Michael Nield

One Corps, One Regiment, One Team
Geohazards in Transportation in the Appalachian Region
Rock Cut-Slope
Design and Construction
Auxiliary Spillway and
Relocation of SR 3051 & 302
Dewey Lake, KY
Michael Nield - Geologist
Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Lake, KY
Four Main Topics of Discussion
1. Project Description
2. Site Geology
3. Rock Cut-Slope Design
4. Construction Challenges
Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Project Description
Located in Eastern Kentucky Huntington

District
Dam completed in 1949
DEWEY DAM
Rolled earth embankment
dam with a tunnel type outlet
works in the left abutment.
SR 302

Project Description
Hydrologic Deficiencies at Dewey Dam
Dam Safety Assurance Program identified deficiencies with the

existing spillway during predicted floods, resulting in a high
risk of dam failure with catastrophic consequences
downstream.
Correction:
Raise the Dam crest (future work)
Raise crest of Brandy Keg Dike (this contract)
Restrict flows to the Existing Spillway (this contract)
Construct 129 wide Auxiliary Spillway (this contract)
Relocate State Routes 302 and 3051 (this contract)

Project Description
Dam
Existing Spillway
Relocation of
Auxiliary St. Rt. 302
Spillway &
St. Rt. 3051 & 302
Brandy Keg Dike
Project Features Impacted by Hydrologic Deficiencies


Project Description
Existing Spillway
Existing spillway was not designed to withstand predicted flows.

Constructed horizontal restrictors, which reduced the spillway
width from 60 feet to 43 feet.
Rock excavation by mechanical (non-explosive) methods.

Project Description
Brandy Keg Dike
Raised Brandy Keg Dike approximately 3 feet.


Project Description
Relocation of State Route 302
Design
Effort
State Route 302 was relocated as a result of the construction for

the Auxiliary Spillway.
Design was performed by Fuller Mossbarger Scott & May
Engineers with close cooperation by the Kentucky Department
of Transportation and the Corps of Engineers.

Project Description
Auxiliary Spillway
Spoil Site
Dam
Excavation for
Auxiliary Spillway
Spoil Sites
Constructed a 129-foot wide Auxiliary Spillway through bedrock.

Relocate State Route 3051 and a portion of State Route 302.
SUBJECT OF THIS PRESENTATION
2. Site Geology
Site Geology
Existing and Field Data
Auxiliary Spillway
Coal Mine Adit
Coal Mine Adits
Original SR 3051
Geologic Quadrangle Map Joint Measurements from Outcrops

Site Geology
Exploratory Drilling
Total of 17 Borings (15 2-inch diameter borings)
2 Angled Borings to Obtain Discontinuity Orientations
2 4-inch Diameter Core Borings, Pressure Tested at Sill Location
4 Borings for Highway Relocation
Proposed Spillway
Floor & Center Line
Small Coal Mine Adits

Boring Location Plan

Site Geology
Lithology
900
WEATHERED SHALE AND CLAYSTONE:
reddish brown to dark gray, soft, clayey,
850 occasionally broken or weathered.
BREATHITT FORMATION
PENNSYLVANIAN AGE
Low percentage of core recovery (30 -90).

800 Low RQD (30 75).
750
700
Elev. 650
Geologic Column Core Sample

Site Geology
Lithology
900
850
BREATHITT FORMATION
PENNSYLVANIAN AGE
800
SHALE with interbedded siltstone: gray
to dark gray, soft to moderately hard.
750
High percentage of core recovery (90
100).
700
Medium range RQD (65 85)
Elev. 650

Site Geology
Lithology
900
850
BREATHITT FORMATION
PENNSYLVANIAN AGE
800
750 SANDSTONE: light gray, moderately

hard, fine to medium grained,
micaceous.
700
High percentage of core recovery (95
100).
Elev. 650
Good RQD (95 - 100)

Site Geology
Lithology
900
850
COAL SEAMS: black, moderately
BREATHITT FORMATION
PENNSYLVANIAN AGE
hard, slightly to severely broken.

800
0.8 to 2.7 thick.
Core loss common.
750
Poor RQD
700
Elev. 650

Site Geology
Geologic Cross Sections
Sill Location
Station 15+33
Proposed Spillway
Floor & Center Line
Flow
Upstream of Sill
Downstream of Sill Station 13+00
Station 19+00
Geologic Cross Section Location Plan


Site Geology
South/Left
Geologic Cross Section North/Right
900 SOIL 900
SHALE & SILTSTONE
C-91-7
SANDSTONE
COAL SEAM
WEATHERED SH & CLS
C-91-9
C-91-5
800 800
C-91-8
C-91-6
700 700
3+00 2+00 1+00 CL 1+00 2+00

Station 15+33 Spillway Crest

Site Geology
South/Left
Geologic Cross Section
North/Right
900 900
SOIL
SHALE & SILTSTONE
SANDSTONE
COAL SEAM
800 800
C-91-2
C-91-4 C-91-3
700 700
2+00 1+00 CL 1+00 2+00

Station 13+00 (Upstream of Sill)

Site Geology
South/Left
Geologic Cross Section
North/Right
900 900
SOIL
SHALE & SILTSTONE
SANDSTONE
COAL SEAM
800 800
C-91-11 C-91-10
C-91-12
700 700
2+00 1+00 CL 1+00 2+00

Geologic Section - Station 19+00 (Downstream of Sill)
2. Site Geology

Rock Cut Slope Design
Rock Cut Slope Design Topics
1. Bench and Slope Design

2. Wedge/Block Analysis
3. Rock Fall Analysis
4. Spillway Sill Design

Bench and Slope Design
Relatively flat-lying sedimentary rock, with interbedded lithologies

that have varying resistance to weathering and high angled joints.
The cut slope design needs to minimize the effects of differential
weathering to reduce wedge/block failures and rock fall hazards.

South/Left Bench and Slope Design North/Right
900 SOIL 900
SHALE & SILTSTONE
SANDSTONE
COAL SEAM
WEATHERED SH & CLS
3 18 Bench at Elev. 800 on Coal Seam
800 4 800
1 18 Bench on Coal Seam
2
766 763
18 Bench at Base
1
of Sandstone
4
725 722
1 SR 3051 &
700 2 Spillway Crest 700
Elev. 866
Spillway Sill Foundation Elev. 688
3+00 2+00 1+00 CL 1+00 2+00

Geologic Section - Station 15+33 Spillway Crest

900 900
SOIL
SHALE & SILTSTONE
SANDSTONE
COAL SEAM
800 800
18 Bench at Base of Sandstone

1
4
720 717
700 1 SR 302 700
2
2+00 1+00 CL 1+00 2+00

Geologic Section - Station 13+00 (Upstream of Sill)

900 900
SOIL
SHALE & SILTSTONE
SANDSTONE
COAL SEAM
800 800
18 Bench at Base of Sandstone
1
18 Bench on Coal Seam 730 4
1
2
700 701 700
1 SR 3051
2
2+00 1+00 CL 1+00 2+00

Geologic Section - Station 19+00 (Downstream of Sill)

East 2.4% Slope on Coal Seams West
Limits of Excavation
800 4V:3H 2.4% Slope at 800
2V:1H Base of Sandstone
Flow 4V:1H 3% Slope on Coal Seam
700 2V:1H 700
2V:1H
Spillway Floor Spillway Sill
12+00 14+00 16+00 18+00 20+00 22+00
Elevation View South/Left Spillway Wall
West East
800 800
2V:1H Flow
4V:1H
700 2V:1H 700
2V:1H
22+00 20+00 18+00 16+00 14+00 12+00

Elevation View North/Right Spillway Wall

Relocated
State Route
Spillway Sill 302
Relocated
State Route
3051
Limits of Excavation
Plan View

Wedge/Block Analysis - Four Main Failure Modes

Circular Failure soil-like failure, unlikely
to occur at this project, will not be
discussed at this time.
Planar Failure common with joints that

are parallel to cut-slope some failures
may be blast induced
Wedge Failure could be detrimental,

large volume of rock.
Toppling Failure similar results as

planar failure, unlikely to occur at this
project, will not be discussed at this time.
From Hoek, E. and Bray, J.W. Rock Slope Engineering 1981.

Wedge/Block Analysis - Four Main Failure Modes
Planar Failure common with joints that

are parallel to cut-slope some failures
may be blast induced
Wedge Failure could be detrimental,

large volume of rock.

Wedge/Block Analysis Joint Analysis

Joint measurements obtained from outcrops and angled exploratory
borings.
Typical joint surface has a planar shape with smooth texture, occasionally
iron stained or slightly open.
Joint Rosette Simplified Joint Rosette


Stereographic Projection of Joint Measurements Pole Plot


Stereographic Projection of Joint Measurements Contoured Plot of Poles


Stereographic Projection of Joint Measurements Planes Representing Joint Sets


Wedge/Block Analysis Wedge Failure Analysis
Sandstone
Phi Angle = 30
1/4:1 Slope North Wall
Wedge
Sliding Zone
Joint Intersection
Stereographic Projection of Planes used for Wedge Analysis


Wedge Analysis Wedge Analysis

1/2:1 Slope 1/2:1 Slope
South Wall North Wall
Shale Shale
Wedge Analysis Wedge Analysis

Sandstone Sandstone

Wedge/Block Analysis Planar Failure

Daylight Envelope
Planar
Sliding Zone
Sandstone
Phi Angle = 30
1/4:1 Slope North Wall
Stereographic Projection of Poles used for Planar Analysis


Planar Analysis Planar Analysis

Shale Shale
Planar Analysis Planar Analysis

Sandstone Sandstone

Rock Fall Analysis Input Parameters

Values are subjective, derived from published tables.
Computer programs included Colorado Rockfall Simulation

and RocFall.
Coefficient of
Coefficient of Friction Angle
Tangential
Normal Restitution (Phi angle)
Restitution
SURFACE AND MATERIALS
mean std. dev. mean std. dev. mean std. dev.
ALL BENCHES 0.35 0.02 0.85 0.02 25 5

SLOPES IN SANDSTONE 0.37 0.05 0.87 0.05 25 5
SLOPES IN SHALE/SILTSTONE 0.37 0.05 0.87 0.05 30 5

Rock Fall Analysis
Boulder Origin
Boulder Origin
Slope was
Redesign
SR 3051
Boulder Boulder
Trajectory Trajectory
Boulder Origin at Bench Elev. 800 Boulder Origin at Top of Cut Slope

Rock Fall Analysis
Boulder Origin
Boulder Origin
SR 3051
Boulder Boulder
Trajectory Trajectory
Boulder Origin at Bench Elev. 725 Boulder Origin at Bench Elev. 766

Spillway Sill Design
Spillway Sill
SR 3051
Plan View
Spillway Sill Bedrock Parameters
Sliding Friction Cross Bed Anchor Allowable
Unit
LITHOLOGIC Strength Shear Strength Bond Bearing
Weight
MEMBER phi c phi c Strength Pressure
710 710
degree psi degree psi psi pcf psi
LOWER SHALE 25 0 30 10 65 160 90
700LOWER SANDSTONE 25 15 50 175 95 150 320 700
690 Concrete Spillway Sill Crest EL. 688 Flow 690
EL. 678
Lower Shale Member
680 680
EL. 676 Lower Sandstone Member

670 670
37 Long, 1 Diameter
Threadbar Anchor, 4 Diameter Hole
660 660
Tensioned to 112 kips
Cross Section Spillway Sill Normal Condition
Spillway Sill Design Headcut Erosion

710 Flood Crest EL. 708 710
700 700
Flow
Spillway Sill Crest EL. 688
690 690
EL. 686
2 Erosion of Shale U/S
10 Shale Removed EL. 678 Lower Shale Member 680
680 by Headcut Erosion
EL. 676
Lower Sandstone Member
670 670
660 Rock Anchor 660
Cross Section Spillway Sill Flood Condition


Spillway Sill Design
2. Site Geology

Construction Challenges
Construction Contract
PRIME CONTRACTOR:
Tab Construction Co. of Canton, Ohio
DRILLING AND BLASTING SUBCONTRACTOR:
Hilltop Energy Inc. of Mineral City, Ohio
CONSTRUCTION DURATION:
Approximately Two Years from August 2000 to September 2002.
FINAL EXCAVATION QUANTITIES:
Rock Excavation: 677,000 cubic yards
Structural (Rock/Concrete) Excavation: 1,000 cubic yards
Common (Soil) Excavation: 306,000 cubic yards
FINAL CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT COST:
$12.8 Million Dollars

Modifying Rock-Cut Slopes
Removal of Slip-Prone Soil Initial Rock Cut


Blasting Vibration Control
Blasting Within
790 Feet of
Boulders and
Blasting for 1,000 Feet From
Auxiliary Spillway Homes
SR 3051 & 302
Perched
Restricted Peak
Boulders
Particle Velocity
to 1.5 in/sec at
200 Feet From
Homes
Blast
Location of Homes

Blasting Vibration Control
Large Boulders Located on Ridge Line and Perched Above Homes


Drilling And Blasting
Pre-Split Drilling
18 to 30 Center to Center Loading Production Shot

Drilling And Blasting
Production Blast Production Blast


Excavation and Spoil Sites
Rock Excavation Spoil Sites


Maintaining Traffic and Utilities During Excavation
View of South/Left Spillway Wall Spillway Sill


Spillway Sill
Low Strength
Eliminated Upper Concrete
Rock Anchor
Recessed
Concrete
SR 3051
Over Excavation of Spillway Modifications to Correct for Future

Sidewalls Erosion of Shale

Final Product
South/Left Spillway Wall North/Right Spillway Wall

as Viewed from Upstream as Viewed from Upstream

Final Product
Relocated
SR 302
Relocated
SR 3051
Upstream of Spillway Auxiliary Spillway Viewed from

Route 302 Transition Downstream
Questions & Discussion
Contact Information:
Michael Nield
Phone: (304) 529-5056
E-mail: michael.c.nield@lrh01.usace.army.mil

Michael Nield

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One Corps, One Regiment, One Team

Geohazards in Transportation in the Appalachian Region

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Lake, KY

Four Main Topics of Discussion

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Located in Eastern Kentucky Huntington

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Hydrologic Deficiencies at Dewey Dam

Dam Safety Assurance Program identified deficiencies with the

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Brandy Keg Dike

Project Features Impacted by Hydrologic Deficiencies

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Existing spillway was not designed to withstand predicted flows.

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Raised Brandy Keg Dike approximately 3 feet.

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

State Route 302 was relocated as a result of the construction for

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Constructed a 129-foot wide Auxiliary Spillway through bedrock.

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Lake, KY

Four Main Topics of Discussion

Coal Mine Adits

Geologic Quadrangle Map Joint Measurements from Outcrops

Small Coal Mine Adits

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Low percentage of core recovery (30 -90).

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

750 SANDSTONE: light gray, moderately

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

hard, slightly to severely broken.

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Geologic Cross Sections

Geologic Cross Section Location Plan

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

3+00 2+00 1+00 CL 1+00 2+00

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

2+00 1+00 CL 1+00 2+00

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

2+00 1+00 CL 1+00 2+00

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Lake, KY

Four Main Topics of Discussion

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Rock Cut Slope Design Topics

1. Bench and Slope Design

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Relatively flat-lying sedimentary rock, with interbedded lithologies

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Spillway Sill Foundation Elev. 688

3+00 2+00 1+00 CL 1+00 2+00

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

18 Bench at Base of Sandstone

2+00 1+00 CL 1+00 2+00

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

18 Bench at Base of Sandstone

2+00 1+00 CL 1+00 2+00

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

22+00 20+00 18+00 16+00 14+00 12+00

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Auxiliary Spillway Dewey Dam, KY

Wedge/Block Analysis - Four Main Failure Modes

Planar Failure common with joints that

Wedge Failure could be detrimental,