Z
2(w / X )dXdZ + 2(u / Z )dXdZ w u

cosaoc = +
2dXdZ X Z
w u v u w v
xz = + , xy = + , yz = +
X Z X Y Y Z
MP-206 27
2.3. Constitutive
relations
MP-206 28
Most general stress strain relations

1 1

2 2
3 3
{ } = { } = { } = [C ]{ }
23 23
13 13

12 12
1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 1

C C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 2
2 21
3 C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 3
=
23 C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 23
13 C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 13

12 C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 12
MP-206 29
Most general stress strain relations

Elastic material: 1 = C111 + C122 and 2 = C211 + C222
Infinitesimal work per unit volume: (1d1 + 2d2)
2 B A
WABCDA = ( 1d1 + 2 d 2 ) ... ( 1d1 + 2 d 2 ) =
D(0,2*) C(1*,2*) A D
1* 2*
C111d 1 (C211* + C22 2 )d 2
0 0
0 0
1 (C111 + C )d1 C22 2 d 2 = (C12 C21 )1* 2*
*
A(0,0) B(1*,0) 12 2
1* 2*
WADCBA = (C21 C12 )1* 2* = WABCDA violation of the first law of thermodynamics
Therefore, WABCDA = 0 C12 = C21. More generally, Cij = Cji.
MP-206 30
Compliance matrix
[ S ] = [C ]1
compliance matrix
1
S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16
S S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 C12 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26
12
S13 S 23 S33 S34 S35 S36 C13 C23 C33 C34 C35 C36
=
S14 S 24 S34 S 44 S 45 S 46 C14 C24 C34 C44 C45 C46
S15 S 25 S35 S 45 S55 S56 C15 C25 C35 C45 C55 C56

S16 S 26 S36 S 46 S56 S 66 C16 C26 C36 C46 C56 C66
MP-206 31
Material with one plane of symmetry

[ ] = [l ]T [ ][l ] 3 3
[ ] = [l ]T [ ][l ] [l ] = [{n1 } {n2 } {n3 }]

Assume symmetry about 12 plane. Then, if axis 3 is
inverted, the constitutive relations must not change. 1
2
1 0 0 1
2

{n1 } = 0 {n2 } = 1 {n3 } = 0
0 0 1

1 12 13 1 0 0 1 12 13
T
1 0 0
[ ] = 0 1 0
12 2 23
0 1 0 =
12 2 23
0 0 1 13 23 3 0 0 1 13 23 3
1 12 13 1 0 0 1 12 13
T
1 0 0
[ ] = 0 1 0
12 2 0 1 0 =
23 12 2 23
0 0 1 13 23 3 0 0 1 13 23 3
MP-206 32
Material with one plane of symmetry

1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 1 1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 1
C C C26 2
2 12 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 2 2 12 C22 C23 C24 C25
3 C13 C23 C33 C34 C35 C36 3 3 C13 C23 C33 C34 C35 C36 3
= =
23 C14 C24 C34 C44 C45 C46 23
23 C14 C24 C34 C44 C45 C46 23
13 C15 C25 C35 C45 C55 C56 13 13 C15 C25 C35 C45 C55 C56 13

12 C16 C26 C36 C46 C56 C66 12 12 C16 C26 C36 C46 C56 C66 12
1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 1

C C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 2 C14 = C15 = C24 = C25 = C34 =
2 12
3 C13 C23 C33 C34 C35 C36 3 C35 = C46 = C56 = 0
=
23 C14 C24 C34 C44 C45 C46 23
13 C15 C25 C35 C45 C55 C56 13
1 C11 C12 C13 0 0 C16 1
12 C16 C26 C36 C46 C56 C66 12
C C22 C23 0 0 C26 2
2 12
3 C13 C23 C33 0 0 C36 3
=
23 0 0 0 C44 C45 0 23
13 0 0 0 C45 C55 0 13

12 C16 C26 C36 0 0 C66 12
MP-206 33
Material with two planes of symmetry

Assume symmetry about 13 plane. Then, if axis 2 is inverted, the constitutive
relations must not change.
1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 1
C C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 2
2 12
3 C13 C23 C33 C34 C35 C36 3 C14 = C16 = C24 = C26 = C34 =
=
23 C14 C24 C34 C44 C45 C46 23 C36 = C45 = C56 = 0
13 C15 C25 C35 C45 C55 C56 13

12 C16 C26 C36 C46 C56 C66 12
1 C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 1
C C C 0 0 0
2 12 22 23 2
3 C13 C23 C33 0 0 0 3
Symmetry about 12 and 13 planes: =

23 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 23
13 0 0 0 0 C55 0 13

12 0 0 0 0 0 C66 12
Symmetry about two planes implies symmetry about three planes!
MP-206 34
Transversely isotropic material

Assume the material is transversely isotropic on plane 23. Then rotations of
arbitrary angles about axis 1 must not change the constitutive relations.
3
1 0 0 c = cos
3
2
{n1 } = 0 {n2 } = c {n3 } = s s = sin
0 s c 2

1 0 0 1 12 13 1 0 0 1 c 12 + s 13 c 13 s 12
T

[ ] = 0 c s 12 2 23 0 c s = c 12 + s 13 c 2 2 + 2cs 23 + s 2 3 (c 2 s 2 ) 23 + sc( 3 2 )
0 s c 13 23 3 0 s c c 13 s 12 (c 2 s 2 ) 23 + sc( 3 2 ) s 2 2 2cs 23 + c 2 3
1 0 0 1 12 13 1 0 0 1 c 12 + s 13 c 13 s 12
T

[ ] = 0 c s 12 2 23 0 c s = c 12 + s 13 c 2 2 + 2cs 23 + s 2 3 (c 2 s 2 ) 23 + sc( 3 2 )
0 s c 13 23 3 0 s c c 13 s 12 (c 2 s 2 ) 23 + sc( 3 2 ) s 2 2 2cs 23 + c 2 3
MP-206 35
Transversely isotropic material with 3 planes of symmetry

1 C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 1 c 12 + s 13 = C66 (c 12 + s 13 ) 12 = C66 12
C
2 12 C 22 C 23 0 0 0 2 c 13 s 12 = C55 (c 13 s 12 ) 13 = C55 13
3 C13 C23 C33 0 0 0 3
=

23 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 23
13 0 0 0 0 C55 0 13 C55 = C66

12 0 0 0 0 0 C66 12
1 = C11 1 + C12 (c 2 2+ s 2 3 + 23cs) + C13 (c 2 3+ s 2 2 23cs)
C12 = C13
1 = C11 1 + C12 2+C13 3
c 2 2 + 2sc 23 + s 2 3 = C12 1 + C22 (c 2 2+ s 2 3 + 23cs) + C23 (c 2 3+ s 2 2 23cs)

2 = C121 + C22 2+C23 3
C22 = C33
c 3 2sc 23 + s 2 = C131 + C23 (c 2+ s 3 + 23cs) + C33 (c 3+ s 2 23cs)
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 = C13 1 + C23 2+C33 3

(c 2 s 2 ) 23 + sc( 3 2 ) = C44 [(c 2 s 2 ) 23 + 2sc( 3 2 )]
23 = C44 23 C44 = (C22 C23)/2
MP-206 36
Transversely isotropic material with 3 planes of symmetry

1 C11 C12 C12 0 0 0 1
C 0 2
2 12 C22 C23 0 0
3 C12 C23 C22 0 0 0 3
=
23 0 0 0 (C22 C23 ) / 2 0 0 23
13 0 0 0 0 C55 0 13

12 0 0 0 0 0 C55 12
Only five constants are required: C11, C22, C12, C23 and C55.
MP-206 37
Completely isotropic material

1 C11 C12 C12 0 0 0 1
C C C 0 0 0
2 12 11 12 2
3 C12 C12 C11 0 0 0 3
=

23 0 0 0 (C11 C 12 ) / 2 0 0 23
13 0 0 0 0 (C11 C12 ) / 2 0 13

12 0 0 0 0 0 (C11 C12 ) / 2 12
Only two constants are required: C11 and C12.
MP-206 38
Compliance matrices
One plane of symmetry Two or three planes of symmetry
1 S11 S12 S13 0 0 S16 1 1 S11 S12 S13 0 0 0 1
S S
2 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 S 26 2 2 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 2
3 S13 S 23 S33 0 0 S36 3 3 S13 S 23 S33 0 0 0 3
= =
23 0 0 0 S 44 S 45 0 23 23 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 23
13 0 0 0 S 45 S55 0 13 13 0 0 0 0 S55 0 13

12 S16 S 26 S36 0 0 S66 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 S66 12
Transversely isotropic Completely isotropic

1 S11 S12 S12 0 0 0 1 1 S11 S12 S12 0 0 0 1
S S
2 12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 2 2 12 S11 S12 0 0 0 2
3 S12 S 23 S 22 0 0 0 3 3 S12 S12 S11 0 0 0 3
= =
23 0 0 0 2( S 22 S 23 ) 0 0 23 23 0 0 0 2( S11 S12 ) 0 0 23
13 0 0 0 0 S55 0 13 13 0 0 0 0 2( S11 S12 ) 0 13

12 0 0 0 0 0 S55 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 2( S11 S12 ) 12
MP-206 39
Physical significance of anisotropic stress strain relations
extension-extension coupling
extension
shear-extension coupling
1 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 1

S S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 2
2 12
3 S13 S 23 S33 S34 S35 S36 3
=
23 S14 S 24 S34 S 44 S 45 S 46 23
shear-shear coupling
13 S15 S 25 S35 S 45 S55 S56 13

12 S16 S 26 S36 S 46 S56 S 66 12
shear
MP-206 40
2.4. Stiffnesses,
compliances
and engineering
constants
MP-206 41
Engineering constants
Generalized Young moduli, Poisson ratios and shear moduli
Simple tests used to measure engineering constants
More easily defined in terms of compliances
1 21 31
E 0 0 0
E2 E3
1 E1, E2, E3: Young moduli
12 1 32
0 0 0
E1 E2 E3 12, 13, 23: Poisson ratios
23 1
13 0 0 0 G23, G13, G12: shear moduli
[S ] = 1
E E2 E3
1 ij = j/i
0 0 0
G23
0 0

0 1
0 0 0 0 ij ji
G13 Sij = S ji =
1 Ei Ej
0 0 0 0 0
G12
MP-206 42
Determination of engineering constants. Perform six tests:
1) Load 1 and measure 1, 2, 3
4) Load 23 and measure 23
Tests 1, 2 and 3 provide Young moduli and Poisson ratios
Tests 4, 5 and 6 provide shear moduli
MP-206 43
Difference between 12 and 21
Stress along 1 12
11 = 21 =
v1 E1 E1
L 12L
u1 = v1 =
E1 E1
L u1
v1 = u2
Stress along 2
21
v2 u2 12 = 22 =
E2 E2
L 21L L
u2 = v2 =
E2 E1
MP-206 44
Compliance matrices
Two or three planes of symmetry
S 22 S33 S 23
2
S13 S 23 S12 S33 S12 S 23 S13 S 22
C11 = C12 = C13 =
S S S
S33 S11 S132 S S S S S11S 22 S122
C22 = C23 = 12 13 23 11 C33 =
S S S
1 1 1
C44 = C55 = C66 =
S 44 S55 S 66
S = S11S 22 S33 S11S 23
2
S 22 S132 S33S122 + 2S12 S 23 S13
1 23 32 1 13 31
C11 = C22 =
E2 E3 E1 E3
21 + 31 23 12 + 32 13 32 + 12 31 23 + 21 13
C12 = = C23 = =
E2 E3 E1 E3 E1E3 E1 E2
+ + 1 12 21
C13 = 31 21 32 = 13 12 23 C33 =
E2 E3 E1E2 E1 E2
C44 = G23 C55 = G31 C66 = G12
1 12 21 23 32 31 13 2 21 32 13
=
E1 E2 E3
MP-206 45
Restrictions on engineering constraints

Isotropic materials
E 3 p(1 2 ) 1 1
G= > 1 1 + 2 + 3 = < 1 < <
2(1 + ) E 2 2
Orthotropic materials
S11 , S 22 , S33 , S 44 , S55 , S66 > 0 E1 , E2 , E3 , G23 , G13 , G12 > 0
1 23 32 > 0, 1 13 31 > 0, 1 21 12 > 0
C11 , C22 , C33 , C44 , C55 , C66 > 0
= 1 12 21 23 32 31 13 2 21 32 13 > 0
| S 23 |< S 22 S33 , | S13 |< S11S33 , | S12 |< S11S 22
E2 E3 E1
| 21 |< | 32 |< | 13 |< E1 E E
E1 E2 E3 1 21
2
322 2 132 3
E2 E3 E1 1
E1 E2 E3 21 32 13 < <
| 12 |< | 23 |< | 31 |< 2 2
E2 E3 E1
MP-206 46
2.5. Stress
strain relations
for laminae
MP-206 47
Rotation about axis 3 (or z axis)

Structural axes x, y, z z // 3
2
Material axes 1, 2, 3
Axis 1 aligned with fiber direction
y
c = cos , s = sin x
1
c s 0 x xy xz c s 0 c x + s y + 2cs xy (c 2 s 2 ) xy + cs( y x ) c xz + s yz
T 2 2

[ 123 ] = s c 0 xy y yz s c 0 = (c 2 s 2 ) xy + cs( y x ) s 2 x + c 2 y 2cs xy c yz s xz
0 0 1 xz yz z 0 0 1 c xz + s yz c yz s xz z

c s 0 x xy xz c s 0 c 2 x + s 2 y + 2cs xy (c 2 s 2 ) xy + cs( y x ) c xz + s yz
T

[ 123 ] = s c 0 xy y yz s c 0 = (c 2 s 2 ) xy + cs( y x ) s 2 x + c 2 y 2cs xy c yz s xz
0 0 1 xz yz z 0 0 1 c xz + s yz c yz s xz z

MP-206 48
Vector notation
1 c 2 s 2 0 0 0 2cs x 1 c 2 s2 0 0 0 cs x
2 2
c2 2cs y 2 s c2 0 0 0 cs y
2 s 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0 z 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 z
= =
23 0 0 0 c s 0 yz 23 0 0 0 c s 0 yz
13 0 0 0 s c 0 xz 13 0 0 0 s c 0 xz

12 cs cs 0 0 0 c 2 s 2 xy 12 2cs 2cs 0 0 0 c s xy
2 2
Two or three planes of symmetry

1 C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 1
C C C 0 0 0
2 12 22 23 2
3 C13 C23 C33 0 0 0 3
=

23 0 0 0 C 44 0 0 23
13 0 0 0 0 C55 0 13

12 0 0 0 0 0 C66 12
MP-206 49
Vector notation
c2 s2 0 0 0 2cs x C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 c2 s2 0 0 0 cs x
2
s c2 0 0 0 2cs y C12 C22 C23 0 0 0 s 2 c2 0 0 0 cs y
0 0 1 0 0 0 z C13 C23 C33 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 z
=
0 0 0 c s 0 yz 0 0 0 C44 0 0 0 0 0 c s 0 yz
0 0 0 s c 0 xz 0 0 0 0 C55 0 0 0 0 s c 0 xz

cs cs 0 0 0 c 2 s 2 xy 0 0 0 0 0 C66 2cs 2cs 0 0 0 c 2 s 2 xy
x c 2 s 2 0 0 0 2cs C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 c2 s2 0 0 0 cs x

2
y s c 2
0 0 0 2cs C12 C22 C23 0 0 0 s 2 c2 0 0 0 cs y
z 0 0 1 0 0 0 C13 C23 C33 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 z
=
yz 0 0 0 c s 0 0 0 0 C44 0 0 0 0 0 c s 0 yz
xz 0 0 0 s c 0 0 0 0 0 C55 0 0 0 0 s c 0 xz

xy cs cs 0 0 0 c 2 s 2 0 0 0 0 0 C66 2cs 2cs 0 0 0 c 2 s 2 xy
MP-206 50
Vector notation
x C11 C12 C13 0 0 C16 x

y C12 C22 C23 0 0 C26 y
z C13 C23 C33 0 0 C36 z
=
yz 0 0 0 C44 C45 0 yz
xz 0 0 0 C45 C55 0 xz

xy C16 C26 C36 0 0 C66 xy
C11 = C11c 4 + C22 s 4 + 2c 2 s 2C12 + 4c 2 s 2C66 C33 = C33

C12 = (C11 + C22 )c 2 s 2 + C12 (c 4 + s 4 ) 4c 2 s 2C66 C34 = C35 = 0
C13 = C13c 2 + C23 s 2 C36 = (C13 C23 )cs
C14 = C15 = 0 C44 = C44c 2 + C55 s 2
C16 = (C11 C12 )c 3 s + (C12 C22 )cs 3 2cs(c 2 s 2 )C66 C45 = (C55 C44 )cs
C22 = C11s 4 + C22c 4 + 2c 2 s 2C12 + 4c 2 s 2C66 C46 = 0
C23 = C13 s 2 + C23c 2 C55 = C44 s 2 + C55c 2
C24 = C25 = 0 C56 = 0
C26 = (C11 C12 )cs + (C12 C22 )c s + 2cs(c s )C66
3 3 2 2
C66 = (C11 + C22 2C12 )c 2 s 2 + C66 (c 2 s 2 ) 2
MP-206 51
Lamina under plane stress state

1 Q11 Q12 0 1
1 C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 1
C =
2 12
Q Q22 0 2
C C 0 0 0 0
2 12 22 23 2 12 0 Q66 12
0 C13 C23 C33 0 0 0 3
= C132
23
C13C23
0
0 0 0 C 44 0 0 Q11 = C11 , Q12 = C12
0 0 0 0 0 C55 0 13 C33 C33
C232
12 0 0 0 0 0 C66 12 Q22 = C22 , Q66 = C66
C33
Introducing engineering constants:

1 1 21 12 1
S11 = S 22 = S 12= = S66 =
E1 E2 E2 E1 G12
E1 E2 12 E2 E
Q11 = Q22 = Q12 = = 21 1 Q66 = G12
1 12 21 1 12 21 1 12 21 1 12 21
MP-206 52

1 c 2cs x 1 c cs x
2
2
s2 s2
Stress and strain 2 2
2 = s c 2 2cs y 2 = s c2 cs y
transformations: cs cs c 2 s 2 2cs 2cs c 2 s 2
12 xy 12 xy
c2 s2 2cs x Q11 Q12 0 c 2 s2 cs x
2 s2
s c 2
2cs =
y 12Q Q22 0 c 2
cs y
cs cs c 2 s 2 xy 0 2
xy
2
0 Q66 2cs 2 cs c s
x c 2 s 2 2cs Q11 Q12 0 c 2 s2 cs x Q11 Q12 Q16 x
2
y = s c2 2cs Q12 Q22 0 s 2 c2 cs y = Q12 Q22 Q26 y
cs cs c 2 s 2 0 0 Q66 2cs 2cs c 2 s 2 xy Q16 Q26 Q66 xy
xy
Q 11= Q11c 4 + Q22 s 4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66 )c 2 s 2

Q22 = Q11s 4 + Q22c 4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66 )c 2 s 2
Q12 = (Q11 + Q22 4Q66 )c 2 s 2 + Q12 (c 4 + s 4 ) Q16 = (Q11 Q12 )c 3 s + (Q12 Q22 )cs 3 2Q66cs(c 2 s 2 )
Q66 = (Q11 + Q22 2Q12 )c 2 s 2 + Q66 (c 2 s 2 ) 2 Q26 = (Q11 Q12 )cs 3 + (Q12 Q22 )c 3 s + 2Q66cs(c 2 s 2 )
Even functions of Odd functions of

MP-206 53

Relations in terms of compliances
c2 s2 2cs x Q11 Q12 0 c 2 s2 cs x
2 s2
s c 2
2cs =
y 12Q Q22 0 c 2
cs y
cs cs c 2 s 2 xy 0 0 Q
2cs 2cs c 2 s 2 xy
66
x c2 s2 cs S11 S12 0 c2 s2 2cs x S11 S12 S16 x

2
y = s c2 cs S12 S 22 0 s 2 c 2 2cs y = S12 S 22 S 26 y
2cs 2cs c 2 s 2 0 0 S66 cs cs c 2 s 2 xy S16 S 26 S66 xy
xy
S 11= S11c 4 + S 22 s 4 + (2S12 + S66 )c 2 s 2
S 22 = S11s 4 + S 22c 4 + (2S12 + S66 )c 2 s 2
S12 = ( S11 + S 22 S 66 )c 2 s 2 + S12 (c 4 + s 4 )
S 66 = 4( S11 + S 22 2S12 )c 2 s 2 + S 66 (c 2 s 2 ) 2
S16 = 2( S11 S12 )c 3 s + 2( S12 S 22 )cs 3 S66cs(c 2 s 2 )
S 26 = 2( S11 S12 )cs 3 + 2( S12 S 22 )c 3 s + S 66cs(c 2 s 2 )
MP-206 54
2.6. Stress
strain relations
in terms of
engineering
constants
MP-206 55
Transformed engineering constants

1 xy xs
xs, ys , sx , sy
x S11 S12 S16 x E x Ex Ex

yx 1 ys x coefficients of mutual
y = S12 S 22 S 26 y = y influence
S Ey Ey Ey
s 16 S 26 S 66 s
sx sy 1 s

Gxy Gxy Gxy
1 1 1 4 1 2 12 2 2 xs 1 1 1
= c4 + s + c s = 2 + 12 c 3 s 2 21 + cs 3 cs(c 2 s 2 )
E x E1 E2 G
12 E1 Ex E1 E1 E2 E2 G12
1 1 1 1 2 12 2 2 ys 1 1 1
= s 4 + c 4 + c s = 2 + 12 cs 3 2 21 + c 3 s + cs(c 2 s 2 )
E y E1 E2 G12 E1 Ey E1 E1 E2 E2 G12
xy 12 1 1 1 2 2
= (c 4 + s 4 ) + c s
E x E1 E1 E2 G12
1 1 1 2 12 2 2 1 2 2 2
= 4 + + c s + (c s )
Gxy E1 E2 E1 G12
MP-206 56

3.0
Glass-epoxy
Ex/E2
E1 = 7.8106 psi |xs|
2.5 Gxy/G12
E2 = 2.6106 psi xy
12 = 0.25
Ex/E2, |xs|, Gxy/G12, xy

2.0
G12 = 1.3106 psi
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90

MP-206 57

Boron-epoxy 10.0
E1 = 30.0106 psi Ex/E2

|xs|
E2 = 3.0106 psi 8.0 Gxy/G12
xy
12 = 0.3
Ex/E2, |xs|, Gxy/G12, xy

G12 = 1.0106 psi
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90

MP-206 58
2.7. Invariant
properties
MP-206 59
Trigonometric identities
U1 = (3Q11 + 3Q22 + 2Q12 + 4Q66 ) / 8
c 4 = (3 + 4 cos 2 + cos 4 ) / 8
U 2 = (Q11 Q22 ) / 2
c 3 s = (2 sin 2 + sin 4 ) / 8
U 3 = (Q11 + Q22 2Q12 4Q66 ) / 8
c 2 s 2 = (1 cos 4 ) / 8
U 4 = (Q11 + Q22 + 6Q12 4Q66 ) / 8
cs = (2 sin 2 sin 4 ) / 8
3
U 5 = (Q44 + Q55 ) / 2
s = (3 4 cos 2 + cos 4 ) / 8
4
U 6 = (Q55 Q44 ) / 2
Q 11= Q11c 4 + Q22 s 4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66 )c 2 s 2 = U1 + U 2 cos 2 + U 3 cos 4
Q22 = Q11s 4 + Q22c 4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66 )c 2 s 2 = U1 U 2 cos 2 + U 3 cos 4
Q12 = (Q11 + Q22 4Q66 )c 2 s 2 + Q12 (c 4 + s 4 ) = U 4 U 3 cos 4
Q66 = (Q11 + Q22 2Q12 )c 2 s 2 + Q66 (c 2 s 2 ) 2 = (U1 U 4 ) / 2 U 3 cos 4
Q16 = (Q11 Q12 )c 3 s + (Q12 Q22 )cs 3 2Q66cs(c 2 s 2 ) = U 2 sin 2 / 2 + U 3 sin 4
Q26 = (Q11 Q12 )cs 3 + (Q12 Q22 )c 3 s + 2Q66cs(c 2 s 2 ) = U 2 sin 2 / 2 U 3 sin 4
Q44 = Q44c 2 + Q55 s 2 = U 5 + U 6 cos 2
Q45 = (Q55 Q44 )cs = U 6 sin 2
Q55 = Q44 s 2 + Q55c 2 = U 5 U 6 cos 2
MP-206 60
Invariant properties
Clear way of separating contributions in the calculation

of Qij
Two frequencies are involved: 2 and 4
More useful in the study of laminates
Lamination parameters can be defined using invariants
MP-206 61
2.8. Strength of
orthotropic
lamina
MP-206 62
Strength concepts
In isotropic materials the important aspect for strength prediction
is intensity of stress/strain irrespective of direction.
Determination of principal stresses and strains is the objective
In composites direction of stresses and strains is paramount to
determine strength
Orthotropy means that the axes of principal stresses and
principal strains do not coincide
The highest stress might not be the stress driving the design
MP-206 63
Fundamental strengths
Lamina stressed in its own plane.
Example: X = 350 MPa, Y = 7 MPa, S = 14 MPa, 1 = 315 MPa, 2 = 14
MPa, 12 = 7 MPa 1 < X but 2 > Y.
Xt = axial or longitudinal strength in tension
Xc = axial or longitudinal strength in compression
Yt = transverse strength in tension
Yc = transverse strength in compression
S = shear strength
2
Y S
X
1
MP-206 64
Shear strengths
Shear along material axes Shear at 45o
2 2 2 1 2 1
1 1
MP-206 65
Experimental determination of normal strengths

Normal strengths are relatively easy to be determined through
experiments adapted from metal (ASTM D 638).
P
1 1
1 1ult = X 2 2ult = Y
2 P 2 P
E1 E2
1 2
P
P 2
1 =
P
E1 = 1 2 = E2 =
A 1 A 2
1 Pult
12 = 2
P
X = ult 21 = Y=
1 A 2 A
MP-206 66
Experimental determination of shear strength

Shear strengths are much harder to determine experimentally
P
45o
x 1 1 1 1 1 1
x = 2 12 + +
E x 4 E1 E1 G12 E2
1
y 4 1 1
G12 = + 2 12
Ex E x E1 E2 E1
x
2
P
Strengths do not transform like stiffnesses!
MP-206 67
30
No end effect
x = Exx 25
Ex
Gxy
Qxx
20 Qs
Ex, Gxy, Qxx, Qs

15
Restrained ends
10
x 0, y = xy = 0 5
x = Q11x
0 15 30 45 60 75 90

MP-206 68

Torsion tube best
T xy 12ult = S
r G12
xy
T
xy
t
T Tult 12
12 = S= G12 =
2r 2t 2r 2t 12
MP-206 69
2.9. Biaxial
strength criteria
for orthotropic
lamina
MP-206 70
General comments on failure criteria

Measurements of strengths are based on uni-axial tests
In practice bi- or tri-axial states exist
Several failure mechanisms exist so using transformation of tensor
of strengths is not viable
Phenomenological failure criteria are proposed. They are not based
on sound theory and consist rather of empirical approach
Failure envelopes are constructed by curve fitting. The envelopes
merely represent the stress level at which failure occurs
Curve fitting hides the actual failure mechanism taking place
Most failure criteria are meaningless curves passed through
unrelated data points. J. Hart-Smith
MP-206 71
Mechanisms of failure
Longitudinal traction fiber rupture
Longitudinal compression microbuckling and kinking
Transverse traction
Transverse compression cracks parallel to the fibers
Shear weak interface fiber/matrix
MP-206 72
Biaxial strength criteria

1) Maximum stress failure criterion
2) Maximum strain failure criterion
3) Tsai-Hill failure criterion
4) Hoffman failure criterion
5) Tsai-Wu tensor failure criterion
MP-206 73
Biaxial strength criteria

Biaxial stresses generated by off-axis loading
Mixed tension and compression cannot be induced by x
x
x 1
1 = x cos2
y 2 = x sin 2
12 = x cos sin
2
x
MP-206 74

Tensile stresses: 1 < Xt, 2 < Yt
Compressive stresses: 1 > Xc, 2 > Yc
Shear: || < S
x Xc
< <
Xt
cos 2 cos2
x
x 1 1 = x cos 2
Yc Yt
2 = x sin 2 < <
y sin 2 sin 2
x
12 = x cos sin S
| x |<
2 sin cos
x
The maximum stress criterion indicates the mechanism behind

failure. It suffices to check which inequality is violated.
MP-206 75

Failure envelope
2
Yt
Xt 1
Xc
Yc
MP-206 76

6.0
4.0
x
x 1 log10(x[MPa]) 2.0
y
0.0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
2
x -2.0
1 = x cos2 1t
1c
2 = x sin 2 -4.0 2t
2c
+
12 = x cos sin -
Tension
Compression
-6.0
MP-206 77

Tensile stresses: 1 < Xt, 2 < Yt
Compressive stresses: 1 > Xc, 2 > Yc
Shear: |12| < S
Assumption: linear elastic behavior up to failure

Xt Xc Yt Yc S
X t = X c = Yt = Yc = S =
E1 E1 E2 E2 G12
MP-206 78

1 = x cos 2 1 = ( 1 12 2 ) / E1 X t =
Xt
X c =
Xc
2 = ( 2 21 1 ) / E2 E1 E1
2 = x sin 2
12 = 12 / G12 Yt Yc S
12 = x cos sin Yt = Yc = S =
E2 E2 G12
Xc Xt
< <
(cos2 12 sin 2 ) (cos2 12 sin 2 )
x
Yc Yt
< <
(sin 2 21 cos2 ) (sin 2 21 cos 2 )
x
S
| x |<
sin cos
MP-206 79

Failure envelope
2
Yt 2 211 = Yt
Xt
Xc 1
1 122 = Xt
1 122 = Xc
Yc 2 211 = Yc
MP-206 80

6.0
4.0
x
1 2.0
x log10(x[MPa])
y
0.0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90

2
x -2.0
1t
1 = x cos2 1c
-4.0 2t
2c
2 = x sin
2
+
-
12 = x cos sin Tension
Compression
-6.0
MP-206 81

Extension of von Mises yield criterion for metals
Von Mises criterion can be related to the amount of energy required
to distort an isotropic body rather than to dilate it
However, distortion and dilatation cannot be separated in
orthotropic materials so the Tsai-Hill criterion cannot be strictly
called a distortional energy failure criterion
The constants F, G, H, L, M and N are interpreted as strengths that
must be experimentally obtained
(G + H ) 12 + ( F + H ) 22 + ( F + G ) 32 2 H 1 2 2G 1 3 2 F 2 3 +
2 L 23
2
+ 2M 132 + 2 N 122 = 1
MP-206 82

If only 12 acts on the body then 2N = 1/S2
If only 1 acts on the body then G + H = 1/X2
If only 2 acts on the body then F + H = 1/Y2
If only 3 acts on the body then F + G = 1/Z2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2F = 2 + 2 2 2G = 2 + 2 2 2H = 2 + 2 2
Y Z X X Z Y X Y Z
If 23 is a plane of transverse isotropy then Z = Y

In a plane stress state 3 = 23 = 13 = 0
12 1 2 22 122
2
2
+ 2
+ 2
=1
X X Y S
MP-206 83

x
x 1
1 = x cos2 12 1 2 22 122
y + + =1
2 = x sin
2
X 2
X 2
Y 2
S 2
12 = x cos sin
2
x
1 cos 4 1 1 2 sin 4
= + 2 2 cos sin +
2
x
2
X 2
S X Y2
X and Y assume the appropriate values depending on the sign of 1

and 2
The failure envelope in stress space consists of four curves
connected but that are not continuously differentiable
MP-206 84

Envelope composed by four arcs of ellipses
Yt
Xt
Xc
1
Yc
MP-206 85

4
3 xt
xc
Tension
x 2 Compression
x 1
1
y
xt, xc
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90

2
-1
x
-2
1 = x cos2
2 = x sin 2 -3
12 = x cos sin
-4
MP-206 86
4) Hoffman failure criterion

Addition of linear terms to Tsai-Hill criterion to account for
differences in tension and compression
9 strengths are required: Xt, Xc, Yt, Yc, Zt, Zc, S23, S13, S12
C1 ( 2 3 ) 2 + C2 ( 3 1 ) 2 + C3 ( 2 1 ) 2 + C4 1 + C5 2 + C6 3 +
C7 23
2
+ C8 132 + C9 122 = 1
Plane stress state 3 = 23 = 13 = 0

Transverse isotropy in the 23 plane: Zt = Yt, Zc = Yc, S13 = S12
12 1 2 22
Xt Xc Yt Yc 122
+ 1 2 + 2 =1
X c X t X c X t YcYt Xc Xt YcYt S
MP-206 87

Full quadratic polynomial
Fii + Fijij = 1 i, j = 1,...,6
4 = 23, 5 = 13, 6 = 12
Orthotropic lamina under plane stress:
F1 1 + F2 2 + F11 12 + F22 22 + F66 62 + 2 F12 1 2 = 1
The terms F6, F16 and F26 must be zero since failure is independent
of the sign of the shear stress
MP-206 88

Pure tension along 1: F1Xt + F11Xt2 = 1 1 1 1
F1 = F11 =
Xt Xc Xt Xc
Pure compression along 1: F1Xc + F11Xc2 = 1
Pure tension along 2: F2Yt + F22Yt2 = 1 1 1 1
F2 = F22 =
Yt Yc YtYc
Pure compression along 2: F2Yc + F22Yc2 = 1
Pure shear: F66 = 1/S2
How to determine F12? Uni-axial tests are not enough.

To guarantee that the conic curve is an ellipse F11F22 (F12)2 > 0
Chose arbitrarily F12 = 0 or else F12 = (F11F22)1/2/2
MP-206 89
5) Tsai-Wu failure criterion

Envelope is an ellipse
Yt
Xt 1
Xc
Yc
MP-206 90

Analysis and Design of Composite Structures: Class Notes

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Analysis and Design of Composite Structures: Class Notes

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Instituto Tecnolgico de Aeronutica

Analysis and design of

Fundamentals of continuum mechanics

Ignore infinitesimal molecular details

Internal force in an arbitrary point of a 3D body

Internal force components

Different stresses on different cutting planes

The stress state of a point is unique. However, it may be described

Different stresses on different cutting planes

Sign convention and notation for stress state in a point

Equilibrium equations (infinitesimal volume)

Moment equilibrium about z

Similarly, moment equilibrium about x and y

Force equilibrium: x axis

Change of reference system

Change of reference system

[ ] = [l ]T [ ][l ] [l ] = [{nx } {n y } {nz }]

Configuration of a body: transformation

Transformation or deformation gradient

Transformation or deformation gradient

Deformation gradient and rigid body motion

Pure translation u = xp XP followed by pure rotation F(X XP)

Green strain tensor

Strain displacement relations

Example of pure rotation

Geometric interpretation of strains

2(w / X )dXdZ + 2(u / Z )dXdZ w u

Most general stress strain relations

1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 1

Most general stress strain relations

Therefore, WABCDA = 0 C12 = C21. More generally, Cij = Cji.

Material with one plane of symmetry

[ ] = [l ]T [ ][l ] [l ] = [{n1 } {n2 } {n3 }]

Material with one plane of symmetry

1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 1

Material with two planes of symmetry

Symmetry about two planes implies symmetry about three planes!

Transversely isotropic material

Transversely isotropic material with 3 planes of symmetry

c 2 2 + 2sc 23 + s 2 3 = C12 1 + C22 (c 2 2+ s 2 3 + 23cs) + C23 (c 2 3+ s 2 2 23cs)

3 = C13 1 + C23 2+C33 3

Transversely isotropic material with 3 planes of symmetry

Completely isotropic material

Only two constants are required: C11 and C12.

Transversely isotropic Completely isotropic

Physical significance of anisotropic stress strain relations

1 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 1

Restrictions on engineering constraints

Rotation about axis 3 (or z axis)

Two or three planes of symmetry

x c 2 s 2 0 0 0 2cs C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 c2 s2 0 0 0 cs x

C11 = C11c 4 + C22 s 4 + 2c 2 s 2C12 + 4c 2 s 2C66 C33 = C33

Lamina under plane stress state

Introducing engineering constants:

Lamina under plane stress state

Q 11= Q11c 4 + Q22 s 4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66 )c 2 s 2

Even functions of Odd functions of

Lamina under plane stress state

x c2 s2 cs S11 S12 0 c2 s2 2cs x S11 S12 S16 x

Transformed engineering constants

Transformed engineering constants

Ex/E2, |xs|, Gxy/G12, xy

Transformed engineering constants