Class Exercise 7 Entropy

1. a. Write the entropy balance expression for a control volume and define each of
the terms in the expression.
b. Air is compressed from 1 bar, 27oC to 3.5 bar and 127oC in a steady flow air
compressor. The actual shaft work input is 170 kJ/kg, while the surroundings
air temperature is at 27oC. Using variable specific heats analysis, determine:
i. The heat transfer for the air flowing through the compressor.
ii. The specific entropy change of air during the compression process.
iii. The rate of entropy generation during the process.
[-69.21 kJ/kg; -0.06963 kJ/kgK; 0.16107 kJ/kg/K]]

2. a. An insulated piston-cylinder device contains 5 litres of saturated liquid water

at a constant pressure of 150 kPa. An electric resistance heater inside the
cylinder is switched on and transfers 2200 kJ of energy to the water.
Determine:
i. The mass of fluid in the cylinder.
ii. The quality of the fluid at the end of the constant pressure process.
iii. The change in entropy of the water during the constant pressure
process, in kJ/K.
[4.748 kg, 20.8%, 5.718 kJ/K)

b. Air at steady-state, enters a nozzle at a pressure of 280 kPa and a

temperature of 77C with a velocity of 50 m/s. The air exits the nozzle at a
pressure of 85 kPa and a velocity of 320 m/s. Heat lost from the nozzle to the
surroundings is 5.37 kJ/kg. The surroundings are at a temperature of 20C.
Determine:
i. The entropy change of the surroundings.
ii. The temperature at the exit of the nozzle.
iii. The total change of entropy of the process.
[0.01833 kJ/kgK, 295 K, 0.188543 kJ/kgK]

3. Air in a piston cylinder assembly at a pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of 15oC,

occupies a volume of 0.02 m3. The air is first heated at constant volume until the
pressure is 4.2 bar before being cooled at constant pressure to the initial
temperature.
a. Sketch the processes on a T-s diagram.
b. Calculate the mass of the air in the piston cylinder assembly.
c. What would the temperature be at the end of the constant volume heating
process?
d. Determine the amount of heat transferred for each of the processes.
e. Find the net entropy change of the air.
[0.0242kg, 1209.6K, 16.01kJ, -22.41kJ, 0.0249 kJ/K, -0.0349 kJ/K, -0.01 kJ/K]

4. A team is planning to break the world speed record for a steam powered car. The car
uses a turbine that takes steam at 4 MPa and 500C and at a rate of 0.05 kg/s. This
is exhausted at 500 kPa and 250C.
a. Draw a T-s diagram that represents the steam states.
Class Exercise 7 Entropy

b. Determine the power output of the steam engine.

c. Explain why it is not realistic to assume that the turbine operates
isentropically.
[24.25 kW]

5. a. During a process, the entropy of a system might decrease, while the entropy
of its surroundings increases and conversely. Explain why.
b. Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state at a pressure of 3.MPa, a
temperature of 400C, and a velocity of 160 m/s. Saturated vapour exits at
100C, with a velocity of 100 m/s. Heat transfer from the turbine to its
surroundings takes place at the rate of 30 kJ per kg of steam at a location
where the average surface temperature is 350.K.
i. Determine the work developed by the turbine, in kJ/kg.
ii. For a control volume including only the turbine and its contents, find
the rate of entropy generation, in kJ/kgK.
iii. The steam turbine is located in a factory where the ambient
temperature is 27C. For an enlarged control volume that includes the
turbine and its immediate surroundings at the ambient temperature,
calculate the rate of entropy generation, in kJ/kgK.
iv. Explain why the rate of entropy generation value of part (b)(ii) differs
from that calculated in part (b)(iii).
[532.6 kJ/kg; 0.5194 kJ/kgK; 0.5337 kJ/kgK;]

6. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 3 MPa and 400C and leaves at 50 kPa
and 100C. If the power output of the turbine is 2 MW, determine:
a. The entrance and the actual exit enthalpies.
b. The exit enthalpy of the steam for isentropic process.
c. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine.
[3231.7 kJ/kg; 2682.4 kJ/kg; 2408.2 kJ/kg; 66.7%]

7. a. During an irreversible process, entropy is generated and is denoted by Sgen.

What do the values of Sgen indicate?
b. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 2 MPa and 350oC. The steam expands
isentropically until the pressure is 100 kPa.
i. Sketch the T-s diagram of the process.
ii. Determine the work produced by the turbine, in kJ/kg.
[611.77 kJ/kg]
c. An inventor claims that the air in the piston-cylinder
assembly shown in the figure can be compressed
isothermally to 250 kPa when exchanging heat with a
Air Heat
reservoir at 300 K. The air has a mass of 1 kg, is initially
100 kPa
at 100 KPa and 300 K. Applying the increase of entropy
300 K
principle, determine whether the claim is valid.
[Sgen = 0, process is possible and reversible]