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  • 26 dimensions of string theory explained

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    Evelina
    35 tayangan20 halaman
    String theory proposes that fundamental particles are actually tiny vibrating strings, and requires spacetime to have 26 dimensions in order for the quantum theory of the string to be mathematically consistent. The document discusses the development of string theory from theories of particles and fields, how strings vibrate in different modes to represent different particles, and the underlying symmetries and quantization of the string that fix the number of dimensions at 26 to avoid anomalies that would otherwise ruin the theory.

    Deskripsi Asli:

    fgvhbkj,m

    Judul Asli

    String

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    String theory proposes that fundamental particles are actually tiny vibrating strings, and requires spacetime to have 26 dimensions in order for the quantum theory of the string to be mathematically consistent. The document discusses the development of string theory from theories of particles and fields, how strings vibrate in different modes to represent different particles, and the underlying symmetries and quantization of the string that fix the number of dimensions at 26 to avoid anomalies that would otherwise ruin the theory.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    35 tayangan20 halaman

    26 dimensions of string theory explained

    Diunggah oleh

    Evelina
    String theory proposes that fundamental particles are actually tiny vibrating strings, and requires spacetime to have 26 dimensions in order for the quantum theory of the string to be mathematically consistent. The document discusses the development of string theory from theories of particles and fields, how strings vibrate in different modes to represent different particles, and the underlying symmetries and quantization of the string that fix the number of dimensions at 26 to avoid anomalies that would otherwise ruin the theory.

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PPS, PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 20

    The 26 dimensions of string theory

    Why string theory?


    What is string theory?
    Why 26 dimensions?
    A theory of everything
    Quantum Gravity ?

    General relativity

    Statistical mechanics
    Special relativity

    No
    Newtonian mechanics
    n
    Particle lin
    ea
    physics rd
    yn
    Solid state am
    physics ics
    Biology
    Quantum mechanics
    Quantization
    Classical particle:
    2
    p
    H V ( x) p(t), x(t)
    2m

    Quantum particle
    2
    P
    H V (X ) <P(t)>, <X(t)>
    2m
    Quantization of fields
    P2
    H V (X ) <P(t)>, <X(t)>
    2m

    Maxwell equations:
    2
    X )
    V ( )
    q4( X <(X,t)>
    q
    For a point source at origin ( X )
    |X|

    For a constant electric field ( X ) E0 X
    <>
    Quantum Electro Dynamics
    4
    2
    <(X,t)>

    The self energy problem.


    2 2
    1 e

    3
    E = m0c 2
    + d r
    8 |r | a
    r 2

    a 2
    e- e
    = m0c 2
    +
    2a

    = mrc2
    Quantum gravity


    G=T <G>

    G <T>

    Self energy problem


    Free particles

    mX F
    t0
    1 2
    L m X V ( X , t)
    t 2

    X (t )
    Symmetries
    Galilean group

    1 2
    L mX
    2
    Rotations: Boosts:
    X Cos)X + Sin(Y X X - Vt

    R1,R2,R3 [Ri,Rj]=ijkRk K1,K2,K3 [Ki,Kj]=

    Translations:
    XX+a
    P1,P2,P3 [Pi,Pj]=0
    Relativistic particle

    X
    2

    m F
    2


    L mc X X V ( X )

    x X()

    y
    t
    Symmetries
    Poincare group
    +Diffeomorphism


    L mc X X
    Rotations: Boosts:
    X Cos)X + Sin(Y X X Vt)

    R1,R2,R3 [Ri,Rj]=ijkRk K1,K2,K3 [Ki,Kj]= ijkKk

    Translations: Diffeomorphism:
    XX+a f()
    P1,P2,P3 [Pi,Pj]=0
    Free string
    Free particle: Free string:
    1
    L mc X X L Det (h)
    2 '
    1
    S mc XX (

    X,)
    (, )) S
    d
    , Det (h) dd
    2 '
    S dl S dA
    t

    2 X 1 2 X
    2 2
    y
    X X v X X
    2

    x h



    X X X X
    Symmetries
    Poincare group
    +Diffeomorphism
    +Weyl

    Rotations
    Translations
    1
    Boosts L Det (h)
    Diffeomorphism 2 '
    Weyl
    Quantum String
    (light cone gauge)


    X (,)
    <X (,)>

    a sin( k n ( v ) n ) n sin k n ( v ) n

    n a

    E <E>

    J <J>


    X
    2
    1 X2
    2
    2
    v 2
    String theory

    Tachyon Tachyon

    Photon
    Graviton

    Massive particle
    a112|0>
    b|0> |0> or a1a1|0>

    M222 a
    M a112|0>
    b|0> =
    == 0
    = -1
    |0>
    |0> 01
    S b 1|0>
    2
    S2 a |0> ==0 2
    1
    Quantum String
    (light cone gauge)

    [Pi,Pj]=0 [Ji,H]=0
    D2
    [Pi,H]=0 [Ki,Kj]=ifijkJk C 1
    24
    [Ji,Jj]=ifijkJk [Ki,Pj]=-iHij

    [Ji,Pj]=ifijkPk [Ji,Kj]=ifijkKk

    [H,H]=0 [Ki,H]=-iPi
    Gauge symmetries
    Maxwell equations Gauge symmetries

    E 4
    A A
    B 0 Gauge fixing
    1 B A 0
    E 0 (Lorentz gauge)
    c t
    4 A 0 (Coulomb gauge)
    B J
    c
    String equations Gauge fixing

    X
    2
    1 X 2
    2 X0+X1= (Light cone gauge)
    2
    v 2
    Anomalies
    Feynmans approach:

    SS = S
    ~ t=tf

    x x f
    i tf
    x f , tt=tf 0


    xi , ti Exp L( x(t ), t )dt
    x x0
    t 0
    Dx(t )

    ?
    Dx(t)Dx(t) = Dx(t)
    String theory

    String theory is a consistent theory of


    gravitons.

    The dimension of space time is fixed by a


    quantum anomaly.
    D=26
    Possibilities
    String theory is incorrect.

    26 (10) dimensions

    ???
    Fin

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