Classification Scheme for Resolving Facility Layout Problems

Ma{instvo 3(8), 143 152, (2004) M.[abi}: KLASIFIKACIONA [EMA METODA...
KLASIFIKACIONA [EMA METODA ZA RJE[AVANJE

PROBLEMA LAYOUTA
Mr Muharem [abi}, dipl. in`. ma{.; Ministry of Defence of Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Hamdije Kre{evljakovi}a 98, Sarajevo
REZIME
Raspodjela prostora u cilju pobolj{anja produktivnosti i efikasnosti ve} dugo je va`na u mnogim
slu~ajevima kao {to je raspodjela elemenata fabrika, prostornih struktura odràvanja i skladi{ta. Po{to
danas postoje mnoge metode i razvijeni softveri javlja se potreba za njihovom klasifikacijom kako bi
layout planeri i inìnjeri mogli izabrati odgovaraju}u metodu za traènje optimalnog rje{enja za
pojedina~ne i vi{estruke prostorne layout probleme. Postoje razli~iti pristupi za generisanje rje{enja
layout problema i za velike probleme koje je te{ko rje{avati egzaktnim kompjuterskim softverima
potrebno je razvijati suboptimalna rje{enja. Zato je va`no postaviti kriterije pomo}u kojih se moè
mjeriti kvalitet razli~itih rje{enja. Prezentiran je jedan stvarni problem koji predstavlja pojedina~ni layout
problem sa normiranim pravougaonim rastojanjima.
Klju~ne rije~i: metode problema layouta, klasifikaciona {ema, globalni minimum, optimalno rje{enje
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME OF METHODS FOR

RESOLVING FACILITY LAYOUT PROBLEMS
M.Sc. Muharem [abi}, B.Sc. Mech. Eng.; Ministry of Defence of Federation of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hamdije Kre{evljakovi}a 98, Sarajevo
SUMMARY
The importance of space allocation in contributing to productivity and efficiency has long been
recognized in many contexts, such as factories offices, maintenance facilities and warehouses.
Because of many existing methods and software, there is a need for their classification so that
layout planners and engineers can choose the suitable ones in searching for the optimal solution of
single and multiple floor facility layout problem. There are various approaches to generate solutions
for the facility layout problem and suboptimal solutions need to be considered for large layout
problems since optimal algorithms are computationally infeasible. Therefore, it is important to set
criteria to measure the quality of various solutions. An example is presented to illustrate weighted
rectangular minisum problem.
Keywords: facility layout methods, classification scheme, global minimum, optimal solutions
1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
Lociranje nove pojedina~ne prosotrne jedinice je Locating a single new facility is the problem of
problem minimizacije funkcije cilja koja naj~e{}e minimizing an objective function involving Euclidian
uklju~uje Euklidsko ili pravougaono rastojanje or rectilinear distances between the new facility
izme|u nove i skupa ve} postoje}ih prosotornih and collection of existing facilities having known
jedinica. Naj~e{}e kori{tena funkcija cilja je planar locations. The most used objective function
ukupno pre|eni put ili ukupni tro{kovi unutra{njeg is total travel distance or total travel cost. These
transporta. Ovi problemi su uobi~ajeni kod rada na problems occur on regular basis when working on
problemima layouta ( npr. lociranje nove ma{ine u layout problems (e.g. locating a machine in a
nekoj postoje}oj radionici ili lociranje novog shop or items inside warehouse).
elementa unutar skladi{ta).
- 143 -
Problem lociranja vi{e prostornih jedinica u ve} Multifacility location problems differ from the
postoje}u strukturu od pojedina~nog razlikuje se u previous one in two important respects:
najmanje dva va`na aspekta:
- at least two new facilities are being located
- lociraju se najmanje dvije nove prostorne and
jedinice i - involved costs are proportional to distances
- tro{kovi transporta izme|u parova novih between some pairs of new facilities.
prosotrnih jedinica su proporcionalni
njihovom rastojanju In reality it is not easy just to take proposed
model and apply it to a particular layout problem.
U stvarnosti preporu~eni model nije dovoljno uzeti Having the most realistic model is of little value if
i primjeniti na neki layout problem. Postojanje i the model is computationally intractable. Further,
najrealisti~nijeg modela je od male vrijednosti ako the more realistic the model is, the more
on nije kompjuterski obradljiv. S druge strane ako expensive it may be to construct and to obtain
je model vi{e realniji moè biti skuplji za izvo|enje the data for it. Sometimes it is good to have a
i obezbije|enje potrebnih podataka. Ponekad je simple model so that a builder can explain the
bolje imati jednostavniji model koji je lak{e pribliìti model to a client, who may want to have quality
naru~iocu koji èli njegovo kvalitativno insight into it, consistent with the clients
razumijevanje koje je koeizistentno sa njegovim experience. Today, there are huge numbers of
iskustvom. Danas postoji veliki broj razvijenih applicable methods and softwares and their
primjenljivih metoda i softvera i njihova klasicikacija classification into major groups allow designers
u glavne grupe omogu}ava dizajnerima lak{i izbor proper choice for particular problem.
odgovaraju}e metode za neki problem.
Ravanski modeli lociranja principijelno imaju Planar location models are principally of value for
vrijednost zbog toga {to daju razumijevanje the insight they provide, and the simplicity of their
problema i jednostavni su za primjenu, vi{e nego construction and use, rather than accuracy with
{to daju ta~na rje{enja za nominovane probleme. which they represent the problems of interest.
Vi{e sofisticirani modeli omogu}avaju analizu More sophisticated models allow sensitivity
osjetljivosti {to je od velike va`nosti za razumijevanje analysis, which is of major importance in gaining
problema i sticanje povjerenja u model. insight into the problem and gaining confidence in
Kroz rje{avanje realnog problema (lociranje nove the model.
ma{ine u radionici sa pet postoje}ih ma{ina) sa By resolving a real problem (locating a new
pravougaonim rastojanjima kroz matemati~ku analizu machine in a shop with five existing machines)
pokazano je egzistiranje optimalnih rje{enja. with rectangular distances by math analysis the
existence of optimal solutions has been shown.
2. KLASIFIKACIONA [EMA 2. CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR

PROBLEMA LOCIRANJA LOCATION PROBLEMS
Pozicija 1 / Pozicija 2 / Pozicija 3 / Pozicija 4 / Position 1 / Position 2 / Position 3 / Position 4 /

Pozicija 5 Position 5
Pozicija 1: Broj novih prostornih jedinica koje treba Position 1: The number of new facilities to be
locirati located
Pozicija 2: Prostor lociranja Position 2: The space in which facilities are located
P ravanska lokacija, nove prostorne jedinice P planar location, new facility locations are
su ta~ke u ravni points in the plane
D diskretna lokacija, nove prostorne jedinice D discrete location, new facility locations occur
se nalaze u specificiranim ta~kama at specified points
N mre`ne lokacije, nove prostorne jedinice su N network location, new facilities are points on
ta~ke u nekoj mreì a network
Pozicija 3: Specijalni slu~ajevi problema lokacije Position 3: Special Cases of Location problems
R nove prostorne jedinice su ograni~ene u R new locations are restricted to occur in
definisana podru~ja specific areas
Wi normirana rastojanja Wi weighted distances
- 144 -
Pozicija 4. Kori{tena funkcija rastojanja Position 4. the distance function used

L2 Euklidsko rastojanje L2 Euclidean distance
L1 Pravougaono rastojanje L1 Rectangular distance
l êbi~ijevo rastojanje l Tchebyshev distance
lp "lp " rastojanje lp "lp distance"
Pozicija 5: Specificira vrstu funkcije cilja Position 5: Specifies the type of objective function
S - suma funkcija rastojanja tzv. "median" or S - sum of functions of distance, often
"minimum" problem called "median" or "minisum" problems
max maksimum funkcije rastojanja tzv. max - maximum of functions of distance,
"centralni" ili "minimax" problem called "center" or "minimax" problems
Uop{teni Fermatov problem je: 1 / P / wi / l2 / The generalized Fermat problem is: 1 / P / wi / l2 /
3. POJEDINA^NI RAVANSKI 3. PLANAR SINGLE-FACILITY

PROBLEMI LOCIRANJA LOCATION PROBLEMS
3.1. Problem minimuma sa normiranim 3.1 The weighted rectangular distance

pravougaonim rastojanjem: 1/P/wi/l1/ minisum problem: 1 / P / wi / l1 /
Date su razli~ite ta~ke Pi=(ai,bi) u ravni, i The distinct points Pi=(ai,bi) in the plane, and
pozitivne teìne wi, for i = 1, . . . n. Problem je positive weights wi, for i = 1, . . . n are given.
na}i ta~ke X = (x, y) koje mimimiziraju sumu The problem is to find the points X = (x, y) that
normiranih rastojanja od X do datih ta~aka. minimize the weighted sum of the rectangular
Defini{emo funkciju f(X) sa distances from X to the given points. The function
n f(X) is defined by
f ( X ) = wi l1 ( X , Pi ) , (1) n
i =1 f ( X ) = wi l1 ( X , Pi ) , (1)
gdje je i =1
where
l1 ( X , Pi ) = x ai + y bi , (2) l1 ( X , Pi ) = x ai + y bi (2)
pravougaono rastojanje od X do Pi. Cilj je is the rectangular distance from X to Pi. The
minimizacija f(X). problem is to minimize f(X).
Daljim razvojem dobijamo By further developing of the equation we get
f ( X ) = w i ( x a i + y bi ) = w i x a i + w i y bi
n n n
. (3)
i =1 i =1 i =1
Defini{u}i By defining
n n
f1 (x ) = w i x ai i f2 (y ) = w i y bi . (4)
i =1 i =1
Rje{enja X* problema minimuma f(X) mogu se Then solutions X* to the problem min f(X) may be
obezbjediti rje{avanjem odvojenih problema: min f1(x) obtained by solving the independent problems: min f1(x)
za x* i min f2(y) za y* i uzimaju}i X* = (x*, y*). for x* and min f2(y) for y* and taking X*=(x*, y*).
n Let us consider the problem min
Razmotrimo problem min f1 (x ) = w i x ai . n
i =1 f1 (x ) = w i x ai .
i =1
- 145 -
Pretpostavimo da skup {ai, i = 1,. . ,n} prvih Let us assume the set {ai, i = 1,. . ,n} of the
koordinata postoje}ih prostornih jedinica sadrì k existing facility first coordinates contains k n of
n razli~itih vrijednosti. Ozna~avamo k razli~itih distinct
vrijednosti kao ar i poredamo ih tako da je a1 < values. Let us rename the k distinct values as ar
a2 < . . < ak. and order them so that a1 < a2 < . . < ak.
Defini{emo s(r) = { i : ai = ar } i Let us define s(r) = { i : ai = ar } and
wr = w
i s (r )
i . wr = w
i s (r )
i .
Tada je Then
n k n k
f1 (x ) = w i x ai = w r x ar (5) f1 (x ) = w i x ai = w r x ar . (5)
i =1 r =1 i =1 r =1
Onda je za bilo koji x [a1 , ak ] i bilo koji Observe that for any x [a1 , ak ] and any
x [a1 , ak ]

, f1(x) > f1(x*) tako da optimalna x [a1 , ak ]

, f1(x) > f1(x*) so that all optimal
rje{enja leè u intervalu [a1, ak]. solutions lie in the interval [a1, ak].
Primjer: Pet postoje}ih ma{ina su locirane u nekoj Example: Five existing machines are located in a
radionici u sljede}e ta~ke: P1 = (3, 5), P2 = (4, shop as follows:P1 = (3, 5), P2 = (4, 2), P3=
2), P3= (4, 6), P4 = (6, 3), i P5 = (8, 5) (slika (4, 6), P4 = (6, 3), and P5 = (8, 5) (Figure 1). It
1). Potrebno je locirati jednu novu ma{inu u is desired to locate one new machine with
odnosu na postoje}e. Putevi unutra{njeg transporta respect to the existing machines. Travel between
postavljeni su du` strukture pravougaonih machines is along a rectilinear aisle structure. The
rastojanja. Broj komada koje traba transportovati amount of item movement between the new facility
izme|u postoje}ih i nove ma{ine je w1 = 2, w2 and each existing machine is given as w1 = 2,
= 1, w3 = 3, w4 = 3, i w5 = 3. Gdje treba w2 = 1, w3 = 3, w4 = 3, and w5 = 3. Where
locirati novu ma{inu da put transportnog sredstva should the new facility be located to minimize the
bude minimalan? travel distance?
y
P3 (4,6)
[3]
[3] 6
P5 (8,5)
[3]
P1 (3,5)
[5] 5 [2]
Optimalno mjesto za novu
mainu - Optimal solution for
a new machine
[3] 3
P4 (6,3)
[3]
[1] 2 P2 (4,2)
[1]
x
3 4 6 [3] 8
[2] [4] [3]
Slika 1: Centri postoje}ih ma{ina i optimalno mjesto za novu ma{inu
Figure 1: Centroids of existing machines and optimal solution for a new machine
- 146 -
Za f1(x), k = 4, a1 = 2 , a2 = 4 , a3 = 6 , a4 For f1(x), k = 4, a1 = 2 , a2 = 4 , a3 = 6 , a4

= 7 i w1 = 1, w2 = 4, w3 = 3 and w4 = 2. = 7 and w1 = 1, w2 = 4, w3 = 3 and w4 = 2.
Tako je Thus
f1(x) = |x 2| + 4|x 4| + 3|x 6| + 2|x 7|. f1(x) = |x 2| + 4|x 4| + 3|x 6| + 2|x 7|.
Funkcija f1(x) = |x 2| + 4|x 4| + 3|x 6| + 2|x 7| je The function f1(x) = |x 2| + 4|x 4| + 3|x 6| + 2|x 7|
pokazana na slici 2. is shown in Figure 2.
f(x)
50
32
28
20
x
3 4 6 8
[2] [4] [3] [3]
Slika 2: Funkcija cilja za x osu

Figure 2: Objective function for x axis
Za traènje minimuma funkcije f1(x) koriste se To find a minimum solution to f1(x), we apply
metode minimizacije. Kriti~ne ta~ke f1(x) su ta~ke standard minimization techniques. The critical
gdje je prvi izvod f1(x) jednak nuli , i ta~ke gdje points of f1(x) are the points where the derivative
f1 (x) nema izvoda. of f1(x) is zero, and the points where f1 (x) has
no derivative.
Funkcija f1(x) je diferencijabilna za sve x ar ,
r= 1, . . . , k. Observe that the function f1(x) is differentiable for
all x ar , r = 1, . . . , k.
Pretpostavimo da je ap < x < ap+1 i p = 1, . Let us assume that ap < x < ap+1 for some p
. , k1. Tada se f1(x) moè napisati kao: = 1, . . , k1. Then f1(x) may be written as:
p k p k
f1 (x ) = w r (x ar ) + w r (ar x ) , (6) f1 (x ) = w r (x ar ) + w (a r r x) , (6)
r =1 r = p +1 r =1 r = p +1
koja pokazuje de je f1(x) djelimi~no linearna. Prvi which shows that f1(x) is piecewise linear. The
izvod f1(x) je dat izrazom derivative of f1(x) is given by
p k p k
f ' 1 (x ) = w r wr . (7) f ' 1 (x ) = w r w r . (7)
r =1 r = p +1 r =1 r = p +1
Thus x is a critical point if ap < x < ap+1 and
x je kriti~na ta~ka ako je ap < x < ap+1 i p k
p k f'1(x) = 0, i.e. w = w
wi = wi
i i
f'1(x) = 0, t.j. . i =1 i = p +1
i =1 i = p +1
- 147 -
Po{to je f1(x) konveksna funkcija, a ta~ka x takva Since f1(x) is convex, a point x such that f'1(x) =
da je f'1(x) = 0 to je istovremeno globalni 0 is a global minimum.
minimum. Vidljivo je da f1(x) nije diferencijabilna u Observe that f1(x) is not differentiable at the points
ta~kama ar, r = 1, . . . , k. Stoga su ta~ke ar, r ar, r = 1, . . . , k. Thus the points ar,
= 1, . . . , k, kriti~ne ta~ke. Kriti~na ta~ka ap je r = 1, . . . , k, are critical points. The critical
ta~ka minimuma ako je f1(x) nerastu}a, t.j., f'1(x) point ap is a minimum point if f1(x) is
0, za x < ap, i ako je f1(x) neopadaju}a, t.j., nonincreasing, i.e., f'1(x) 0, for x < ap, and if
f'1(x)0, za x > ap. f1(x) is nondecreasing, i.e., f'1(x)0, for x > ap.
That is, if
To je slu~aj, ako je
p 1 k p k
f ' 1 (x ) = w r w r 0 i f ' 1 (x ) = w r w r 0. (8)
r =1 r =p r =1 r = p +1
p 1 p 1
Koristi se konvencija da je w
r =1
r =0 ako je Here we use the convention that w
r =1
r =0 if
k k
p=1, i wr = 0
r = p +1
ako je p=k. p=1, and w
r = p +1
r =0 if p=k.
Zaklju~uje se, ako je za neke ta~ke p = 1, . ., k, In summary, if for some p = 1, . . . , k,
p 1 k p 1 k
wr wr < 0
r =1 r =p
i wr wr < 0
r =1 r =p
and
p k p k
wr
r =1
wr > 0 ,
r = p +1
(9) wr
r =1
w
r = p +1
r >0 (9)
onda je ap globalni minimum, ili then ap is a unique minimum point, or

p k p k
w
r =1
r w
r = p +1
r =0, tada su ta~ke x takve da wr =1
r w
r = p +1
r =0, then all x are such that
su ap x ap+1 ta~ke minimuma. ap x ap+1 are minimum points.
Za f1(x) u primjeru, izaberemo p = 2, i vidimo da For f1(x) in the expample, choose p = 2, and
p k p k
je wr
r =1
wr = 5 5 = 0 .
r = p +1
observe that wr
r =1
w
r = p +1
r = 5 5 = 0.
Tako slijedi da je svako x iz intervala 4 x 6 Thus each x from the interval 4 x 6 is

optimalno rje{enje. optimal solution. The same approach is used for
Isti pristup se koristi I za min n
n the subproblem min f2 (y ) = w i y bi .
f2 (y ) = w i y bi . i =1
i =1 Let us assume that the set {bi, i = 1,. . ,n} of
Pretpostavimo da skup {bi, i = 1,. . ,n} drugih existing facility second coordinates contains l n
koordinata postoje}ih prostornih jedinica sadrì l distinct
n razli~itih vrijednosti. Ozna~avamo l razli~itih values. We rename the l distinct values as bj and
vrijednosti kao bj i poredamo ih tako da je b1 < order them so that b1 < b2 < . . < bl .
b2 < . .< bl. Let us define s(j) = { i : bi = bj } and define
Defini{emo s(j) = { i : bi = bj } i wl = w
is (l )
l . wl = w
is (l )
l .
Tada je Then
n l
f2 (y ) = w i x bi = w l x bl . (10)
i =1 j =1
- 148 -
Za f2(y), l = 4, b1 = 1, b2 = 3, b3 = 5, b4 = 7 For f2(y), l = 4, b1 = 1, b2 = 3, b3 = 5, b4 =

i w1 = 1, w2 = 3, w3 = 3 i w4 = 3. 7 and w1 = 1, w2 = 3, w3 = 3 and w4 = 3.
Tada je f2(y) = |y 1| + 3|y 3| + 3|y 5| + 3|y 7|. Thus f2(y) = |y 1| + 3|y 3| + 3|y 5| + 3|y 7|.
Funkcija f2(y) = |y 1| + 3|y 3| + 3|y 5| + 3|y 7| je The function f2(y) = |y 1| + 3|y 3| + 3|y 5| + 3|y 7|
pokazana na slici 3. is shown in Figure 3.
f(y)
40
30
20
10
y
2 3 5 6
[1] [3] [5] [3]
Slika 3: Funkcija cilja za y osu

Figure 3: Objective function for y axis
Uslovi optimalnog rje{enja su dati kako slijedi. Za The optimality conditions are given as follows. For
p = 1, . . . , l, p = 1, . . . , l:
ako je If
p 1 l p l p 1 l p l
w wl l <0 i w l w l >0 (11) w l w l < 0 and

j =1 j =p
wl
j =1
w
j = p +1
l > 0 , (11)
j =1 j =p j =1 j = p +1
Tada je bp jedinstvena ta~ka minimuma. then bp is a unique minimum point.
Ako je If
p l
w w
p l
w
j =1
l w
j = p +1
l =0 (12)
j =1
l
j = p +1
l =0, (12)
Onda je svako y takvo da je b y bp+1 ta~ka then all y such that b y bp+1 are minimum
minimuma. points.
Za f2(y) iz primjera, izaberemo p = 3, i vidimo da For f2(y) in the example problem, choose p = 3,
je and observe that
p 1 p 1 l
wl wl = 4 6 < 0
l
w w
j =1
l
j =p
l = 4 6 < 0 i
j =1 j =p
and
p l
wl w
p l
w
j =1
l w
j = p +1
l =7 3 > 0 .
j =1 j = p +1
l =7 3 > 0 .
Tako slijedi da je y = b3 = 5 je globalni Thus y = b3 = 5 is a unique optimal solution.

minimum i optimalno rje{enje. Skup optimalnih Thus the set of optimal solutions to min f(X) is {
rje{enja za minimum f(X) je { X = (x, y) : x X = (x, y) : x [4, 6] and y = 5 } and is
[4, 6] i y = 5 } i pokazan je boldiranom linijom represented by the bold line in Figure 1.
na slici 1.
- 149 -
3.2. Problem minimuma sa normiranim 3.2. The weighted, squared Euclidean

Euklidskim rastojanjem: 1/P/wi/l22/ distance minisum problem: 1/P/wi/l22/
Date su razli~ite ta~ke Pi = (ai,bi) u ravni, i Given distinct points Pi = (ai,bi) in the plane, and
pozitivne teìne wi, for i = 1, . . . n. Problem je positive weights wi, for i = 1, . . . n.
traènje ta~ke X = (x, y) koja minimizira normiranu The problem is to find a point X = (x, y) that
sumu kvadratnih Euklidskih rastojanja od X do minimizes the weighted sum of the squared
datih ta~aka. Defini{emo funkciju f(X) sa Euclidean distances from X to the given points.
n Let us define the function f(X) by
f ( X ) = w i [d ( X , Pi )] , (13) n
i =1 f ( X ) = wi [d ( X , Pi )] , (13)
i =1
gdje je where
[d ( X ,P1 )] = (x a1 )2 + (y b1 )2 . (14) [d ( X ,P1 )] = (x a1 )2 + (y b1 )2 . (14)
Problem je minimizacija funkcije f(X). Ovaj problem The problem is to minimize f(X). This problem has
ima zatvorenu formu rje{enja koja proizilazi iz a closed form solution that is obtained from the
uslova optimalnosti prvog reda. the first order conditions for optimality.
f n
f n
= 2 w i (x a i ) = 0 i = 2 w i (x a i ) = 0 and
x i =1 x i =1
f n
f n
= 2 w i (y bi ) = 0 (15) = 2 w i (y bi ) = 0 (15)
y i =1 y i =1
Rje{avanjem x i y dobijamo: Solving for x and y we get:

n n n n
w i ai w i bi w i ai w b i i
x= i =1
n
i y= i =1
n
(16) x= i =1
n
and y= i =1
n
(16)
w
i =1
i w
i =1
i w
i =1
i w
i =1
i
3.3. Pojedina~ni problem medijane sa 3.3 The one facility median problem
êbi~ijevim rastojanjima: 1/P/wi/l/ with Tschebychev distance: 1/P/wi/l/
Date su razli~ite ta~ke Pi = (ai,bi) u ravni, i The distinct points Pi = (ai, bi) in the plane, and
pozitivne teìne wi, for i = 1, . . . n. Problem je positive weights wi, for i = 1, . . . n are given. The
traènje ta~ke X = (x, y) koja minimizira normiranu problem is to find a point X = (x, y) that minimizes
sumu êbi~ijevih rastojanja od X do datih ta~aka. the weighted sum of the Tschebychev distances from
Defini{emo funkciju f(X) sa X to the given points. Let us define the function f(X)
n by
f ( X ) = wi l ( X , Pi ) , (17) n
i =1 f ( X ) = wi l ( X , Pi ) , (17)
i =1
gdje je
l ( X , Pi ) = max{ x ai , y bi }. (18) where
l ( X , Pi ) = max{ x ai , y bi }. (18)
Problem je minimizacija funkcije f(X). Prilaz ovom
problemu je transformacija êbi~ijevih rastojanja u The problem is to minimize f(X). The approach to
pravougaona i onda rej{avanje u tom obliku. this problem is to transform the Tschebychev
distance into the rectilinear distance.
- 150 -
3.4. Pojedina~ni problem minimuma sa 3.4. The one facility minisum problem
lp rastojanjima: 1 / P / wi / lp / with lp distance: 1 / P / wi / lp /
Date su razli~ite ta~ke Pi = (ai,bi) u ravni, i Given distinct points Pi = (ai, bi) in the plane, and
pozitivne teìne wi, za i = 1, . . . n. Problem je positive weights wi, for i = 1, . . . n. The problem
traènje ta~ke X = (x, y) koja minimizira normiranu is to find a point X = (x, y) that minimizes the
sumu lp rastojanja od X do datih ta~aka. weighted sum of the lp distances from X to the
Defini{emo funkciju f(X) sa given points. Define the function f(X) by
n n
f ( X ) = wi l p ( X , Pi ) , (19) f ( X ) = wi l p ( X , Pi ) , (19)
i =1 i =1
gdje je where
[
l p ( X , Pi ) = x ai + y bi
p
]
p 1 p
(20) [
l p ( X , Pi ) = x ai + y bi
p
]
p 1 p
. (20)
Problem je minimizacija funkcije f(X). Ako izaberemo The problem is to minimize f(X). Observe that for
p=2, lp je kvadratno Euklidsko rastojanje, i za p=1 p=2, lp is the Euclidean distance, and for p=1 l1
l1 je pravougaono rastojanje. Tako|e, is rectengular distance. Also, lim p l p = l
lim p l p = l daje êbi~ijevo rastojanje.
gives the Tschebbychev distance.
4. VI[ESTRUKE LOKACIJE SA 4. MULTIFACILITY LOCATION WITH

PRAVOUGAONIM RASTOJANJIMA: RECTANGULAR DISTANCE:
M / P / wi / l1 / M / P / wi / l1 /
Problem je lociranje nekoliko novih prostornih The problem is to locate several new facilities with
jedinica u odnosu na dati skup postoje}ih respect to a given set of existing facilities and
prostornih jedinica istovremeno uvaàvaju}i njihov with respect to other new facilities, so as to
me|usobni odnos, tako da se minimizira ukupno minimize the total weighted distance between pairs
normirano rastojanje izme|u njih. of new facilities and between pairs of new and
Izaberemo Pi = (ai, bi) i = 1, . . , n ta~aka u the existing facilities.
prostoru Rn. Neka Xj = (xj, yj), j = 1, . . , m Let Pi = (ai, bi) i = 1, . . , n be given points
ozna~avaju m novih prostornih jedinica koje treba in Rn. Let Xj = (xj, yj), j = 1, . . , m denote
locirati. the m new facilities to be located.
Neka su wji nenegativne vrijednosti teìna vezanih Let wji be a nonnegative weight associated with
sa rastojanjima svakog Xj i Pi za i = 1, . the distance between each Xj and Pi for i
. , n i j = 1, . . , m. Neka su vjk nenegativne = 1, . . , n and j = 1, . . , m. Let vjk be a
vrijednosti teìna vezanih sa rastojanjima svakog Xj nonnegative weight associated with the distance
i Xk za 1 j< k m. Tada se problem lociranja between each Xj and Xk for 1 j< k m. Then
vi{estrukih prostornih jedinica sa pravougaonim the multifacility medium location problem with
rastojanjima moè napisati u obliku: rectangular distance can be stated as:
( ) w (x ).
n m
f (X ) = v jk x j xk + y j yk + ji j ai + y j bi (21)
1 j < k m i =1 1= j
Tada svaka od m novih prostornih jedinica koja Thus each of the m new facilities is to be located
treba biti locirana u odnosu na n postoje}ih i with respect to the n existing facilities and
tako|e u odnosu jedne na drugu. Lociranje neke also with respect to the other new facilities. The
Xj moè zavisiti od lokacije od nekih Xk zbog location of Xj may depend on the location of
njihovog odnosa definisanog kroz vjk. some point Xk because of the terms involving vjk.
Nove prostone jedinice Xj i Xk su povezane ako je New facility locations Xj and Xk are said to be
vjk je pozitivna vrijednost i nisu povezane ako je linked if vjk is positive and not linked if vjk is zero.
vrijednost vjk jednaka nuli. Pretpostavlja se da je It is assumed that each new facility location Xj is
svaka nova prostorna lokacija Xj povezana sa linked with at least one other new facility location,
najmanje jednom novom, u suprotnom lokacija Xj otherwise the location of Xj could be determined
moè se razmatrati nezavisno kao zaseban problem. independently of the other new facility locations by
considering a separate problem.
- 151 -
Nove prostone jedinice Xj i postoje}e Xk su New facility location Xj and the existing facility
povezane ako je wji je pozitivna vrijednost i nisu location Pi are said to be linked if wji is positive
povezane ako je vrijednost wji jednaka nuli. Ako and not linked if wji is zero. If a new facility Xj is
neka nova prostorna jedinica Xj nije povezana sa not linked to any existing facility, then it must be
bilo kojom postoje}om, tada mora biti povezana sa linked to some new facility that is linked to some
nekom novom koja je povezana sa nekom od existing facility.
postoje}ih prostornih jedinica. Otherwise, the set of all new facilities that are not
U suprotnom, skup svih novih prostornih jedinica linked to any existing facility can be located at a
koje nisu povezane sa bilo kojom od postoje}ih common point anywhere. Henceforth, we assume
moè se locirati u zajedni~ku ta~ku bilo gdje. the multifacility location problem is well formulated
Nadalje, pretpostavlja se da je vi{estruki problem with respect to facilities being linked to one
lociranja dobro formulisan ako su prostorne another. These assumptions imply that an optimal
jedinice povezane. Ove pretpostavke impliciraju da solution exists. For convenience of presentation,
postoji optimalno rje{enje. Pretpostavlja se da su we assume all the wji and all the vjk are positive.
sve vridnosti wji i vjk pozitivne.
The multifacility medium location problem with
Problem vi{estrukog lociranja sa pravougaonim rectangular distance can be separated into
rastojanjima moè se razdvojiti na zasebne independent subproblems in the variables xj and in
subprobleme sa varijablama xj i yj. Ti subproblemi the variables yj. These subproblems are:
su:
( ) w (x )
n m
f1 ( X ) = v jk x j xk + ji j ai (22)
1 j < k m i =1 1= j
( ) w (y )
n m
f 2 (Y ) = v jk y j yk + ji j bi (23)
1 j < k m i =1 1= j
5. ZAKLJUÂK 5. CONCLUSION
Dobro izabran layout koji odgovara proizvodnoj A good layout well suited to the manufacturing
filozofiji je fundamentalna polazna ta~ka za neki philosophy is the fundamental starting point for
proizvodni sistem. Sa klasificiranim softverskim total production system design. With classified
alatima i metodama koje su dostupne danas, software tools and methods now available, layout
layout dizajn moè se kreirati znatno brè sa designs can be created in much less time with
u{tedama u tokovima materijala i kra}im vremenima greater reductions in material flow and shorter
proizvodnje. Dobijanje optimalnog layouta nekog production times. Achievement of the optimal
problema podrazumijeva da je za njegovo layout of a problem means that suitable method is
rje{avanje izabrana odgovaraju}a metoda i da je chosen and its adaptability to particular layout
ona dobro adaptabilna za isti problem. problem is high.
6. LITERATURA REFERENCES
[1] Bozer Y.A., Meller R.D., Erlebacher S.J.: An [3] Kochar J.S, Heragu S.S: Facility Layout in a
Improvement-type Layout Algorithm for Single Changing Enviroment, International Journal of
and Multiple-floor Facilities, Management Production Research 37 (1999), 2429-2446;
Science 40 (1994), 918-932;
[4] Sly D, Grajo E, Montrenil B.: Layout Design
[2] Chien-Wen C., D.Y. Sha: A new approach to and Analysis Software, Industrial Engineering
the multiple objective facility layout Solutions 28 (1996), 18-25.
problem, Integrated Manufacturing Systems
12/1 (2001), 59-66;
- 152 -
Ma{instvo 3(8), 153 166, (2004) S.Bali},...: PRORAÛN I DIZAJN AUTOMOBILSKIH...
PRORAÛN I DIZAJN AUTOMOBILSKIH TURBOPUMPI

ZA VODU PRIMJENOM NUMERI^KIH ANALIZA
CIJELOG PROTO^NOG TRAKTA
Doc. dr. Senad Bali}, dipl. ing., Ma{inski fakultet u Zenici, Univerzitet u Zenici,
Zenica, Bosna i Hercegovina
Prof. dr. Joè Duhovnik, dipl. ing., Fakulteta za strojni{tvo, Univerza v Ljubljani ,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
REZIME
U radu je definisana metoda prora~una i dizajna centrifugalnih turbopumpi u cirkulacionim sistemima
za hla|enje automobilskih motora. Bazirana je na primjeni CAD tehnologija za oblikovanje elemenata
turbopumpi i za generiranje numeri~kih mreà, te CFD tehnologija (baziranih na metodi kona~nih
volumena) za numeri~ke analize strujanja radnog fluida u elementima ovih pumpi. Namijenjena je za
inènjerske i razvojne poslove prora~una i dizajna pomenutih centrifugalnih turbopumpi u cirkulacionim
sistemima hla|enja automobilskih motora, u fazi prije ispitivanja prototipa na opitnim postrojenjima.
Kod numeri~kih prora~una prvi put je na modelima automobilskih turbopumpi primijenjen egzaktan
postupak prora~una, s rotiranjem radnog kola, kori{tenjem pokretnih mreà. Finalni prora~uni
realizovani su na modelu cijelog proto~nog trakta izabrane automobilske turbopumpe.
Metoda je prakti~no primijenjena i potvr|ena rezultatima eksperimentalnih ispitivanja izabranih modela
automobilskih turbopumpi.
Klju~ne rije~i: automobilska turbopumpa za vodu, numeri~ka simulacija toka, metod kona~nih
volumena, pokretne mreè.
DESIGN OF AUTOMOTIVE WATER TURBOPUMPS BY

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ENTIRE FLOWING TRACT
Ass. Prof. Dr. Senad Bali}, B. Sc. Mech. Eng, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in
Zenica, University of Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Prof. Dr. Joè Duhovnik, B. Sc. Mech. Eng, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
SUMMARY
Method of calculation and water turbopump design in the automotive engine circulation cooling system
is defined in this work. It is based on the CAD technologys application for turbopump elements forming
and for numerical grid generation, as well as on CFD technology (based on finite volume method) for
numerical analyses of the fluid circulation in the elements of these pumps. It is intended for engineering
and developing works of calculation and water turbopump design in the automotive engine circulation
cooling system, in the phase before examination of the prototypes on the experimental equipments.
In the numerical calculations, exact calculation has been applied for the first time on the automotive
turbopumps, with rotation of impeller, using of moving grids. The final calculations are realized on
the whole flowing tract model of chosen automotive turbopump.
Method was practically applied and confirmed by results of experiments on chosen models of
automotive turbopumps.
Key words: automotive water turbopump, numerical flow simulation, finite volume method,
moving grids.
- 153 -
Kod centrifugalnih turbopumpi, ili op}enito kod Centrifugal turbopumps, or generally turbomachines,
turboma{ina, radi se o sloènim fenomenima have complex phenomena of flow and interaction
strujanja i interakcije fluida i radnih elemenata between fluid and pump working elements, with a
pumpi, s velikim brojem uticajnih faktora razli~itog great number of influence factors with different
karaktera i ~itavim spletom njihovih me|uzavisnih character and number of their mutual dependent
djelovanja. Stalno je prisutno nastojanje da se, u influences. In respect to modern possibilities of
svjetlu mogu}nosti savremenih metoda dizajna, computer aided design, calculations and simulation
prora~una i simulacija podrànih ra~unarom (CAD, (CAD, CFD, FVM, FEM, ) there are constant
CFD, FVM, FEM, ...), defini{u efikasni postupci attempts to define effective procedures by which it
kojima se cijelom problemu dizajna turboma{ina would be possible to look at the whole problem
moè pri}i uz primjenu efikasnih metoda virtualnih of turbo machines design by application of
analiza, s ciljem da se omogu}i ostvarenje effective methods of virtual analysis, with aim to
upotrebljivih rje{enja za {to kra}e vrijeme i uz provide useful solutions as fast and as cheap as
najniè tro{kove. Pri tome se od ovih metoda possible. Besides that, it is expected from the
o~ekuje da odstupanja dobivenih rezulatata od methods that deviations between obtain results and
realnih stanja ne}e prelaziti nivo prihvatljive gre{ke. real states will not excide the level of acceptable
Unato~ pomenutim nastojanjima, uobi~ajena je error.
praksa da se CFD analize strujanja fluida u Despite the mentioned attempts, its a common
centrifugalnim pumpama i kompresorima provode practice to perform CFD (Computational Fluid
primjenom pribli`nih postupaka prora~una, u kojima Dynamics) analysis of fluid flow in the centrifugal
se ima nedopustivo visok stepen razli~itih pumps and compressors using approximate
aproksimacija i pojednostavljenja. To je ili postupak calculations procedures with unacceptable high
prora~una s rotiranjem koordinatnih sistema (The level of different approximations and simplifications.
Multiple Rotating Reference Frames (MRF) model) It is either procedure to perform the calculation
[8], ili se prora~un provodi na modelu jednog with rotation of coordinate systems (The multiple
sprovodnog me|ulopati~nog kanala (ili jednog Rotating Reference Frames (MRF) model) [8], or
segmenta toka od ulaza do izlaza pumpe), uz the calculation is being performed on the model
odgovaraju}e dodavanje parametara rotiraju}eg with one internal flow impellers channel (or on
kretanja radnog kola [3, 6, 9, 11]. one segment of entire flow), with the appropriate
U ovom radu je pokazano da se CFD analize addition of impellers rotational movement
strujanja u turbopumpi mogu i trebaju provoditi parameters [3, 6, 9, 11].
tako da se obuhvati cijeli tok fluida kroz istu, i to This paper presents that CFD analysis of flow in
uz primjenu egzaktnog postupka prora~una, s turbopump can and should be performed in such
rotiranjem radnog kola. Na ovaj na~in se u manner to take into consideration entire flow of
najve}oj mogu}oj mjeri pribliàva realnom strujanju fluid trough it, and that it should be done using
u turbopumpi. Ovaj postupak prora~una na punom exact calculation, with rotation of impeller. This
modelu toka fluida jedne turbopumpe posebno je procedure gives closest approximation of real state
vaàn u finalnim analizama kod dizajna istih [7], in turbopump. This procedure of calculation, on
kada se, pored sagledavanja strujanja fluida, mogu full model of fluid flow in one turbopump, has
egzaktno izra~unati sve radne karakteristike modela special importance in their final design analysis
turbopumpe: protok Q, napor H, op}i napor p, [7], when, beside getting overview of fluid flow, all
stepen iskori{tenja , odrediti rezultuju}a radijalna work characteristics of turbopump model can be
sila Fr na fiktivnom radnom kolu, te konstruisati exactly calculated: flow Q, effort H, general effort
odgovaraju}e Q-p krive. p, efficiency factor , resulting radial force Fr and
Kao opitni model, na osnovu kojeg su generirani torque Mz on fictive impeller, and also appropriate
virtualni modeli i realizovani numeri~ki prora~uni, Q-p curves can be constructed.
izabrana je jedna automobilska turbopumpa s As an experimental model, based on which virtual
otvorenim radijalnim radnim kolom s cilindri~nim models were generated and numerical calculations
lopaticama. Ova pumpa se ugra|uje u sistem realized, an automotive turbo pump with an open
hla|enja motora nekih tipova teretnih vozila radial impeller and cylindrical vanes was chosen.
poznatog svjetskog proizvo|a~a automobila. Na The pump is built into motor cooling systems of
slici 1. prikazan je meridijalni presjek, a na slici 2. some types of cargo vehicles from a well-known
crte` radnog kola izabrane pumpe. automotive manufacturer. The meridian section is
shown in Figure 1, and a drawing of the impeller
from the chosen pump is shown in Figure 2.
-154 -
Slika 2. Oblik lopatica radijalnog radnog

Slika 1. Meridijalni presjek izabrane automobilske kola analizirane turbopumpe
turbopumpe (D1m = 55,5 mm, D2 = 107 mm,
1. kolektor-uvodnik pumpe, 1 = 36, 2 = 15)
2. ulaz u radno kolo, Figure 2. Radial impeller vane shape of the
3. meulopatini kanal radnog kola analyzed turbopump
Figure 1. Meridian section of the chosen autonotive
turbopump
1. pump collector-feeder,
2. inlet port,
3. internal flow impeller channel
2. MATEMATI^KI MODEL I 2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND

NUMERI^KI METOD NUMERICAL METHOD
Za realizaciju CFD analiza u ovom radu je primijenjen In [4] the mathematical model of transport
softver Comet (CD adapco Group). U [4] je predsta- processes that can be simulated with software
vljen matematski model transportnih procesa koji mogu Comet is presented. It includes the mass,
biti simulirani primjenom pomenutog softvera. Ovaj momentum and energy balance equations in
model obuhvata jedna~ine bilansa mase, momenta, integral form, a space conservation law, which has
energije i entropije u integralnoj formi, jedna~inu to be satisfied if the problem is solved using a
o~uvanja prostora, koja mora biti zadovoljena kod moving grid, constitutive relations required for the
rje{avanja problema s pokretnom mreòm, konstitutivne problem closure, models of turbulence in fluid
relacije potrebne za formiranje zatvorenog sistema flow, and boundary conditions.
jedna~ina, modele turbulentnog toka i grani~ne uvjete. Elements of the numerical method: diskretization
Elementi numeri~ke metode: principi diskretizacije, principles, derivation of algebraic equation systems,
formiranje sistema algebarskih jedna~ina, algoritmi solution procedure, implementation of boundary
rje{avanja, implementacija grani~nih uvjeta su conditions are also given in [4].
tako|e dati u [4].
2.1 Governing equations
2.1 Osnovne jedna~ine
The water flow in a turbopump flow passage is
Tok radnog fluida u me|ulopati~nim kanalima considered viscous and turbulent. It is fully
turbopumpe se posmatra kao visozan i turbulentan. described by the time-averaged equations of
Potpuno je opisan s dvije vremenski usrednjene continuity and momentum conservation, which are
jedna~ine bilansa: jedna~inom kontinuiteta i accompanied by the turbulence model equations.
jedna~inom momenta, koje su dopunjene s
jedna~inama modela turbulentnog toka.
- 155 -
Jedna~ine su date za kontrolni volumen KV, Equations are given for the control volume CV
ograni~en povr{inom S (koja se moè i kretati), u bounded by (possibly moving) surface S in the
integralnoj formi [4]. integral form [4].
Jedna~ina kontiniteta je: The continuity equation is:
d d
dt
dV + ( v v ) ds = 0,
s (1) dV + ( v v ) ds = 0,
s (1)
V S
dt V S
gdje je gustina kontinuuma, v brzina fluida, vs where is the density of continuum, v is the fluid
brzina pokretne numeri~ke mreè, a s je spoljnji velocity, vs is the computational grid velocity, and
vektor povr{ine u proizvoljnoj ta~ki iste. s is the outward pointing surface vector.
Jedna~ina momenta je: The momentum equation is:
d
dt V
v dV + v ( v v s ) ds = T ds + f b dV , (2)
S S V
gdje je T Cauchyiev tenzor napona i fb rezultuju}a where T is the Cauchy stress tensor, and fb is the
zapreminska sila po jedinici volumena. resultant body force per unit volume.
Kako je kod CFD analiza modela turbopumpi Since turbopump CFD calculations involve moving
prisutna i pokretna mreà, to se gornjim grid, the equation of space conservation must be
jedna~inama dodaje i jedna~ina o~uvanja prostora: solved:
d d
dt V
dV v s ds = 0.
dt V
(3) dV v s ds = 0. (3)
S S
koja povezuje brzinu promjene zapremine V i which links the rate of change of volume V and
brzinu vs. velocity vs.
Zbog toga {to je strujanje fluida u turbopumpi Because the flow in the turbopump is turbulent, it
turbulentno, nije mogu}e rje{avanje jedna~ina (1) i is difficult to resolve the equations (1) and (2) on
(2) za skalu s kratkim vremenskim intervalima. a small time scale. Instead, time averaging of flow
Umjesto toga, primijenjeno je vremensko variables is used, which replaces the flow variable
usrednjavanje varijabli toka, koje zamjenjuje by its mean value and fluctuation ':
varijablu sa zbirom njene srednje vrijednosti
(r , t ) = (r ) + ' (r , t ). (4)
i fluktuiraju}e komponente ':
(r , t ) = (r ) + ' (r , t ). (4) Using such averaged quantities in equation (2)
Primjena takvog usrednjavanja veli~ina u jedna~ini results in Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)
(2) daje Reynoldsove usrednjene Navier-Stokesove equations:
(RANS) jedna~ine:
d
dt V
v dV + v( v v s ) ds = (T v v ) ds + f b dV . (5)
S S V
RANS jedna~ine sadrè ~lan v ' v ' , poznat kao The RANS equations contain term v ' v ' , known
komponenta tzv. tenzora Reynoldsovih napona. Ovaj as Reynolds stresses. This term needs special
~lan zahtijeva poseban tretman, po{to ne moè biti treatment, since it may not be expressed in terms
izraèn u ~lanovima osnovnih varijabli toka. Isti of basic flow variables. It may be calculated by
moè biti izra~unat primjenom nekog od modela using a turbulence model, which relays on
turbulencije, koji predvi|a odgovaraju}a inènjerska adequate engineering assumptions. The standard k-
pojednostavljenja, odnosno prilago|avanja. U ovom model [4] was used in our case, which is well
slu~aju kori{ten je standardni k- model [4], koji je known and tested, and widely used in engineering
poznat i testiran i najvi{e ra{iren u inènjerskoj practice. It introduces two additional partial
praksi. Time se uvode dvije dodatne parcijalne differential equations, which close the system of
diferencijalne jedna~ine, koje zatvaraju sistem RANS RANS equations [4]:
jedna~ina [4]:
d

dt V
k dV + k ( v v s ) ds = ( + t ) grad k ds + ( P + PB ) dV ,
S S
k V
(6)
- 156 -
d

dt V
dV + ( v v s ) ds = ( + t ) grad ds +
S S

(7)
2
+ C1 P C 2 C 3 div v dV ,
V
k k
gdje je k kineti~ka energija turbulencije, je njena where k is the kinetic energy of turbulence, is
brzina disipacije, a t turbulentni viskozitet. its dissipation rate and t is the turbulent viscosity.
Produkcija turbulentne kineti~ke energije usljed The production of turbulent kinetic energy by
smicanja P je modelirana kao: shear P is modeled as:
P = 2 t D & 2 ( div v + k ) div v .

& :D (8) P = 2 t D & 2 ( div v + k ) div v .
& :D (8)
t t
3 3
Veli~ine: C 1, C2, C3, k i su empirijski The quantities: C1, C2, C3, k and are
koeficijenti. empirical coefficients.
2.2. Grani~ni uvjeti 2.2 Boundary conditions
U prikazanom radu, date jedna~ine (1, 2 i 3) su rje- In the present study, the given equations (1, 2,
{avane za specijalni slu~aj strujanja u punom modelu and 3) are solved for a special case of flow in
cijelog proto~nog trakta automobilske turbopumpe. full model of the automotive turbopump's entire
Domena izra~unavanja, koja obuhvata proto~ne flowing tract.
kanale kroz pumpu, ograni~ena je ve}im dijelom The pump flow passages calculation domain is
zidovima, gdje su primijenjeni grani~ni uslovi bez bounded mainly by walls, where no-slip boundary
klizanja. Brzina strujanja fluida u blizini zida condition was applied. The fluid velocity in the
aproksimirana je primjenom zidne funkcije [4], vicinity of the wall was approximated by using wall
kojom se profil brzine u ovoj zoni predstavlja function [4], which assume logarithmic region in the
logaritamskom funkcijom. Neki od zidova (kontaktne velocity profile. Some of the walls (contact surfaces
povr{ine izme|u impelera i fluida boundary of impeller and fluid boundary regions [4]) move
regions [4]) se kre}u (rotiraju) tokom tranzientnog (rotate) during the transient flow, with noted velocity.
strujanja odre|enom brzinom. Model pump's inlet is the passage 2 shown in
Ulaz u model pumpe je kanal 2, prikazan na slici 3, Figure 3, and the model's outlet is the spiral's
dok izlaz iz modela predstavlja izlaz iz spirale, prikazan passage shown in Figure 7. At the inlet and at
na slici 7. Na ulazu i na izlazu modela specificirane the outlet the total and static pressure were
su odgovaraju}e vrijednosti stati~kog pritiska. prescribed, respectively.
3. MODEL CIJELOG PROTO^NOG 3. MODEL OF TURBOPUMP'S

TRAKTA TURBOPUMPE ENTIRE FLOWING TRACT
Kod dizajna modela centrifugalnih turbopumpi In the design of turbopumps models certain
moraju se ispuniti odre|eni preduvjeti, koji u prerequisites, mainly resulting from the character of
prvom redu proisti~u iz karaktera primijenjene applied numerical method, have to be met. One of
numeri~ke metode. Jedan od osnovnih preduvjeta the main prerequisites is that common geometric
je da se kod modeliranja u startu mora definirati base (based on the results from conventional
zajedni~ka geometrijska osnova (na bazi rezultata calculations and preliminary design) has to be
konvencionalnih prora~una i preliminarnog dizajna), defined from the moment of the start of modeling,
da bi se kasnije, prilikom kreiranja numeri~kih so that later, during the creation of numerical
modela, svi dijelovi analiziranog domena mogli model, all the parts of an analyzed domain could
povezati u cjelinu. Na bazi ovako dobivene be linked together. Based on the obtained
geometrijske osnove, potrebno je aktivnosti geometrical base, it is necessary that all the
kreiranja geometrijskih model i njihove podjele na activity of creating the geometric models and their
sekcije i segmente, te generiranja mreà, provoditi division into sections and segments are
uskla|eno i simultano za sve dijelove turbopumpe, coordinated and simultaneous for all the parts of
odnosno analiziranog domena. the turbopump, i.e. the analyzed domain.
- 157 -
Jedna od specifi~nosti automobilskih turbopumpi One of the automotive turbopumps specifics is the
je postojanje dva ulazna otvora. Kroz prvi od njih, existence of the two inlet ports. Through the first,
u periodu normalnog rada zagrijanog motora, uvodi during the period of normal operation of a warm
se pothla|ena voda iz hladnjaka, dok je drugi u motor, cooled water from a radiator is drawn, while
funkciji u periodu zagrijavanja motora, kada se the other is operational during the period of the
voda s temperaturom niòm od radne usmjerava motor heating, when water with the temperature
pored hladnjaka direktno u pumpu. Kod kamionskih lower than the working is directed around the
turbopumpi se primjenjuju dvije varijante rje{enja radiator directly into the pump. There are two
za obezbje|enje dva ulazna otvora. Kod prve turbopumps solution variants in use that provide the
varijante (primijenjene kod analizirane pumpe), na two inlet ports. In the first variant (used in the
vratilu pumpe ugra|en je ventilator (u nizu: analyzed pump), a fan is mounted on the pump
hladnjak-ventilator-pumpa-blok motora) i time shaft (in line: radiator-fan-pump-motor block),
sprije~ena mogu}nost dotoka vode u pravcu ose preventing the possibility of water flow in direction
kola. Zbog toga je funkcija uvo|enja vode u of the impeller axis. Because of that the function of
pumpu iz dva "izvora" ostvarena inkorporiranjem u feeding the pump with water from two sources is
ku}i{tu pumpe dodatnog prostora ispred radnog realized by incorporation of additional space in front
kola, koji okruùje vratilo pumpe i na koji se s of the impeller in the pump housing. The space is
bo~nih strana nadovezuju dva ulazna otvora (dio 1 surrounding the pump shaft, and the two inlet ports
na slici 1). Model ovog dodatnog prostora, are added from the lateral sides (the part 1 in
nazvanog u internoj terminologiji kolektor-uvodnik, Figure 1). Model of the additional space, called a
na kome se jasno vide dva kraka za ulaz vode, collector-feeder in internal terminology, with the two
prikazan je na slici 3. inlet ports clearly noticeable, is shown in Figure 3.
Slika 3. Model kolektora-uvodnika s dva ulazna otvora

1) ulaz od hladnjaka, 2) ulaz od motora
Figure 3. Collector-feeder model with two inlet ports
1) inlet from a radiator, 2) inlet from a motor
Kod realizacije prostornih numeri~kih analiza In a realization of 3D numerical analysis exact

primijenjen je egzaktan postupak prora~una, s calculation procedure is used with rotations of the
rotiranjem radnog kola. Kod ovog postupka potrebno impeller. In this procedure it is necessary to form
je formirati klizne interfejse izme|u vode u ulazu u sliding interfaces between the water in the entrance
radno kolo i u spirali, i vode u me|ulopati~nim in the impeller and in the spiral, and the water in
kanalima, koja rotira zajedno s radnim kolom. Pri internal flow impeller channels which rotates together
tome dodirne povr{ine koje tvore klizni interfejs with the impeller. In addition, contact areas creating
(ravne, cilindri~ne, ili koni~ne) u numeri~kom modelu, the sliding interface (flat, cylindrical, or conical) in
moraju biti iste, odnosno moraju se poklapati i nisu the numerical model, have to be the same, i.e. they
dozvoljene praznine ni na jednoj od njih. Kra}e have to be aligned, and no gaps on them are
kazano, jedan region ne moè formirati klizni interfejs allowed. In brief, one region cannot form sliding
s dva ili vi{e regiona [4]. interface with two ore more regions [4].
- 158 -
Ulazna i izlazna ivica lopatica radijalnih radnih kola Inlet and outlet vane edges of radial impellers can
mogu biti razli~ito oblikovane (slika 4.). Kod radnih be differently shaped (Figure 4). For impellers with
kola sa zaobljenom ulaznom ivicom i izlaznom a chamfered inlet edge vane and an outlet vane
lopaticom koja se zavr{ava o{tro u jednoj ta~ki ending sharply in one point (as in Figure 4a), the
(kao na slici 4a), klizni interfejsi se, prema sliding interfaces can be easily created accordingly
pomenutom zahtjevu, mogu bez problema formirati. to the mentioned condition. However, for the
Me|utim, kod radnih kola kod kojih lopatice imaju impellers with vanes with the certain width on the
odre|enu {irinu na ulaznom i izlaznom pre~niku inlet and the outlet circumference (as in Figure
kola (kao na slici 4b), za formiranje kliznih 4b) additional rings need to be created, rotating
interfejs potrebno je kreirati dodatne prstenove, together with the impeller, in order to form the
koji }e rotirati zajedno s fiktivnim radnim kolom. sliding interfaces. In such way, in the model of
Tako je kod modela analizirane pumpe na 3D the analyzed pump, a thin conical ring was cut off
modelu vode ulaza u radno kolo odsje~en tanki from the 3D model (Figure 5) of the water in the
koni~ni prsten (slika 5.) koji je preko proizvoljnog impeller inlet. The ring is through the arbitrary
interfejsa vezan za model vode u me|ulopati~nim interface connected to the water model of the
kanalima (slika 6.), i s kojima rotira istom internal flow impeller channels (Figure 6) and
ugaonom brzinom. Unutra{nja koni~na povr{ina rotates with it at the same angular velocity. The
prstena tvori klizni interfejs sa susjednom inside conical area of the ring makes the sliding
povr{inom preostalog dijela vode ulaza u radno interface with the adjacent area of the remaining
kolo. part of the water in the impeller inlet.
Drugi klizni interfejs se formira na izlaznom The second sliding interface is formed on the
pre~niku radnog kola, gdje voda iz me|ulopati~nih outlet impeller circumference, where the water
kanala ulazi u spiralu. Na ovom mjestu se formira from the internal impeller tracts enters into the
prsten, debljine jednake zazoru izme|u kola i spiral. Ring is formed in this spot with thickness
spirale, koji rotira (brzinom radnog kola) zajedno s equal to the clearance between the impeller and
vodom u me|ulopati~nim kanalima. Vanjska the spiral, rotating (with the speed of the impeller)
cilindri~na povr{ina ovog prstena tvori klizni together with the water in the internal impellers
interfejs s povr{inom spirale koju dodiruje. Kod tracts. The external area of the ring makes a
analizirane automobilske turbopumpe, ovaj prsten je sliding interface with the spiral area it contacts. In
formiran na ra~un me|ulopati~nih kanala, prema the analyzed automotive turbopump, the ring was
slici 6., na kojoj je prikazan jedan njegov segment. formed using internal flow impeller channels. One
Spoljnji pre~nik prestena u ovom slu~aju je jednak segment of the ring is shown in Figure 6. External
vanjskom pre~niku radnog kola D2. diameter of the ring in this case is equal to the
impeller external diameter D2.
a) b)
Slika 4. Radijalna radna kola centrifugalne turbopumpe

a) sa zaobljenim (na ulazu) i o{trim krajevima lopatica (na izlazu),
b) s odre|enom {irinom lopatica na ulaznom i izlaznom pre~niku kola
Figure 4. Radial impellers of centrifugal turbopump
a) with chamfered (on inlet) and sharp edges (on outlet),
b) with certain vane width on impeller inlet and outlet
- 159 -
Slika 5. Formiranje koni~nog prstena na modelu Slika 6. Modifikovan model me|ulopati~nog kanala,
ulaza u radno kolo, u svrhu obezbje|enja za analize s rotiranjem fiktivnog radnog kola
kliznog interfejsa Figure 6. Modified model of internal flow impeller
Figure 5. Forming of conical ring on impeller channel, for analysis with rotation of fictive impeller
inlet model, in order to provide sliding interface
4. GENERIRANJE MRE@E I 4. GRID GENERATION AND GRID

OBEZBJE\ENJE ROTIRANJA MOTION
NJENIH POKRETNIH DIJELOVA
Because of complex geometry of flow parts
Zbog sloène geometrije model dijelova toka models trough turbopump, and need for creation
fluida kroz turbopumpu i potrebe formiranja of interface between rotating and non-rotating parts
interfejs izme|u rotiraju}ih i nerotiraju}ih dijelova of fluid, the specific type of grid generation
fluida, primijenjen je specifi~an na~in generiranja mentioned models was used. The grid of the
mreà pomenutih modela. Na slici 7. prikazana je analyzed automotive model's entire flowing tract,
mreà model cijelog proto~nog trakta analizirane for the analyses with rotation of the fictive
automobilske turbopumpe, za analize s rotiranjem impeller, is shown in Figure 7.
fiktivnog radnog kola. Numerical grid is created using hexahedron
Numeri~ka mreà je kreirana od heksaedralnih (H- control volumes (CVs), and locally using prism
mreà) kontrolnih volumena (CV) i mjestimi~no od CVs.
prizmati~nih KVa. The connection between rotating impeller flowing
Veza izme|u rotiraju}ih me|ulopati~nih kanala i tracts and fixed parts of pump flowing tract is
fiksnih dijelova proto~nog trakta pumpe ostvarena je realized by two sliding interfaces. The first,
preko dva klizna interfejsa. Prvi od njih, koji representing the connection between inlet part of
predstavlja vezu izme|u ulaznog dijela proto~nog the flowing tract and the rotating impellers flowing
trakta i rotiraju}ih me|ulopati~nih kanala, prikazan je tracts, is shown in Figure 8 with a separated
na slici 8. s odvojenim rotiraju}im prstenom. Drugi rotating ring. The second sliding interface,
klizni interfejs, koji povezuje me|ulopati~ne kanale i connecting the impeller flowing tracts and the
spiralu, ostvaren preko dodatog prstena na izlazu iz spiral, realized by an additional ring on the
radnog kola, moè se vidjeti na slici 9. impeller outlet is shown in Figure 9.
Kod generiranja mreè proto~nog trakta analizirane When the flowing tract grid of the analyzed pump
turbopumpe, na vi{e mjesta je primijenjen was generated, arbitrary interface [4] was applied
proizvoljni interfejs [4]. Time se dobila kvalitenija in several cases. Higher quality was obtained by
mreà, kao {to je slu~aj sa spiralom, a na nekim it, as in case of the spiral, and in the certain
dijelovima domena to je bio i jedini na~in da se parts of the domain that was the only way to
kreira H-mreà. generate H-type grid.
- 160 -
3
2
Slika 7. Mrea model cijelog protonog trakta analizirane

analizirane turbopumpe
1) ulaz od motora, 2) ulaz od hladnjaka, 3) izlaz pumpe
Figure 7. The mesh of analysed automotive turbopump
model's entire flowing tract
1) motor inlet, 2) radiator inlet, 3) pump outlet
1 2
Slika 8. Mrea dva podvolumena ulaza u

radno kolo
1) fiksni dio, 2) rotirajui prsten Slika 9. Mrea meulopatinih kanala (s rotirajuim
prstenom) i spirale analizirane pumpe
Figure 8. Grids of two impeller inlet
subvolumes Figure 9. Internal flow impeller channel (with rotating
1) fixed part, 2) rotating ring ring) and spiral grid of analysed model
- 161 -
5. REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. 3D-prora~uni toka fluida 5.1. 3D-calculation of fluid flow
Za provedbu CFD analiza primijenjen je egzaktan For realization of CFD analysis, the exact transient
tranzientni postupak prora~una, s rotiranjem radnog calculation procedure was used, with turbopump's
kola turbopumpe, baziran na metodi kona~nih impeller rotation, based on finite-volume numerical
volumena, uz kori{tenje pokretnih mreà s }elijama method, using moving grids with cells of arbitrary
proizvoljne topologije [5, 10]. Prora~un je ra|en s topology [5, 10]. The calculation was performed with
deset iteracija po jednom koraku, jer se poslije ten iterations per step because after the tenth
desete iteracije dostizala zadovoljavaju}a ta~nost, iteration satisfactory accuracy was achieved, close
bliska zadanoj. Strujanje s ustaljenim promjenama to assigned. Flow with settled changes of monitored
pra}enih veli~ina postizalo se nakon 2 do 5 obrtaja. values was achieved after 2 to 5 revolutions.
Rezultati provedenih tranzientnih analiza s Results of performed transient analysis with
rotiranjem radnog kola, na modelima cijelog impeller rotation, on entire flow tract of centrifugal
proto~nog trakta centrifugalne turbopumpe, turbopump, show that it's possible to get
pokazuju da se mogu dobiti simulacije strujanja simulations of working fluid's flow in all parts of
radnog fluida u svim dijelovima radnih elemenata working elements of these pumps, with all details
ovih pumpi, sa svim detaljima potrebnim kod needed in such analysis, and with precision of
ovakvih analiza, i s ta~no{}u kod koje rezultati simulation's results will not deviate more than 5
simulacija ne}e odstupati vi{e od 5 % od % from real condition.
stvarnog stanja. Based on numerical calculation results its possible
Na bazi rezultata numeri~kih prora~una mogu se to obtain a presentation of fluid flows pressure and
dobiti prikazi rasporeda pritiska i/ili brzine (kao i velocity (as well as relative velocity) distribution,
relativne brzine) toka fluida, te veli~ina svih values of all relevant parameters (flow Q, effort H,
relevantnih parametara (protok Q, napor H, op}i general effort p, efficiency factor , resulting radial
napor p, stepen iskori{tenja , rezultuju}a radijalna force Fr and torque Mz on fictive impeller), and Q-
sila Fr na fiktivnom radnom kolu), a tako|e i Q-p p diagrams. The Q-p diagrams can be used to
krive, na osnovu kojih se mogu dobiti podaci o obtain data about realized pumps design efficiency,
uspje{nosti realizovanih dizajna pumpi, kao i donijeti as well for making decisions about possible needed
odluke o potrebnom redizajnu njenih dijelova. Na redesign of pump parts. Distribution of pressure and
slici 10. i 11. prikazani su rasporedi pritiska i brzine velocity in model's parts of analyzed automotive
na dijelovima modela cijelog proto~nog trakta turbopump's entire flowing tract are shown in Figure
analizirane automobilske turbopumpe. 10. and Figure 11.
a) b)
Slika. 10. Raspored pritiska u modelu cijelog proto~nog trakta analizirane automobilske turbopumpe
a) kolektor-uvodnik pumpe, b) me|ulopati~ni kanali i spirala pumpe
Figure 10. Distribution of pressure in model of entire turbopump's flowing tract
a) pump collector-feeder b) internal flow impeller channels and spiral of pump
- 162 -
a) b)
Slika. 11. Raspored brzine u modelu cijelog proto~nog trakta analizirane automobilske turbopumpe
a) kolektor-uvodnik pumpe, b) me|ulopati~ni kanali i spirala pumpe
Figure 11. Distribution of velocity in model of entire turbopump's flowing tract
a) pump collector-feeder b) internal flow impeller channels and spiral of pump
5.2. Uporedba numeri~kih i 5.2. Comparison of the numerical and

eksperimentalnih rezultata experimental results
Za prakti~no potvr|ivanje rezultata numeri~kih To confirm results of numerical analysis in

analiza posluìli su rezultati na opitnim practice, the results of performed experimental
postrojenjima realizovanih eksperimentalnih tests on experimental assembly have been used.
ispitivanja. Konstruisane su uporedne Q-p krive Comparative Q-p curves of analyzed turbopump
analizirane turbopumpe i njenog numeri~kog and its numerical model have been constructed
modela (slika 12.), koje pokazuju zadovoljavaju}i (Figure 12), and they show satisfactory level of
stepen podudaranja. Kriva a) dobivena je na accordance. Curve a) was obtained by experiment
osnovu rezultata eksperimentalnih ispitivanja na results (for experiment at n = 3000 min-1).
opitnom postrojenju., pri n = 3000 o/min. Average values from numerous measurements on
Upotrijebljene su srednje vrijednosti ve}eg broja the same pump were used. Curve b) is result of
mjerenja na istoj pumpi. Kriva b) rezultat je numerical calculations, carried out on the analyzed
numeri~kih prora~una, realizovanih na modelu pump model, using exact calculation procedure
analizirane turbopumpe primjenom egzaktnog with fictive impeller rotation, at the same angular
postupka prora~una s rotiranjem fiktivnog radnog velocity. The values obtained by numerical models
kola, pri istoj brzini obrtanja. Kod numeri~kih are around 10% larger that the experimental one
modela su dobivene veli~ine protoka ve}e za oko for the same general effort levels p. A cause of
10 % u odnosu na eksperimentalno dobivene this is that losses on connection nipples were not
rezultate na opitnom postrojenju, za iste nivoe taken into account. When these losses are
op{teg napora p. Razlog ovome je {to nisu uzeti included, the mentioned difference comes to about
u obzir gubici na priklju~nim stezaljkama opitnog 5%.
postrojenja. S ura~unavanjem ovih gubitaka,
pomenuta razlika dobivenih vrijednosti protoka
svodi se na oko 5 %.
- 163 -
1,4
1,2
1
p bar
0,8
b)
a)
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0 0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004 0,005 0,006 0,007
3
Q m /s
Slika 12. Q-p krive analizirane automobilske turbopumpe i njenog numeri~kog modela, pri n=3000 o/min
a) based on the experiment results,
b) based on results from the numerical calculations
Figure 12. Q-p curves of the analyzed automotive turbopump at n = 3000 min-1
a) based on the experiment results,
b) based on results from the numerical calculations
U ovom radu je kod numeri~kih prora~una prvi put In the numerical calculations of this paper, exact
na modelima automobilskih turbopumpi primijenjen calculation has been applied for the first time on
egzaktan postupak prora~una, s rotiranjem radnog the automotive turbopumps, with rotation of
kola, kori{tenjem pokretnih mreà. Prora~uni su impeller, using of moving grids. The calculations
realizovani na modelu cijelog proto~nog trakta are realized on the whole flowing tract model of
izabrane automobilske turbopumpe. chosen automotive turbopump.
Primjena CFD analiza za prora~une toka cijelog Using CFD analysis in flow calculation of entire
proto~nog trakta centrifugalnih turbopumpi, u ovom flowing tract of centrifugal turbopumps, speciality
slu~aju posebno automobilskih turbopumpi za of automotive water turbopumps in this case, in a
vodu, na na~in kako je to predloèno u ovom manner suggested in this paper, can be
radu, moè se uspje{no uklju~iti u postupak successfully included in their calculation procedure
prora~una i dizajna istih, jer omogu}ava simulacije and design, because they enable flow simulations
toka visokog stepena podudarnosti s realnim of high degree of coincidence with real condition,
stanjem, s ta~no{}u kod koje rezultati simulacija and with precision of simulation's results will not
ne}e odstupati vi{e od 5 % od stvarnih deviate more than 5 % from real values.
vrijednosti.
6. LITERATURA - REFERENCES
[1] Bali}, S., "Numerical analysis of flow process [2] Bali}, S. in Duhovnik, J., "Analiza proto~nega
and stress condition in centrifugal pumps for trakta centrifugalne ~rpalke DN 200 za
automotive engine cooling systems", Ph. D. agresivne medije", Dr. Duhovnik d.o.o.,
Thesis, University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Ljubljana, 2003.
Mechanical Engineering in Zenica, Zenica,
2002.
- 164 -
[3] Carlson, J. and Pipkorn, N., "CFX helps Development, Management of Design
design more efficient diesel engine water Complexity, EDIProD2004, Zielona Gra,
pumps", CFX Update, No 22, Autumn 2002 Poland, 2004.
[4] Comet User Manual and Tutorials, Version [8] FLUENT web site for Multiple Rotating
2.00, ICCM Institute of Computational Reference Frames Method
Continuum Mechanics GmbH, Hamburg, 2001. http://www.fluent.com/solutions/pumps/ex164.pdf
[5] Demirdì}, I. and Muzaferija, S., Numerical [9] Minemura, K., Uchiyama, T. and the other,
method for coupled fluid flow, heat transfer "Prediction of Air-Water Two-Phase Flow
and stress analysis using unstructured moving Performance of a Centrifugal Pump Based on
grids with cells of arbitrary topology", One-Dimensional Two-Fluid Model", Journal
Computer methods in applied mechanics and of Fluids Engineering, Vol 120, June 1998, pp
engineering, 125, 1995, pp 235-255. 237-334.
[6] Didandeh H., Toksoy, C., Cutler, F. and the [10] Muzaferija, S. and Gosman, D., "Finite-Volume
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& Exposition, Detroit, Michigan, February 24- pp 766-787.
27, 1997, pp 82-93.
[11] Pak, E. T. and Lee, J. C., "Performance and
[7] Duhovnik, J. and Bali}, S., "Detail Functionality pressure distribution changes in a centrifugal
Analysis Using the Design Golden Loop", pump under two-phase flow", Proc Instn Mech
Fourth International Seminar and Workshop on Engrs, Vol 213, Part A, 1998, pp 165-171.
Engineering Design in Integrated Product
- 165 -
- 166 -
Ma{instvo 3(8), 167 176, (2004) A.[uta,...: UTICAJ GEOMETRIJSKIH MODIFIKACIJA...
UTICAJ GEMOETRIJSKIH MODIFIKACIJA NA KOEFICIJENT

PRETVORBE PRITISKA DIFUZORA SA KOLJENOM
[uta Alem, dipl.ing.ma{., JP Elektroprivreda BiH Sarajevo, Hidroelektrane na
Neretvi, Jablanica
Doc. dr. Ejub Dàferovi}, Ma{inski fakultet u Sarajevu, Univerzitet u Sarajevu
REZIME
U radu je prikazana trodimenzionalna numeri~ka simulacija turbulentnog strujanja fluida u difuzoru
hidroturbine sa koljenom. Izabrana geometrija difuzora je naj~e{}e kori{teni dizajn kod Kaplanovih turbina
u 40 i 50 godinama pro{log vjeka. Ima pravilan dizajn i o{tre ivice te predstavlja potencijal za
unapre|enje u pore|enju sa difuzorima novije generacije. Istraìvanje je vr{eno pomo}u softvera COMET
(COntinuum Mechanic Engineering Tool) koji je baziran na metodi kona~nih volumena i koji ima
implementiran tzv. RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) pristup. Turbulencija je modelirana pomo}u
standardnog - modela turbulencije. Generisanje numeri~ke mreè vr{eno je kombinacijom tri razli~ita
pristupa: metoda uvoza podataka, metode nivoa }elija i multi-blok metode. Grani~ni uslovi specificirani su
prema rezultatima eksperimentalnih mjerenja. Simulacije su ra|ene za dva razli~ita reìma rada turbine.
Prvo su analizirane osnovne karakteristike strujanja u originalnom difuzoru. Validacija rezultata tako|e je
prezentovana; mjerenja su upore|ivana sa simulacijama. Kao standardna mjera performansi difuzora
kori{ten je koeficijent pretvorbe pritiska. Ovaj koeficijent predstavlja bilans enegije izme|u dva presjeka
difuzora; ve}a vrijednost zna~i bolje performanse difuzora i bolju iskori{tenost hidroelektrane u cjelini. U
drugom dijelu istraìvanje je fokusirano na uticaj geometrije na koeficijent pretvorbe pritiska. Ura|ene su tri
modifikacije originalne geometrije difuzora. Modifikovan je izlazni divergiraju}i dio difuzora (ulazni konus i
koljeno difuzora nisu bili predmet redizajna). Simulacije su pokazale pove}anje koeficijenta pretvorbe
pritiska u pore|enju sa originalnom konfiguracijom difuzora.
Klju~ne rije~i: metod kona~nih volumena, difuzor, turbulencija, koeficijent pretvorbe pritiska
INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRICAL MODIFICATIONS ON

PRESSURE RECOVERY FACTOR OF AN ELBOW DIFFUSER
[uta Alem, B.Sc.Mech.Eng., JP Elektroprivreda BiH Sarajevo, Hydro Power Plants
on Neretva, Jablanica
Ph.D. Ejub Dàferovi}, asiss. prof. Mechanical Engineering Faculty, University in Sarajevo
SUMMARY
In this paper numerical simulation of the turbulent flow in a three-dimensional elbow diffuser is
performed. The diffuser geometry chosen was a commonly used design for Kaplan turbine during the
1940's and 1950's. It was a straight forward design with sharp corner and it is a potential for
improvements compared to modern diffusers. The investigation is carried out with finite volume solver
COMET (COntinuum Mechanic Engineering Tool) implementing RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier
Stokes) equation. Turbulence was modeled using standard - model. Numerical grid is generated
using a combination of three different approaches: data import approach, cell-layer approach and
multi-block generation. Boundary conditions were specified according to the experimental data. The
flow is analyzed for two different modes of operation. Firstly, basic flow patterns are analyzed in the
original configuration of the diffuser. Validation of results is also presented; measurements are
compared with computations. As a standard measure of the performance of diffuser the static
pressure recovery factor is used. This coefficient represents the energy balance between the sections
of the diffuser; a higher value means a higher performance and corresponding power plant
efficiency. In the second part investigation is focused on the influence of the geometry on the
pressure recovery factor. Three modification of original configuration is performed. Straight diverging
part of the diffuser is modified (inlet cone and elbow was not subject of redesign). Simulations
showed increasing of the pressure recovery factor compared to the original configuration.
Key words: finite volume method, diffuser, turbulence, pressure recovery factor.
- 167 -
Veliki broj hidroelektrana i njenih komponenti stari, A large number of hydro power plants and its
{to zna~i da predstavljaju potencijal za modifikaciju components are ageing which means that they
i implementaciju promjena u dizajnu da bi se represent a potential for the refurbishment and
pove}ala iskoristivost i izlazna snaga turbine kao i implementing changes in the design for improved
ve}a radna stabilnost. Uobi~ajeno je da su radno efficiency and power output as well as greater
kolo i sprovodni aparat u fokusu u projektima operating stability. Usually the runner and guide
modifikacija. Zbog velikih gra|evinskih tro{kova vanes are focused upon in the refurbishment
spiralno ku}i{te i difuzor rijetko predmet redizajna. process. Due to capital constructional costs the
Moderne hidrauli~ke turbine su dizajnirane tako da spiral casing and the diffuser are seldom
imaju visok stepen iskori{tenja (do 95%). Bez redesigned. Modern hydraulic turbo machines are
obzira na to poznato je da pove}anje koeficijenta designed with high efficiency (up to 95%).
iskori{tenja od nekoliko desetih dijelova procenta Nevertheless it must recognize that efficiency
moè zna~ajno pove}ati profit. improvements of only a few tenths of a percent
Difuzor je jedna od najva`nijih komponenti can significantly increase profit.
hidroelektrane koja ima zadatak da pretvori Diffuser is one of the most important part of
maksimum dinami~kog pritiska u stati~ki pritisak i da hydroelectric power plant which act to convert
smanji brzinu strujanja vode koja napu{ta radno kolo maximum of dynamic pressure into static and to
turbine a da se pri tome izbjegne odvajanje strujanja. reduce the velocity of fluid that leave turbine impeller
Ugao {irenja konusa rezultat je tog kompromisa. avoiding flow separation. The opening angle of the
Divergiraju}a geometrija difuzora prouzrokujue cone results from this compromise. The divergent
nepovoljan gradijent pritisaka koji uve}ava rizik od geometry introduces an adverse pressure gradient
nastanka odvajanja strujanja. Vrtlog ima suprotan that raises the risk of flow separation. The swirl has
efekat i protivi se odvajanju grani~nih slojeva. Kao the opposite effect and prevents boundary layer
pokazatalj efikasnosti difuzora naj~e{}e se koristi separation. As a standard measure of efficiency
koeficijent pretvorbe pritiska C p . pressure recovery factor C p is usually used.
2. MATEMATSKI MODEL 2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Pona{anje kontinuuma je opisano sa tzv. The behavior of continuum is governed by the so-
transportnim jedna~inama baziranim na osnovnim called transport equations based on the basic laws
zakonima fizike koji izraàvaju bilans (konzervaciju) of physics expressing balance (conservation) of:
slijede}ih veli~ina: mass and
mase i momentum (Newton's second law).
koli~ine kretanja (drugi Newtonov zakon).
2.1. Mass balance equation
2.1 Jedna~ina kontinuiteta
The equation expressing the mass conservation
Jedna~ina koja izraàva zakon o konzervaciji mase, law, known as the continuity equation, can be
poznata kao jedna~ina kontinuiteta, moè biti written as:
napisana kao: d
d dV + v ds = 0 (1)

dV + v ds = 0 (1) dt
V S
dt
V S where is the density of continuum, v is
gdje je gusto}a kontinuuma, v je brzina continuum velocity and s is the outward pointing
kontinuuma a s je povr{inski vektor usmjeren na surface vector.
vanjsku stranu povr{ine.
2.2. Momentum equation
2.2 Jedna~ina koli~ine kretanja
The Newton's second law when applied to an
Primjena drugog Newtonovog zakona na proizvoljni arbitrary control volume leads to the equation of
kontrolni volumen vodi do jedna~ine koli~ine momentum balance known as Cauchy's first law of
kretanja poznate kao Cauchyjev prvi zakon motion:
kretanja:
d d
dt vdV + vv ds = T ds + f dV
V S S V
b (2)
dt vdV + vv ds = T ds + f dV
V S S V
b (2)
- 168 -
gdje je T Cauchyjev tenzor naprezanja, a f b je where T is the Cauchy stress tensor, and fb is
rezultiraju}a zapreminska sila po jedinici volumena. the resultant body force per unit volume.
2.3. Modeliranje turbulencije 2.3. Turbulence modeling

Numeri~ko rje{avanje turbulentnog strujanja (Direct Numerical solution of turbulent flow (Direct Numerical
Numerical Simulation DNS) zahtijeva mreù sa Simulation DNS) requires a mesh with spacing
razmacima manjim od najmanjeg turbulentnog smaller than the length scale of the smallest
vrtloga i vremenski korak koji }e biti manji od turbulent eddies, and time steps smaller than the
najmanje vremenske promjene turbulentnih smallest time scale of turbulent fluctuations. This
fluktuacija. Ovaj pristup zahtijeva takve kompjuterske approach requires computer resources which are not
resurse koji nisu dostupni sa dana{njim razvojem available at the present state computer technology.
kompjuterskih tehnologija. Alternative su LES (Large Alternatives are LES (Large Eddy Simulation only the
Eddy Simulation rije{eni su samo najve}i vrtlozi a largest unsteady motions are resolved and the rest is
ostali su modelirani) i rje{avanje RANS jedna~ina. modeled) and the solution of RANS equations. LES
LES se tek po~inje koristiti u analizi kompleksnih is just beginning to be used for complex flows and
strujanja, tako da je rje{avanje inènjerskih problema the solution of engineering problems is mostly based
uglavnom bazirano na RANS pristupu. on RANS approach.
2.4. RANS jedna~ine 2.4. RANS equations

RANS jedna~ine su dobijene koriste}i statisti~ki The RANS equations are obtained by using a
opis turbulentnog strujanja. Jedan takav opis koristi statistical description of turbulent motion. One such
se u Reynoldsovom usrednjavanju gdje je svaka description uses the Reynolds averaging where each
zavisna varijabla izraèna kao suma njene srednje dependent variable is expressed as the sum of its
vrijednosti i fluktuacijske komponente : :
mean value and a fluctuating component
= + (3)
= + (3)
gdje je:
where:

2
1
(r,t + )d
2
(r,t ) = (4) 1

(r,t ) =
(r,t + )d

(4)
2
2
i vremenski interval dovoljno velik u odnosu na
and the time interval is large enough with
vremensku veli~inu turbulentnih fluktuacija a mali u
respect to the time scale of the turbulent
odnosu na vremensku veli~inu svih ostalih efekata
fluctuations, but small with respect to the scale of
koji zavise od vremena.
other time dependent effects.
2.5. Standardni -model turbulencije 2.5. Standard -model

Standardni -model turbulencije je naj~e{}e The standard -model is the most widely used eddy-
kori{teni eddy-viscosity model. Kineti~ka energija viscosity model. The kinetic energy of turbulence and
turbulencije i njena dispiacija definisane su sa: its dissipation rate are defined as:
1 1
= v v = v v
2 2
(5) (5)

= grad v : (grad v ) T = grad v : (grad v ) T

i dobijene su rje{avanjem njihovih odgovaraju}ih and are obtained by solving their respective
transportnih jedna~ina: transport equations:
d
dt dV + v ds = q ds + (P + P
V S S V
B )dV (6)
d 2
dt V
dV + v ds = q ds + V 1 2 + C3 max(PB ,0 ) C4 divv dV (7)
C P C
S S
- 169 -
Veli~ine C1=1.44, C2=1.92 , C3=1.44 i C4=0.33 The quantities C1=1.44, C2=1.92, C3=1.44 and
u izrazu (7) su empirijski koeficijenti, P i PB su C4=-0.33 in equations (7) are empirical coefficients,
udjeli kineti~ke energije turbulencije zbog smicanja P and PB are contributions of kinetic energy of
i uzgona. turbulence due to the shear and buoyancy.
3. NUMERI^KI METOD 3. NUMERICAL METHOD
Sve konzervativne jedna~ine (osim jedna~ine All the conservation equations (except for the
kontinuiteta) mogu se napisati u obliku slijede}e continuity equation) can be written in the form of
op{te transportne jedna~ine, [2]: the following generic transport equation, [2]:
d d
dt B dV + v ds = grad ds +
V S S
dt
V
B dV + v ds = grad ds +
S S
(8) (8 )
q
S
S ds + qV dV
V
q
S
S
ds + qV dV
V
dok je jedna~ina kontinuiteta kombinovana sa while the continuity equation is combined with
jedna~inom koli~ine kretanja da bi se dobila momentum equation to obtain an equation for
jedna~ina za pritisak ili korekciju pritiska. U pressure or pressure correction. In equation (8)
jedna~ini (8) ozna~ava transportnu veli~inu, npr. stands for the transported property, e.g. Cartesian
Kartezijsku komponentu vektora brzine vi . components of the velocity vector v i . The meaning
Zna~enje pojedinih veli~ina kao {to su B i of the quantities B and in generic transport
u op{toj transportnoj jedna~ini (8) dato je u tabeli equation (8) are given in Table 1.
1.
Tabela 1: Zna~enje pojedinih ~lanova u op{toj transportnoj jedna~ini (8)

Table 1: The meaning of various terms in the generic transport equation (8)
B q S qV
2
eff (grad v ) eff div v +
T
vi vi eff p I i i f b, i
3
t
+ 0 P + PB

t 2
+ C1P C2 + C3 max( PB ,0)
0

C4 div v
gdje , eff i t ozna~avaju dinami~ku, where , eff and t stands for dynamic,
efektivnu i turbulentnu viskoznost, I ozna~ava effective and turbulent viscosity, I is unit tensor
jedini~ni tenzor a ii jedni~ni Kartezijski vektor. and ii is unit Cartesian vector
Jedna~ina (8), kada se napi{e za proizvoljni Equation (8), when written for an arbitrary control
kontrolni volumen dobija slijede}i oblik: volume, gets the following form:
nf nf
d
dt B dV + v ds = grad ds +
V j =1 S j j =1 S j
(9)
nf
q
j =1 S j
S
ds + qV dV
V
- 170 -
gdje prvi i drugi izraz sa lijeve strane jedna~ine where first and second expressions on the left
(9) predstavljaju vremenski i konvektivni ~lan, dok side of equation (9) represents transient rate of
izrazi na desnoj strani predstavljaju difuzivni i change and convection and expressions on the
izvorni ~lan, respektivno. U zadnjoj jedna~ini n f je right side represents diffusion and sources,
respectively. In the last equation n f is the
broj povr{ina koje okruùju kontrolni volumen.
Za simulacije strujanja u difuzoru kori{ten je CFD number of faces enclosing the control volume.
(Computational Fluid Dynamic) softver COMET For the simulation of the flow in diffuser CFD
razvijen na ICCM Insitute Hamburg, Germany. COMET (Computational Fluid Dynamic) computer code
je baziran na metodi kona~nih volumena. Softver COMET, developed at ICCM Hamburg, Germany is
primjenjuje RANS pristup sa razli~itim modelima used. COMET is a finite volume flow simulation
turbulencije. U COMET-u je pimjenjen razdvojeni program. The software is based on the RANS
algoritam rje{avanja. Integrali u jedna~ini (9) ra~unati equations with various models of turbulence. In
su pomo}u pravila centralnog pravougaonika. Za COMET a segregated solution algorithm is applied.
aproksimaciju vremenskog ~lana kori{tena je Eulerova Integrals in equation (9) are calculated with help of
implicitna {ema. Zapremina proizvoljnog kontrolnog midpoint rule. Transient term is approximated with help
volumena ra~unata je primjenom Gaussove teoreme. of the Euler implicit scheme. The volume of an
Ra~unski ~vorovi gdje se ra~unaju vrijednosti zavisne arbitrary control volume is calculated using Gauss'
varijable smje{teni su u centru kontrolnog volumena, theorem. Computational nodes at which the variable
dok su grani~ni ~vorovi neophodni za specifikaciju values are to be calculated are placed at the center
grani~nih uslova smje{teni u centrima grani~nih of control volume, while boundary nodes necessary for
povr{ina. Jednostavan i efikasan na~in za prora~un the specifications of the boundary conditions are
gradijenata u centrima kontrolnih volumena primjenjen placed at the centers of boundary faces. A simple
u ovom radu je ta~nosti drugog reda i baziran je na and efficient way of calculating gradients at control
Gaussovoj teoremi divergencije i pravilu centralnog volume centers applied in this work is a second-order
pravougonika. Pritisak je ra~unat koriste}i SIMPLE accuracy and it is based on the Gauss' divergence
(Semi Implicit algorithm for Pressure Linked theorem and the midpoint-rule. The pressure is
Equations) algoritam. Za rje{avanje sistema linearnih calculated by SIMPLE (Semi Implicit algorithm for
algebarskih jedna~ina primjenjen je metod Pressure Linked Equations) algorithm. For the solution
konjugovanih gradijenata CG (Conjugate Gradient) sa of the linear equation systems a conjugated gradient
IC (Incomplete Cholaski) prekondicioniranjem. method CG(Conjugate Gradient) with an IC
(Incomplete Cholaski)-preconditioning is used.
4. OPIS PROBLEMA 4. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
Izabrana geometrija je naj~e{}e kori{teni dizajn kod The diffuser geometry chosen was a commonly used
Kaplanovih hidroturbina u 40 i 50 godinama pro{log design for Kaplan turbine plants during the 1940's
vijeka, tzv. ERCOFTAC (European Research and 1950's, so called ERCOFTAC (European
Community On Flow Turbulence And Combustion) Research Community On Flow Turbulence And
difuzor. Ima pravilan geometrijski oblik sa o{trim Combustion) diffuser. It was a straight forward design
ivicama te je potencijal za unapre|enja u odnosu na with sharp corner and it is a potential for
moderne difuzore. Eksperimentalna mjerenja ra|ena improvements compared to modern diffusers.
su u laboratoriji Vattenfall Utveckling, lvkarleby, Experiments were performed at Vattenfall Utveckling
Sweden, na modelskoj turbini ~iji je omjer 1:11, [1]. Laboratory, lvkarleby, Sweden, on model turbine
Eksperimentalni podaci su dati za dva razli~ita with 1:11 ratio, [1]. Experimental data for two different
jedini~na protoka (reìma rada) kroz turbinu, unit flows (mode of operation) through turbine are
q T = 1.00 i q R = 1.04 . Eksperimenti su ra|eni pri given, q T = 1.00 and q R = 1.04 . Experiments were
optere}enju od 60% {to odgovara najboljoj conducted at 60% load which is the best efficiency
iskori{tenosti posmatrane Kaplanove turbine. Visina point of studied Kaplan turbine. Height (constructive
(konstruktivni pad) H u oba slu~aja je 4.5 m. head) in both cases was 4.5 m. Basic data about
Osnovni podaci o eksperimentima dati su u tabeli 2. experiments are given in Table 2.
Tabela 2: Osnovni podaci o eksperimentima Table 2: Basic data about experiments

Jedini~na brzina obrtaja
Naziv slu~aja (reìm rada) Broj obrtaja N Protok Q Jedini~ni protok QD 2 H
Case name (mode of Number of radnog kola DN H
operation) revolution N Flow Q Unit flow QD 2 H
Unit impeller speed DN H
ONDESIGN 595 o/min 0.522 m3/s 140 1.00
OFFDESIGN 595 o/min 0.542 m3/s 140 1.04
- 171 -
Generisanje numeri~ke mreè je aktivnost koja tro{i The numerical grid generation is the activity that
najvi{e vremena u cjelokupnom procesu numeri~kih consummating much time in the overall process of
simulacija. Numeri~ka mreà je integralni dio numerical simulation. Numerical grid is integral part
cjelokupnog sistema numeri~ke simulacije i za of whole numerical simulation process and for
efikasne i ta~ne numeri~ke simulacije vrlo je bitno efficient and exact numerical simulations it is very
razumjevanje procesa generisanja numeri~ke mreè. important to understand a process of numerical
Geometrija difuzora diskretizovana je multi-blok grid generation. The geometry of the diffuser is
strukturiranom mreòm koja se sastoji od pribli`no discretized with multi-block structured grid
350000 KV heksahedralnog oblika (slika 1). Za consisting of approximately 350000 control volumes
generisanje numeri~ke mreè difuzora kori{tene su with hexahedral cell shape, see Fig.1. For the
metode uvoza podataka, generisanje mreè numerical grid generation of the diffuser data
metodom nivoa }elija i multiblok metoda. import approach, cell-layer approach and multi-
Da bi rje{ili numeri~ki problem potrebno je block grid generation method are used.
definisati grani~ne uslove koji vladaju na zidovima, To solve numerical problem, it is necessary to define
ulazu i izlazu difuzora. U najve}em slu~aju boundary conditions on the walls, inlet and outlet of
prakti~nih primjera koristi se noslip grani~ni uslov the diffuser. The no-slip wall boundary conditions are
za zid. Ovo je idealizirana situacija i na zidovima used in most practical situations. This is idealized
difuzora specificiran je noslip grani~ni uslov situation, and no-slip boundary condition at walls is
defini{u}i vrijednosti brzina na zidovima. Ako je specified by prescribing the values of velocity on the
strujanje turbulentno i numeri~ka mreà previ{e walls. If the flow is turbulent and the numerical grid
rijetka da rije{i velike varijacije brzine u regionima is too coarse to resolve a large velocity variation in
uz zid, neophodna je posebna interpolacija koja the near-wall region, a special interpolation, which
vodi do realisti~ne vrijednosti napona smicanja. leads to realistic values of the shear stress, is
Interpolacija je bazirana na tzv. funkciji zida, [3]. necessary. The interpolation is based on the so-
Ulazni grani~ni uslov je specificiran na dijelu called wall functions, [3].
domena rje{avanja gdje fluid ulazi u domen i gdje The inlet boundary condition is specified at portion
je poznat raspored brzina. Pritisak na ulazu je of the domain where the fluid enters the solution
dobijen ekstrapolacijom iz unutra{njosti domena domain and where the velocity distribution is known.
rje{avanja. Za nekompresibilne fluide maseni protok The pressure at the inlet boundary is obtained by
na ulazu je odre|en rasporedom brzina na granici extrapolation from inside the solution domain. For
i gusto}om fluida. U slu~aju turbulentnog strujanja incompressible flow, the mass flow rate through the
i su definisani u vidu intenziteta turbulencije inlet boundary is determined by the velocity
I B i duìne turbulencije l B . distribution at the inlet and the density of the fluid.
Izlazni grani~ni uslov je specificiran na dijelu In the case of turbulent flow and are defined in
domena rje{avanja gdje fluid napu{ta domen. sense of turbulence intensity I B and turbulent length
Aproksimirani grani~ni uslov podrazumjeva da su scale l B . The outlet boundary condition is specified
gradijenti svih zavisnih varijabli jednaki nuli u at portion of the domain where the fluid leaves the
pravcu strujanja. Preporuka je da se ovaj grani~ni solution domain. Approximated boundary condition
uslov stavlja na mjesto gdje je tok potpuno means that the gradients of all dependant variables
razvijen i {to dalje od regiona interesa. in flow direction are equals zero. It is recommended
that this boundary condition should be placed where
the flow is fully developed and as far as possible
5. UPORE\IVANJE SA from region of interest.
EKSPERIMENTOM
5. COMPARASION WITH
Da bi se verifikovao neki numeri~ki model, EXPERIMENTS
potrebno je izvr{iti pore|enje sa eksperimentalnim
rezultatima. Upore|ivani su dostupni eksperimentalni In order to verify some numerical model, it is
podaci o rasporedu pritisaka na izlazu i koeficijent necessary to make comparison with experimental
pretvorbe pritiska C p sa rezultatima simulacija. data. Experimental pressure distribution on the
Na izlazu iz difuzora poznate su vrijednosti pritiska. outlet of diffuser and the pressure recovery factor
Simulacije pokazuju dobro slaganje pritisaka sa C p are compared with simulations.
eksperimentalnim rezultatima na zidovima izlaza iz At the diffuser outlet pressure distribution is
difuzora (slika 2). known. Simulations showed good agreement with
experiments on the outlet diffuser walls (Fig.2).
- 172 -
Slika 1: Numeri~ka mreà difuzora, 359320 kontrolnih volumena, 3D pogled

Figure 1: Numerical grid of the diffuser, 359320 control volumes, 3D view
Vrijednost pritisaka u ta~kama u kojima su poznate The value of pressure in points where they known
eksperimentalne vrijednosti padaju u podru~je from experiment falls in area bounded by straight
ograni~eno sa pravim linijama pmin=pexppdev i lines pmin=pexppdev and pmax=pexp+pdev, where
pmax=pexp+pdev, gdje je pexp srednja vrijednost pexp is mean pressure and pdev maximum
pritiska a pdev vrijednost maksimalnog odstupanja deviation during the experiment. psim represents
u toku eksperimenta. Sa psim ozna~en je pritisak pressure obtained by numerical simulation.
kao rezultat simulacija A standard measure of the performance of diffuser
Kao standardna mjera performansi difuzora kori{ten je the static pressure recovery factor C p is used, [5].
koeficijent pretvorbe pritiska C p , [5]. Ovaj koeficijent
This coefficient represents the energy balance
predstavlja balans energije izme|u pojedinih sekcija between the sections of the diffuser; a higher value
difuzora; ve}a vrijednost koeficijenta zna~i ve}e means a higher performance and corresponding
performanse i bolju iskori{tnost ~itave hidroelektrane. power plant efficiency. In this paper global pressure
U ovom radu razmatran je globalni koeficijent recovery factor is used which represents the
pretvorbe pritiska koji predstavlja razliku energija difference of pressure energy at the inlet and the
pritiska na izlazu i ulazu podjeljenu sa kineti~kom outlet divided by the inlet kinetic energy:
energijom na ulazu:
poutlet pinlet
p izlaz p ulaz Cp = (12)
Cp = (12) 1
1 vinlet 2
v ulaz 2 2
2
where pinlet and poutlet stands for mean inlet
gdje p ulaz i p izlaz predstavljaju srednje vrijednosti
and outlet wall pressure. These values are results
pritiska na zidu na ulazu i izlazu difuzora. Ove
of the simulation of fluid flow in diffuser. vulaz is
vrijednosti su rezultat simulacija strujanja fluida u
mean inlet velocity defined as:
difuzoru. v ulaz je srednja vrijednost brzine na ulazu
definisana sa:
Qinlet
vinlet = (13)
Ainlet
Q
v ulaz = ulaz (13)
Aulaz
where Qinlet represent inlet mass flow and Ainlet
is inlet surface.
gdje je Qulaz protok na ulazu a Aulaz povr{ina
The value of coefficient Cp obtained from
ulaza u difuzor.
Vrijednost koeficijenta C p kao rezultat simulacija simulation for case ON-DESIGN is 0.9346 and for
case OFF-DESIGN this value is 1.0694.
je 0.9346 za slu~aj ONDESIGN, dok za slu~aj Experimental value is 1.12.
OFFDESIGN ta vrijednost iznosi 1.0694.
Eksperimentalana vrijednost je 1.12.
- 173 -
Razlika izme|u eksperimentalne vrijednosti i The difference between experimental and simulated
vrijednosti dobijene simulacijom koeficijenta C p je value of coefficient C p is approximately 16% for
pribli`no 16% za slu~aj ONDESIGN i 4% za slu~aj case ON-DESIGN and 4% for case OFF-DESIGN.
OFFDESIGN.
150
100
50
-50
Pritisak (Pa)
-100
-150 pexp
pmin=pexp-pdev
pmax=pexp+pdev
-200 psim
-250
-300
-350
-0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Visina izlaza difuzora (m)
Slika 2: Vrijednosti pritisaka na donjem izlaznom zidu difuzora

Figure 2: Pressure values at the bottom outlet wall of diffuser
6. REZULTATI SIMULACIJA 6. RESULTS OF SIMULATIONS
Na slici 3 prikazana su polja brzina u presjeku On Fig. 3 velocity filed for case ON-DESIGN in
y = 0 za slu~aj ON-DESIGN. Polje brzina jasno y = 0 cross section is presented. Velocity field
pokazuje glavni trend strujanja u difuzora clearly indicated main flow trend in diffuser
(smanjenje brzine prema izlazu iz difuzora {to je i (reducing velocity to the diffuser outlet which is
jedna od glavnih funkcija difuzora). one of the main role of the diffuser).
Kao efikasan na~in analize strujanja u difuzoru As an efficient way of flow analysis in the diffuser
isti~e se prikazivanje strujnih linija ili putanje the streamlines or paths of particles from the inlet
ta~aka od ulaza prema izlazu difuzora, [4]. to the outlet is emphasized, [4]. Tangent on the
Tangenta na strunju liniju na nekoj ta~ki du` streamline in some point along the streamline
strujne linije predstavlja pravac vektora brzine u toj represent velocity vector direction in this point. Fig.
ta~ki. Na slici 4 prikazane su strujne linije od 4 shows the streamlines from the inlet to the
ulaza prema izlaza za slu~aj ON-DESIGN gdje se outlet for case ON-DESIGN where the swirling
jasno vidi pojava vrtlo`nog strujanja u koljenu structure of the flow in diffuser bend can be
difuzora. clearly recognized.
Cilj modifikacije geometrije difuzora je pove}anje The aim of geometrical modifications is increasing of
koeficijenta C p . Konus difuzora nije bio predmet coefficient C p . The diffuser cone was not subject of
redizajna zbog ~injenice {to je on dimenzionisan redesign because of fact that it was designed
prema postoje}oj turbini. Koljeno difuzora tako|e je according to the existing turbine. The diffuser elbow
zadràlo isti dizajn. Modifikacije geometrije ra|ene also kept same design. Geometry modifications are
su na izlaznom divergentnom dijelu difuzora. performed at the outlet diverging part of diffuser.
Originalni difuzor je odsje~en u zoni prelaza Original diffuser is cut in zone between elbow and
koljena u divergentni dio ( x = 0.726 m). the diverging part ( x = 0.726 m).
- 174 -
U orginalnoj izvedbi (ORIG) {irina izlaznog dijela In the original configuration (ORIG) width of outlet
difuzora je bila 1.0 m a visina 1.063 m. Povr{ina part is 1.0 m and height 1.063 m. The outlet
popre~nog presjeka izlaza je 1.063 m2. U prvom surface cross-section is 1.063 m2. In the first case
slu~aju modifikacije {irina izlaza iz difuzora je of modification diffuser outlet width is increased
pove}ana sa 1.0 m na 1.2 m. Povr{ina izlaza je from 1.0 m to 1.2 m. The outlet surface cross-
1.2756 m2 (MOD1). U drugom slu~aju {irina section is 1.2756 m2 (MOD1). In the second
difuzora je 1.6 m a povr{ina izlaza iz difuzora je case diffuser width is 1.6 m and the outlet surface
1.7008 m2 (MOD2). U tre}em slu~aju zadràna je cross-section is 1.7008 m2 (MOD2). In the third
ista {irina, dok je visina difuzora smanjena sa case the same width is kept but the outlet height
1.063 m na 0.8 m. Povr{ina izlaza je 0.8 m2 is reduced from 1.063 m to 0.8 m. The outlet
(MOD3). Za svaki slu~aj modifikacije generisana surface cross-section is 0.8 m2 (MOD3). For each
je nova numeri~ka mreà. Grani~ni uslovi su isti case of modification new numerical grid is
kao i kod originalne geometrije. Uticaj modifikacije generated. Boundary conditions were the same like
geometrije na koeficijent pretvorbe pritiska sumiran in original configuration. The influence of
je u tabeli 3. geometrical modifications on the pressure recovery
factor is summarized in Table 3.
Slika 3: Polje brzina, slu~aj ONDESIGN, presjek y = 0

Figure 3: Velocity field, case ONDESIGN, section y = 0
Slika 4: Strujne linije od ulaza prema izlazu, 64 ta~ke selektovane na ulazu difuzoru
Figure 4: Streamlines from the inlet to the outlet, 64 points at the inlet selected
- 175 -
Tabela 3: Vrijednost koeficijenta C p za razli~ite tipove geometrije za slu~ajeve ONDESIGN i OFFDESIGN

Table 3: Values of coefficient C p for different types of geometry for cases ONDESIGN i OFFDESIGN
Tip geometrije Povr{ina izlaza iz difuzora Aizlaz Cp Cp

Geometry type Diffuser outlet surface Aizlaz ONDESIGN OFFDESIGN
ORIG 1.0630 m2 0.9368 1.0694
MOD1 1.2756 m2 0.9083 1.0420
MOD2 1.7008 m2 0.8773 1.0277
MOD3 0.8000 m2 0.9515 1.0895
U ovom radu je prezentovana stacionarna In this paper steady three-dimensional numerical

trodimenzionalna numeri~ka simulacija strujanja u flow simulation of an elbow diffuser and influence
difuzoru sa koljenom i uticaj geometrijskih modifikacija of geometrical modifications on the pressure
na koeficijent pretvorbe pritiska. Istraìvanje je vr{eno recovery factor is performed. Investigation is
pomo}u programa COMET baziranog na metodi carried out with finite volume software COMET.
kona~nih volumena. Rezultati simulacija su upore|ivani Results of simulation were compared with available
sa dostupnim eksperimentalnim rezultatima o pritisku experimental results for diffuser outlet walls
na izlaznom zidu difuzora i koeficijentu pretvorbe pressure and pressure recovery factor. From
pritiska. Sa inènjerske ta~ke gledi{ta postignuto je engineering point of view, a good agreement is
dobro slaganje rezultata. Razlika izme|u numeri~ke i obtained. The difference between experimental and
eksperimentalne vrijednosti koeficijenta pretvorbe numerical value of the pressure recovery factor is
pritiska je 16% za slu~aj kada turbina radi sa najve}im 16% for the case when turbine operate with the
koeficijentom iskori{tenja, dok je slu~aj kada turbina highest efficiency and 4% for the case when
radi sa smanjenim koeficijentom iskori{tenja ta razlika turbine operate with reduced efficiency. Numerical
4%. Rezultati numeri~kih simulacija prikazani su u results were presented in diagram form, distribution
dijagramskoj formi, formi polja raspodjela i u formi field form and in streamlines form. Standard -
strujnih linija. Standardni model turbulencije pokazao model of turbulence showed good performance in
je dobro osobine u modeliranju turbulentnog toka u modeling of turbulent flow. In order to investigate
difuzoru. Da bi ispitivali uticaj geometrijskih modifikacija influence of geometry modification on the pressure
na koeficijent pretvorbe pritiska, ura|ene su tri recovery factor, three modifications of original
modifikacije originalne geometrije difuzora. U prvom i diffuser geometry are performed. In the first and
drugom slu~aju modifikacije pove}avana je povr{ina second cases of modifications diffuser outlet cross
popre~nog presjeka na izlazu iz difuzora, dok je u section is increased, while in the third case this
tre}em slu~aju ta povr{ina smanjenja. Najve}a cross section is reduced. The highest value of the
vrijednost koeficijenta pretvorbe pritiska dobivena je u pressure recovery factor is obtained for the third
tre}em slu~aju modifikacije difuzora i ona je ve}a za modification of the diffuser and it is approximately
pribli`no 2% u odnosu na originalnu izvedbu difuzora. for 2% highest when compared it to the original
diffuser.
[1] U. ANDERSSON, Turbine 99-Task and Proceedings of FEDSM'00 ASME 2000 Fluids
Boundary Conditions, Vattenfall Utveckling, Engineering Division, Summer Metting, June
lvarleby, Sweden, 1999. 11-15, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 2000.
[2] DEMIRD@I], S. MUZAFERIJA, Numerical method [4] M. ROTH, R. PIEKERT, Flow Visualization for
for coupled fluid flow, heat transfer and stress Turbomachinery Design, Swiss Center for
analysis using unstructured moving mesh with Scientific Computing ETH Zrich, 1999.
cells of arbitrary topology. Comput. Methods
Appl. Mech. Engrg., 125:235-255, 1994. [5] EISINGER, A. RUPRECHT, Automatic Shape
Optimization of a Hydro Turbine Components
[3] S. MAURI, J.L. KUENY, F. AVELAN, Numerical Based on CFD, Seminar CFD for
Prediction of the Flow in a Turbine Draft Tube- turbomachinery application, Gdansk, 2001.
Influence of the Boundary Conditions,
- 176 -
Ma{instvo 3(8), 177 188, (2004) C.Pinca-Bretotean,...: ISTRA@IVANJE IZDR@LJIVOSTI ZAGRIJANIH...
ISTRA@IVANJE IZDR@LJIVOSTI ZAGRIJANIH

VALJAONI^KIH VALJAKA U EKSPLOATACIJI
Conf. Eng. Camelia PINCA-BRETOTEAN, Dr. Es Sc.; Lect. Eng. Imre KISS, Drd. Es Sc.;
Prof. Eng. Teodor HEPUT, Dr. Es Sc.; Assist. Lect. Eng. Ovidiu TIRIAN, Drd. Es Sc.,
University POLITEHNICA Timisoara, Faculty Engineering Hunedoara, Mechanical
Department, Revolutiei 5, Hunedoara, 331128, Romania
REZIME
Istraìvanja o izdr`ljivosti vru}ih valjaoni~kih valjaka u toku eksploatacije predstavljaju va`no nau~no i
ekonomsko pitanje. Studija prikazuje detaljni pristup utjecaja razli~itih tehnolo{kih faktora na izdr`ljivost
valjaoni~kih valjaka u toku eksploatacije napravljenih od razli~itih vrsta ~elika i sirovog gvo`|a, te
predlaè rje{enja s ciljem pove}anja izdr`ljivosti valjaka u toku eksploatacije. Do danas nije napisana
referentna literatura koja bi se detaljno bavila teorijskim i eksperimentalnim aspektima teme ovog
istraìvanja.
Prijedlog iznesen u radu da se analiza valjaka za valjanje vr{i kori{tenjem tehnike elektronskog
izra~unavanja za izu~avanje toplotnog reìma zagrijanih valjaka za valjanje je novina s nau~nog, ali i
eksperimentalnog stanovi{ta. Cilj rada jeste predstaviti nekoliko smjernica koje se odnose na
pobolj{anje kvaliteta valjaka, a u nastojanju da se pove}a izdr`ljivost i sigurnost u toku rada.
Klju~ne rije~i: zagrijani valjaoni~ki valjci, izdr`ljivost u toku eksploatacije, toplotni zamor,
eksperimentalna instalacija, ~elik, gvo`|e, ciklusi naprezanja
RESEARCHES UPON THE DURABILITY IN EXPLOITION

OF THE HOT ROLLING MILL CYLINDERS
Conf. Eng. Camelia PINCA-BRETOTEAN, Dr. Es Sc.; Lect. Eng. Imre KISS, Drd. Es Sc.;
Prof. Eng. Teodor HEPUT, Dr. Es Sc.; Assist. Lect. Eng. Ovidiu TIRIAN, Drd. Es Sc.,
University POLITEHNICA Timisoara, Faculty Engineering Hunedoara, Mechanical
Department, Revolutiei 5, Hunedoara, 331128, Romania
ABSTRACT
The researches on the durability in exploitation of hot rolling mill cylinders represent an important
scientific and economical issue. The study represents a detailed approach of the influence of various
technological factors on the durability in exploitation of rolling mill cylinders made of different steel
and pig iron grades and suggests solutions meant to increase the durability of the rolls in
exploitation. Up to this moment, there is no reference publication to minutely deal with the
theoretical and experimental aspects of this theme of research.
The paper propose rolling cylinder analysis by utilization of electronic calculation technique to study
the hot rolling cylinders thermal regime is a novelty from scientific and experimental viewpoint. The
purpose of this work is to present few directions concerning the quality improvement of the rolls,
aiming the increasing of durability and safety in operation.
Key words: hot rolling mill cylinders (rolls), durability in exploitation, thermal fatigue, experimental
installation, steel, iron, stress cycles
- 177 -
Valjaoni~ki valjci su dijelovi u valja~kim prugama The rolling mill cylinders are the parts most
koji su najpodlo`niji habanju i imaju potro{nju od subjected to wear in the rolling trains and they
0,8 kg/tona valjanog ~elika. U zemlji (Rumuniji) se represent a consumption of 0.8 kg/tone of rolled
izvalja 4,5 miliona tona ~elika godi{nje. To steel. Nationwide, 4.5 million ton steel is being
predstavlja potro{nju od 3600 tona valjaka, u rolled every year. This represents a consumption
vrijednosti od 40...50 milijardi leja, {to istraìvanjima of 3,600 tone rolls, worth of 40 50 billion lei,
daje velik ekonomski i nau~ni zna~aj. which imposes researches with an important
O izdr`ljivosti u eksploataciji valjaoni~kih valjaka se economic and scientific impact.
malo govori u relevantnoj literaturi, kako u The durability in exploitation of the rolling mill
Rumuniji, tako i u svijetu. Do danas nije napisana cylinders is little approached in the reference
referentna literatura koja bi se detaljno bavila literature, both in Romania and worldwide. Up to
teorijskim i eksperimentalnim aspektima teme ovog this moment, there is no reference publication to
istraìvanja. minutely deal with the theoretical and experimental
Na{a istraìvanja nastoje dati odgovore na ve}inu aspects of this theme of research.
stvarnih problema u vezi s pove}anjem tvrdo}e Our researches are trying to give answers to most
valjaoni~kih valjaka. Njih karakteri{e sloèn sistem actual problems related to the increase of hardness
pucanja povr{inskog kalibarskog sloja ili of rolling mill cylinders. They are characterized by a
jednostavno pucaju usljed toplotnog {oka kojeg complex system of cracking of the superficial
izaziva kontakt vru}eg metala i valjaka hla|enih caliber layer or they simply break because of the
vodom. Studija predstavlja detaljan pristup utjecaja thermal shocks caused by the contact of the hot
razli~itih tehnolo{kih faktora na izdr`ljivost kod metal with the water-cooled cylinders. The study
eksploatacije valjaoni~kih cilindara napravljenih od represents a detailed approach of the influence of
razli~itih vrsta ~elika i sirovog gvo`|a, te predlaè various technological factors on the durability in
rje{enja ~iji je cilj pove}anje tvrdo}e valjaoni~kih exploitation of rolling mill cylinders made of different
cilindara u toku eksploatacije. steel and pig iron grades and suggests solutions
meant to increase the hardness of rolling mill
cylinders in exploitation.
2. PREDSTAVLJANJE 2. PRESENTATION OF THE

EKSPERIMENTALNE OPREME EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENTS
Istraìva~i koriste podatke prikupljene u industrijskoj The researches use data collected from the
upotrebi u Fabrici za integralnu proizvodnju ~elika industrial use at the IRON AND STEEL
u HUNEDOARI (Rumunija), kao i laboratorijske INTEGRATED PLANT of HUNEDOARA (ROMANIA),
eksperimente provedene na jedinstvenoj, as well as laboratory experiments carried out on a
kompleksnoj i originalnoj instalaciji. unique, complex and original installation.
Slika 1. predstavlja konstrukcijski plan instalacije za Figure 1 presents the construction plan of the
odre|ivanje izdr`ljivosti zagrijanih valjaoni~kih installation for determining the durability of the hot
valjaka. Instalacija daje mogu}nost dodatnog rolling mill cylinders. This installation provides the
izu~avanja kao i odre|ivanja izdr`ljivosti u possibility of further studiers and also to establish
eksploataciji svih vrsta valjaka koji se trenutno the durability in exploitation for all types of rolls
koriste u industrijskim fabrikama. used presently in industrial mills.
Eksperimenti su ura|eni sa grupama od {est The experiments are made on groups of six rings,
prstenova vanjskog pre~nika od 250 mm, koji su with a 250 mm exterior diameter, carried out from
preuzeti iz izu~avanih vrsta industrijskih valjaka the studied types of industrial rolls (Figure 2).
(Slika 2.). Imaju}i na umu istraìvanje, napravljene Having in view the research, three armatures of
su tri armature uzoraka, svaka sa {est prstenova specimens were made, each with six rings and
koji su se sastojali od sljede}ih materijala: every ring made of the following materials:
65 VMoCr15 ~elik koji se koristi za 65 VMoCr15 steel used to manufacture

proizvodnju valjaka prethodno valjanje; rolls from semi-finished mills;
55 VMoCr12 ~elik koji se koristi za proizvodnju 55 VMoCr12 steel used to manufacture
valjaka za sekcije te{kog valjanja (te{ke pruge); rolls from heavy section mills;
90 VMoCr15 ~elik koji se koristi za proizvodnju 90 VMoCr15 steel used to manufacture
valjaka za sekcije te{kog valjanja; rolls from heavy section mills;
- 178 -
OTA3 ~elik koji se koristi za proizvodnju OTA3 steel used to manufacture rolls from
valjaka na sekcijama za te{ko, srednje i lahko heavy, medium and light section mills;
valjanje; FNS2 iron used in the making of rolls in
FNS2 gvo`|e koje se koristi za pravljenje heavy section mills;
valjaka na sekcijama za te{ko valjanje; FD2 iron used in the making of cylinders
FD2 gvo`|e koje se koristi za pravljenje in heavy and light section and wire mills.
valjaka na sekcijama za te{ko i lahko valjanje
i ì~anim valjaonicama.
Slika 1. Konstrukcijski plan instalacije za odre|ivanje izdr`ljivosti zagrijanih valjaoni~kih valjaka

1. glavna osovina; 2. eksperimentalni uzorci; 3,4. leàjevi; 5. asinhroni elektri~ni motor; 6. otpornik
elektri~ne pe}i; 7. kolektor toplotnog napona; 8. osovinica; 9,10. spojnice; 11. metalni skelet
FIGURE 1. The construction plan of the installation for determining the durability of the hot rolling
mill cylinders: 1. main axis; 2. experimental tryouts (samples); 3,4. bearings; 5. asyncron electric engine; 6.
electric rezistance furnace; 7. thermotension collector; 8. pin; 9, 10. couplings; 11. metallic skeleton
Slika 2. Montaà glavne osnovine i uzoraka u obliku prestena u toku ispitivanja izdr`ljivosti
Figure 2. Assembly of main axis and ring shaped samples, Under durability tests
Ovi prstenovi su izloèni razli~itim cikli~nim These rings were subject to different cyclical
termi~kim poticajima, pri ~emu su se, s jedne thermal solicitations, which, during the period of a
strane, prilikom rotacije glavne osovine zagrijavali u rotation of the main axis, on one hand warm up
elektri~noj pe}i na razli~itim temperaturama, a s in an electric furnace at different temperatures,
druge strane rashla|ivali u razli~itim okruènjima, and on the other hand cool in different
odnosno zraku, vodi i uglji~nim snje`nim environments, respectively in air, water and
mlazovima. carbonic snow jets.
- 179 -
U toku eksperimenata, nakon odre|enog broja During the experiments, after a certain number of
ciklusa naprezanja, povr{ina o{trih stranica stress cycles, the surface of the sharp sides of
prstenova pokazuje znakove pucanja usljed the rings present signs of cracks because of the
termi~kog zamora. Do pucanja dolazi u razli~itim thermal fatigue. They appear at different intervals
intervalima u toku naprezanja, prema kojima }e se during the stress, intervals according to which the
odrediti broj ciklusa. Ovi ciklusi se razlikuju, u number of cycles are to be established. These
zavisnosti od vrste materijala koji se ispituje. U cycles differ, depending on the type of materials
toku eksperimenata biljeì se varijacija temperature studied. During the experiments the temperature
na uzorcima u obliku prstena, kao i temperatura u variation is recorded in the ring shaped specimens
elektri~noj pe}i s automatskim pode{avanjem i (samples), as wells as the temperature of the
odràvanjem na prethodno utvr|enim vrijednostima. electric furnace with authomatic adjustment and
Da bi se izmjerila varijacija temperature u maintenance at previously established values.
ekperimentalnim prstenovima, implantiran je jedan To perform the measurements of temperature
od njih s kupastom osovinicom prvobitno variation in the experimental rings, one of them is
opremljen Pt-Pt/Rh termoelementima. Pre~nik ìce implanted with a conical pin with initiaally equipped
je 0,06 mm, a moment inercije je ispod desetine Pt-Pt/Rh thermocuples. The wire diameter is 0,06
sekunde. Ovi termoelementi mjere varijaciju mm and the inertion response under a tenth of a
temperature na povr{ini uzorka i na dubinama od second. These thermocuples measure temperature
r = 0; 1,5 i 3 mm. Predstavljeni su zajedno sa variation on the surface of the sample and the r
unutra{njom montaòm na Slici 3. Osovinica s = 0; 1,5 and 3,0 mm depths. Tthey are presented
montiranim termoelementima koja se uklapa u together with the interior assemblage, in Figure 3.
prsten je predstavljena na Slici 4. The pin with the assembled thermocouples to be fit
Nakon utvr|ivanja broja ciklusa naprezanja dok se in the ring, is presented in Figure 4.
ne pojavi prva pukotina koju izaziva termi~ki zamor After establishing the number of stress cycles, untill
prave se histogrami izdr`ljivosti za svaku vrstu the first thermal fatigue caused cracks appear,
materijala koji se koristi za proizvodnju valjaoni~kih durability histograms are done to each type of
cilindara i za svaku vrstu naprezanja. Rezultati }e material, used to manufacture rolling mill cylinders
se uporediti s onim dobivenim pri industrijskoj and to each type of stress. The results are to be
upotrebi u vlajaonicama preduze}a ISPAT compared with those in the industrial exploitation of
SIDERURGICA u HUNEDOARI. the ISPAT SIDERURGICA COMPANY of
HUNEDOARA, in the ROLLING MILLS sectors.
Slika 3. Montaà kupaste osovinice ugra|ene u pt-

pt/rh termospojnice
Figure 3. Assembly of conical pin fitted
Pt-Pt/rh thermocouplings
Slika 4. Osovina termospojnice montirana i pripremljena za instaliranje u uzorak prstena

Figure 4. Thermocoupled pin assembled and prepared for installation in the ring sample
- 180 -
3. RE@IM RADA 3. WORKING REGIMES
Rezultati ispitivanja termi~kog reìma zagrijanih From the study of the thermal regime of the hot
valjaoni~kih valjaka, gdje je zabiljeèno pet rolling cylinders, where have been registered five
izohronih dijagrama koji predstavljaju varijacije isochronal diagrams representing the rolling cylinders
temperature valjaka za valjanje u toku jednog temperature variations during one rotation,
obrtaja, {to odgovara vrijednosti ugla 2 pokazuju corresponding to a 2 circular measure angle, resulted
da se maksimalne asimetri~ne temperature javljaju that the maximal asymmetrical temperatures appears at
pri smanjenoj brzini valjanja, odnosno smanjenom diminishing rolling speed, respectively diminishing
broju obrtaja valjaka. Kod pove}anja broja obrtaja rotation numbers of the rolls. Once with the increment
valjaka na visokim temperaturama valjanja smanjuje of the rotation numbers of the rolls, at high rolling
se asimetri~na temperatura polja, pa se smanjuje i speeds decrease the asymmetric temperature fields so,
termi~ki zamor optere}enja kalibara. Na osnovu decrease also the calibers thermal fatigue loading. On
toga je izabrana minimalna vrijednost broja obrtaja these bases, we chose the minimal value for the
uzoraka koja je ograni~ena na test izdr`ljivosti, a rotation number of the tryouts constrained to durability
to je 30,6 o/min, {to izaziva najve}i termi~ki zamor test being as 30.6 rot/min, producing the highest
zato {to su termi~ka naprezanja koja se javljaju thermal fatigue because the thermal tensions
kao posljedica varijacija temperature maksimalna, a appearing as effect of temperature variations are
nakon relativno malog broja obrtaja javljaju se prve maximal and, after a relative small number of rotations,
pukotine usljed termi~kog zamora. appear the first thermal fatigue cracks.
Kad je u pitanju temperatura srednje elektri~ne Regarding the temperature of the electric furnace
pe}i namijenjena zagrijavanju eksperimentalnih medium intended for experimental rings warming,
prstenova, ona bi trebala biti {to je mogu}e vi{a this has to be as high as possible in order that
kako bi uzorci dostigli stabilan reìm do the tryouts reach a stabilized regime to a maximal
maksimalne mogu}e temperature. U na{em slu~aju, possible temperature. In our case, the temperature
izra~unata temperatura dvaju otpornika srednje of the two resistors electric furnace medium,
elektri~ne pe}i, od kojih svaki ima ~etiri umotane having four curled spirals each, was calculated to
spirale, je 1000oC, mi smo dobili 960100oC, a 1000oC and we obtained 960100oC, but the
eksperimenti su ostvareni na 910100oC. experiments were effectuated at 910100OC.
Kako bi se pove}ao broj ciklusa optere}enja do In order to increase the number of the loading
pojavljivanja prvih pukotina usljed termi~kog cycles, until the first thermal fatigue cracks appear,
zamora, poku{ali smo odràti {to je mogu}e vi{u we have tried to maintain as high as possible
temperaturu kod testiranja i ubrzati i naglasiti temperature for tryouts, and the cooling fast and
hla|enje. Svaki od tri seta uzoraka koji se sastoje accentuated. Each of the three sets of tryouts
od {est prstenova su bili ograni~eni na reìm rada, consisting in six rings were constrained to a
teè}i izra~unatom trenutku pojavljivanja prvih working regime, pursuing the calculated moment of
pukotina usljed termi~kog zamora i biljeè}i broj the appearance of the thermal fatigue first cracks,
ciklusa optere}enja. registering the number of loading cycles.
Na osnovu prethodno predstavljenih podataka Based on the previous data presented, we chose
odabrali smo tri eksperimentalna termi~ka reìma, three experimental thermal regimes, having the
~iji su glavni elementi predstavljeni u tabeli 1. Red main elements presented in table 1. The order of
eksperimenta je bio: reìm A, B i C. U toku the experiments was regime A, B and C. During
eksperimenata neprestano je biljeèna temperatura the experiments, was registered permanently the
srednje elektri~ne pe}i u stacionarnom reìmu temperature of the electric furnace medium in
(910oC,) i varijacije temperature u toku jednog stationary regime (910C) and the temperature
obrtaja prstenova, kako na vanjskoj povr{ini tako i u variations to one revolution of the rings, on the
povr{inskom sloju na dubini od r = 1,5 i 3 mm. exterior surface as well in the superficial layer at
U toku eksperimentalnog procesa ispitivanja r = 1,5 and 3 mm depth.
termi~kog zamora primijenjena je tehnika During the experimental process of durability at
eletronskog ra~unanja koriste}i program thermal fatigue was utilized the electronic calculus
adamth.cpp, na jednom IBM PC kompjuteru sa technique using a program adamth.cpp
ADAM-4018 modulom na ulazu i ADAM.4520 working on one IBM PC computer, for ADAM4018
konvertorom na izlazu. Na ovaj na~in su modules at the entrance and ADAM-4520 converter
zabiljeène cikli~ne varijacije temperature u to the exit. In this way has been registered the
ta~kama, na povr{ini i u povr{inskom sloju. cyclic temperature variations in points, at the
Dobiveni rezultati su prikazani u tabelama 2, 3, 4. surface and in the superficial layer, the obtained
i dijagramima na slikama 5, 6, 7. results from the file being showed in tables 2, 3,
4 and the diagrams from figures 5, 6, 7.
- 181 -
Tabela 1. Eksperimentalni reìmi

Table 1. The experimental regimes
NAZIV KARAKTERISTINIH ELEMENATA IZ EKSPERIMENTALNI REIMI

EKSPERIMENTALNOG REIMA EXPERIMENTAL REGIMES
M.U.
THE NAME OF THE CHARACTERISTIC
A B C
ELEMENTS FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL REGIME
Broj obrtaja uzoraka postavljanih na glavnoj
osovini
[rot / min] 30.6 30.6 30.6
Rotation number of the tryouts
mounded on the main axle
Temperatura srednje lektrine pei
The temperature of the electric furnace [C] 910100C 910100C 910100C
medium
Vrijeme zagrijavanja uzoraka
[s] 0.98 0.98 0.98
The tryouts warming time
Vrijeme hlaenja uzoraka
[s] 0.98 0.98 0.98
The tryouts cooling time
Ugao uvoenja toplote
[rad]
The heat introduction angle
Odstranjenje hla|enja
[rad]
The cooling evacuation
Medij za hlaenje zrak voda koja krui ugljenini snijeg
-
The cooling medium air circulated water carbonic snow
Tabela 2. Cikli~ne varijacije temperature na povr{ini i u povr{inskom sloju uzoraka u toku reìma
eksploatacije A, sa n=30,6 o/min, pri temperaturi pe}i (96010oC)
Table 2. Cyclical temperature variation on the surface and in the superficial layer of samples, exploited in
regime A, with n = 30.6 o/min, at a furnace temperature (910 100C)
VARIJACIJA TEMPERATURE, [C] VARIJACIJA TEMPERATURE, [C]

No. THE TEMPERATURES VARIATIONS, [C] No. THE TEMPERATURES VARIATIONS, [C]
r = 0mm r = 1.5mm r = 3mm r = 0mm r = 1.5mm r = 3mm
0 265.0 246.6 231.3 21 768.4 631.3 502.6
1 338.3 271.1 249.6 22 748.1 620.8 502.3
2 391.2 325.0 264.0 23 708.6 607.0 500.0
3 424.0 355.2 285.3 24 678.3 580.8 490.0
4 482.3 378.0 306.8 25 649.6 555.4 478.2
5 515.2 397.7 329.7 26 605.3 529.8 456.5
6 536.5 416.4 348.3 27 542.5 478.6 420.2
7 586.4 449.0 363.1 28 516.4 458.0 403.0
8 610.2 466.7 373.1 29 479.5 432.7 384.0
9 638.2 480.1 388.0 30 449.7 398.2 358.6
10 655.0 501.4 403.0 31 421.5 365.6 338.2
11 679.8 515.3 419.0 32 392.6 337.5 312.0
12 699.3 537.6 430.0 33 362.4 325.4 300.0
13 713.6 550.3 443.6 34 339.8 302.7 288.1
14 738.5 568.6 452.1 35 309.4 285.0 271.0
15 750.8 582.0 459.6 36 288.1 269.3 258.6
16 765.6 595.3 468.2 37 280.0 257.3 245.3
17 780.2 609.8 477.6 38 271.3 247.0 233.0
18 790.3 618.3 484.4 39 252.6 241.4 228.0
19 795.3 620.5 490.1 40 250.8 242.2 229.2
20 785.3 629.6 497.2 41 265.0 246.6 231.3
- 182 -
eksploatacije B, sa n = 30,6 omin, pri temperaturi pe}i (96010oC)
regime B, with n = 30.6 o/min, at a furnace temperature (910 100C)

No. THE TEMPERATURES VARIATIONS [C] No. THE TEMPERATURES VARIATIONS [C]
r = 0 mm r = 1.5 mm r = 3 mm r = 0 mm r = 1.5 mm r = 3 mm
0 229.7 202.0 162.2 21 764.0 530.4 332.0
1 303.6 251.0 180.4 22 685.3 515.1 330.1
2 345.5 278.0 195.3 23 585.2 498.3 329.0
3 385.2 302.0 210.8 24 520.1 476.2 323.2
4 429.0 333.0 229.3 25 486.7 450.2 318.1
5 460.7 355.6 240.0 26 452.5 427.5 309.9
6 500.6 379.4 253.4 27 408.5 402.3 295.4
7 546.2 403.8 266.5 28 380.9 380.4 278.6
8 573.0 425.9 277.6 29 316.0 346.0 262.8
9 590.0 444.0 284.4 30 293.0 323.0 251.6
10 627.4 460.5 293.3 31 274.0 303.8 235.2
11 645.3 475.0 300.2 32 255.3 295.2 223.4
12 662.0 488.2 309.5 33 244.0 280.4 207.8
13 683.0 499.6 313.6 34 229.6 262.8 195.4
14 709.8 509.7 320.0 35 216.0 248.9 190.0
15 728.6 518.8 323.3 36 208.6 236.0 182.4
16 748.2 524.1 327.6 37 197.0 218.6 175.3
17 760.1 529.5 329.3 38 195.2 209.7 165.2
18 773.0 532.0 331.1 39 204.1 197.0 160.0
19 788.5 537.2 333.4 40 207.3 189.0 165.4
20 788.0 539.1 335.6 41 229.7 202.0 162.2
eksploatacije C, sa n = 30,6 o/min, pri temperaturi pe}i (96010oC)
regime C, with n = 30.6 o/min, at a furnace temperature (910 100C).

No. THE TEMPERATURES VARIATIONS [C] No. THE TEMPERATURES VARIATIONS [C]
r = 0 mm r = 1.5 mm r = 3 mm r = 0 mm r = 1.5 mm r = 3 mm
0 223.1 180.3 140.6 21 737.0 492.4 293.0
1 280.6 200.1 152.3 22 654.4 474.6 286.0
2 357.0 232.4 173.5 23 542.7 450.0 275.2
3 410.3 259.7 190.2 24 472.9 429.0 270.5
4 470.7 287.6 207.5 25 428.7 405.6 265.4
5 506.3 314.0 220.2 26 382.8 375.1 256.3
6 529.0 332.3 229.4 27 321.0 350.2 243.1
7 564.2 358.3 241.6 28 284.0 310.9 234.0
8 586.8 375.1 250.2 29 250.6 291.0 220.5
9 612.5 393.4 260.1 30 233.4 270.0 205.6
10 635.8 413.1 269.3 31 223.2 255.0 196.5
11 653.2 430.0 275.9 32 212.9 248.4 186.3
12 672.4 445.3 280.1 33 205.7 233.0 180.1
13 688.3 455.2 285.6 34 202.1 222.0 175.6
14 702.5 469.7 290.0 35 198.5 212.0 168.0
15 715.6 480.2 293.1 36 193.4 202.0 163.0
16 729.7 485.4 294.2 37 195.7 195.0 152.6
17 739.8 494.5 298.1 38 199.8 183.0 150.1
18 751.6 500.0 299.0 39 204.0 176.0 142.0
19 762.6 503.3 299.6 40 208.0 174.0 140.0
20 760.0 503.0 298.3 41 223.1 180.3 140.6
- 183 -
Slika 5. Cikli~ne varijacije temperature u ta~kama, na povr{ini i u povr{inskom sloju (za reìm A, B i C)
Figures 5. The cyclic temperature variations in points, at the surface and in the superficial layer
(for the regime A, B and C)
Slika 6. Cikli~ne varijacije temperature u ta~kama, na povr{ini i u povr~inskom sloju (za reìm A, B i C)
Figures 6. The cyclic temperature variations in points, at the surface and in the superficial layer (for the
regime A, B and C)
Slika 7. Cikli~ne varijacije temperature u ta~kama, na povr{ini i u povr{inskom sloju (za reìm A, B i C)
Figures 7. The cyclic temperature variations in points, at the surface and in the superficial layer (for the
regime A, B and C)
- 184 -
4. REZULTATI I ANALIZE 4. RESULTS AND ANALYSES
Analiziraju}i dijagrame varijacija temperature, koje Analyzing the temperature variations diagrams,
se smatraju izohronim stanjima, u toku termi~kog considered as isochronal estates, during the
zamora eksperimentalnih stanja testiranja kod thermal fatigue experimental estates of the tryouts
reìma A, B i C, moèmo primijetiti da je najvi{a in A, B and C regime, we can observe that the
temperatura zabiljeèna na vanjskoj povr{ini highest registered temperature on the exterior
prstenova i iznosi 795,3oC, pri reìmu A kad je surface of the rings was 795,3C, in the A regime
hla|enje vr{eno na otvorenom zraku. when the cooling has been effected in open air.
Pri reìmu B, sa sistemom hla|enja kruènjem In the B regime, having a recycling water bath
vode, krivulja varijacija temperature ima manje cooling system, the temperature variations curves
nagla{en pad u oblasti ugla hla|enja, dostiù}i have a less accentuated downgrade in the area of
maksimalnu temperaturu na povr{ini prstena od the cooling angle, reaching the maximal
788,5oC i minimalnu temperaturu izme|u temperature on the rings surface 788,5C, and the
160oC...192,2oC. minimal temperature between 160...195,2C.
Pri reìmu optere}enja C kori{ten je led od karbon In the C loading regime was used carbon-dioxide ice
dioksida koji uduvava distributivni kolektor, krivulja blasted in by a distributive collector, the temperature
varijacija temperature postaje, u podru~jima hla|enja, variations curves becoming, in cooling area, even
jo{ vi{e nagla{ena, s maksimalnom temperaturom na more accentuated, the maximal temperature on the
povr{ini prstenova od 762,6oC i minimalnom rings surface being 762.6C, and the minimal
temperaturom u povr{inskom sloju od 140oC. temperature in the superficial layer 140C.
Sinteze karakteristi~nih podataka za biljeènje The synthesis of the characteristic data for the
varijacije temperatura u eksperimentalnim reìmima registered temperature variations in the
optere}enja A, B i C predstavljene su u tabeli 5. experimental loading regime A, B and C are
presented in the table 5.
Tabela 5. Sinteza karakteristi~nih podataka cikli~ne varijacije temperature sa povr{inskog sloja vrste uzorka
prstena eksperimentalno eksploatisanih u reìmu A, B, C
Table 5. Sinthesis of the characteristic data for cyclical variation of temperature, from the sauperficial layer
of ring typed tryout experimentally exploited in A, B, C regime
DIJAGRAM CIKLINIH VARIJACIJA DUBINA GRANINA VARIJACIJA TEMPERATURE KOJA
TEMPERATURE PREMA POVRINSKOG JE REZULTAT EKSPERIMENATA [0C]
EKSPERIMENTALNOM REIMU SLOJA r [mm] LIMIT TEMPERATURE VARIATION
0
EKSPLOATACIJE DEPTH OF THE RESULTING FROM EXPERIMENTS [ C]
DIAGRAM OF THE CYCLICAL VARIATION SUPERFICIAL LAYER
OF THE TEMPERATURES, ACCORDING TO r [mm] Maximal Minimal
EXPERIMENTAL EXPLOITATION REGIME
EKSPERIMENTALNO NAPREZANJE U 0 793.3 250.8
REIMU "A" (vidi SLIKU 5.) 1.5 631.3 241.4
EXPERIMENTAL STRESS A REGIME
3.0 502.6 228.0
(see FIGURE 5)
REIMU "B" (vidi SLIKU 6.) 1.5 539.1 187.0
EXPERIMENTAL STRESS B REGIME
3.0 335.6 160.0
(see FIGURE 6)
REIMU "C" (vidi SLIKU 7.) 1.5 503.3 174.0
EXPERIMENTAL STRESS C REGIME
(see FIGURE 7) 3.0 299.6 140.0
Op}a opservacija jeste da za sva tri registrirana As a general observation, for all the three
dijagrama, krivulje varijacije temperature imaju registered diagrams, the temperature variations
izvjesno pomjeranje na apscisi, {to pokazuje curves peaks have a certain displacement on the
vrijeme prijenosa toplote u masi prstena, odnosno abscissa, fact that indicates that the heat
povr{inskom sloju. Sli~na je situacija u procesu transmitting time in the rings mass, respectively in
koji je suprotan hla|enju, gdje je nagla{enost u the superficial layer. The situation is similar in a
reìmima B i C, kad se povr{ina prstena brè reverse way to the cooling process too, being
hladi, a povr{inski sloj na dubini od r = 1,5 more accentuated in the B and C regimes, when
mm ostaje zagrijan vi{im temperaturama od onih the rings surface cools faster and the superficial
na povr{ini. layer at the r = 1,5 mm depth remains warm up
by higher temperatures that the surface ones.
- 185 -
U toku eksperimenata sa izdr`ljivo{}u, reìmi A, B During the durability experiments, after the A, B
i C su odvojeno primijenjeni kod svakog skupa and C regime, applied separate for each set of
uzoraka formiranih od {est prstenova, a koji tryouts formed of six rings, representing the 6
predstavljaju 6 ispitivanih vrsta ~elika i livenog studied steel and cast iron marks, aiming by
gvo`|a s ciljem vizualizacije pojavljivanja prvih visualization the appearance of the first thermal
pukotina usljed termi~kog zamora. Prve pukotine fatigue cracks. These first thermal fatigue cracks
usljed termi~kog zamora javljaju se na o{trim appear on the sharp lateral exterior edges at a
bo~nim vanjskim krajevima s maksimalnim 250 mm maximal diameter, on each ring
pre~nikom 250 mm na svakom prstenu assembled in the packing, after a certain
montiranom na zaptivku, nakon odre|enog determined number of thermal loading cycles. The
utvr|enog broja ciklusa termi~kog optere}enja. visualizations made in order to observe the thermal
Vizualizacije koje su napravljene s ciljem fatigue cracks were made twice per day,
posmatranja pukotina termi~kog zamora ra|ene su calculating the number of cycles passed after
dva puta dnevno, ra~unaju}i broj ciklusa koji each visualization.
pro|e nakon svake vizualizacije. After the experimental exploiting durability tests,
Nakon eksperimenata za testiranje izdr`ljivosti kod evaluated in thermal loading cycles, were made
eksploatacije, koji su ocijenjeni u ciklusima durability histograms, for each loading regime and
termi~kog optere}enja, napravljeni su histogrami for each mark of studied material, the results
izdr`ljivosti za svaki reìm optere}enja i za svaku being presented in figures 8, 9 and 10.
vrstu ispitivanog materijala, a rezultati su
predstavljeni na slikama 8, 9 i 10.
5. ZAKLJU^CI 5. CONCLUSIONS
Kod reìma optere}enja A ispitivani materijali In stress regime A, the materials under study
su imali najve}i otpor pri ciklusima naprezanja resisted longest at stress cycles, untill the
do pojavljivanja prvih pukotina usljed first thermal fatigue cracks appeared (loading
termi~kog zamora (reìm optere}enja); regime);
Kod reìma optere}enja B, prve pukotine In stress regime B, the first thermal fatigue
usljed termi~kog optere}enja su se javile kod cracks appeared in a smaller number of
manjeg broja ciklusa naprezanja (srednji stress cycles (medium regime);
reìm); In regime C, the thermal fatigue cracks
Kod reìma optere}enja C, pukotine usljed appeared at the lowest number of stress
termi~kog zamora su se javile kod najmanjeg cycles (heavy regime).
broja ciklusa naprezanja (te{ki reìm); The type of stress which gave the best
Vrsta naprezanja koja je dala najbolje rezultate results regarding stability to thermal fatigue
u vezi sa stabilno{}u termi~kog zamora studied in stress regime C is the OTA3
ispitivana u reìmu naprezanja C jeste vrsta steel type;
~elika OTA3; Types 65 VMoCr15, 55 VMoCr12 and 90
Vrste 65 VMoCr15, 55 VMoCr12 i 90 VMoCr15 underewent relatively well to the
VMoCr15 relativno su dobro izdràle stress of thermal fatigue in stress regime A
naprezanje termi~kog zamora kod reìma and acceptably well in stress regimes B and
naprezanja A i prihvatljivo dobro kod reìma C;
naprezanja B i C; In the case of the two types of iron used in
U slu~aju dvaju vrsta gvo`|a kori{tenih u experimental research, a better behaviour was
ekperimentalnom istraìvanju, uo~eno je bolje noticed at FNS2, which underwent to 173,000
pona{anje kod FNS2, koji je pro{ao 173.000 cycles in stress regime C, until the first
ciklusa pod reìmom naprezanja C do cracks of thermal fatigue;
pojavljivanja prvih pukotina usljed termi~kog Iron type FD2 behaves acceptably and is
zamora; used to produce hard rolls from finishing
Vrsta gvo`|a FD2 se pona{a prihvatljivo i stands.
koristi se za proizvodnju tvrdih valjaka na
stalcima za zavr{nu obradu.
- 186 -
Slika 8. Histogrami izdr`ljivosti (za reìm A, B, i C)

Figures 8. Durability histograms (for the regime A, B and C)


- 187 -
[1] Camelia PINCA-BRETOTEAN, tefan oboseal termic a cilindrilor de laminor la cald,

TOADER, Dorin PLESA: Considerations GRAN CNCSU, 5004/1996
Concerning the Impact of Thermal Fatigue Upon
the Hot Rolling Cylinders, VIIth International [5] tefan TOADER, Camelia PINCA-
Symposium Interdisciplinary Regional Research BRETOTEAN: Consideraii privind
ISIRR2003, Hunedoara, pg. 494499; determinarea analitic a tensiunilor termice n
cilindri de laminor la cald, Buletinul Stiintific al
[2] Camelia PINCA-BRETOTEAN, tefan UPT, 1998, Fasc.1, pg. 1522;
TOADER, Dorin PLESA: Considerations
Concerning the Impact of Thermal Fatigue Upon [6] Camelia PINCA-BRETOTEAN: Consideraii
the Hot Rolling Cylinders, Annals of the Faculty privind determinarea tensiunilor termice ce
of Engineering Hunedoara, 2004, Tom II, acioneaz n cilindri de laminor din caja unui
Fascicola 1, pg. 63...69; laminor blooming 1300 mm, Buletinul
Stiintific al UPT, 1999, Fasc.2, pg. 3341;
[3] Camelia PINCA-BRETOTEAN: Cercetri de
durabilitate n exploatare a cilindrilor de laminor [7] tefan TOADER, Camelia PINCA-
la cald, GRAN CNCSIS, TEMA 6/24; BRETOTEAN: Cercetri asupra variaiilor de
temperatura n cilindri cajei pregatitoare dintr-un
[4] tefan TOADER, Camelia PINCA- laminor de profile grele 650 mm, Annals of the
BRETOTEAN: Cercetri asupra rezistenei la Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, 1997, Tom I,
pg. 282...289;
- 188 -
Ma{instvo 3(8), 189 194, (2004) V.Barto{ova,...: O EFIKASNOSTI PROIZVODNOG PROGRAMA...
O EFIKASNOSTI PROIZVODNOG PROGRAMA MA[INSKIH

URE\AJA KOMPANIJE
Ing. Viera Bartoov, PhD., ilinsk univerzita v iline, Fakulta PEDaS, Katedra ekonomiky, Univerzitn,
8215/1, 010 26 ilina, Slovensk republika, tel.: +421 41 5133 224, e-mail: Viera.Bartosova@fpedas.utc.sk
doc. Ing. Jozef Majerk, PhD., ilinsk univerzita v iline, Fakulta PEDaS, Katedra ekonomiky, Univerzitn,
8215/1, 010 26 ilina, Slovensk republika, tel.: +421 41 5133 410, e-mail: Jozef.Majercak@fpedas.utc.sk
REZIME
Svaka kompanija organizira svoj process proizvodnje tako da osigura trajni prosperitet u datim
vanjskim uslovima i prema svojim unutra{njim mogu}nostima. U na{em doprinosu obavje{tavamo vas
o iskustvima preduze}a za proizvodnju ma{inskih ure|aja srednje veli~ine.
Klju~ne rije~i: proizvodni program, konkurentna sposobnost, pore|enje proizvoda, tehni~ko-

ekonomski nivo proizvoda.
TO THE ISSUE OF EFFICIENCY OF MACHINERY

COMPANYS PRODUCTION PROGRAM
Ing. Viera Bartoov, PhD., ilinsk univerzita v iline, Fakulta PEDaS, Katedra ekonomiky, Univerzitn
8215/1, 010 26 ilina, Slovensk republika, tel.: +421 41 5133 224, e-mail: Viera.Bartosova@fpedas.utc.sk
doc. Ing. Jozef Majerk, PhD., ilinsk univerzita v iline, Fakulta PEDaS, Katedra ekonomiky, Univerzitn
8215/1, 010 26 ilina, Slovensk republika, tel.: +421 41 5133 410, e-mail: Jozef.Majercak@fpedas.utc.sk
SUMMARY
Each company organizes its production process in such a way, that in the given external conditions
and in its real internal possibilities, the permanent prosperity is secured. In our contribution we
inform about the experiences of a middle size machinery company.
Key words: production program, competitive ability, product comparison, technical-economic

level of the product.
Postoji nekoliko ideja o poslovnim strategijama iz There are more business conception strategies
kojih se razvijaju poslovne aktivnosti preduze}a. from which rise business activities of the
company.
Jedna od najva`nijih, ako ne i primarnih i One of the most important, if not the primary and
osnovnih pretpostavki o uspje{noj strategiji svake fundamental assumption of the successful strategy
kompanije jeste imati dobar, komercijalno uspje{an of every company, is to have good, commercially
proizvodni program. Koji je uslov ili nu`na successful production program. What is
pretpostavka dugoro~nog trajnog postojanja a requirement or necessary assumption of long-
kompanije? Postoji niz internih, ali i vanjskih term permanent existence of the company? There
situacija i uslova za koje je potrebno sistemati~no are number of inter nal but also external situations
provo|enje mota biti trajno uspje{an. and conditions which need motto to be
permanently successful systematically implement.
- 189 -
Ne postoji, i mo`da nikad ne}e ni postojati, There is no, and maybe hardly ever will be,
univerzalni i potpuno konkretan vodi~. Svaka available universal and entirely concrete guide.
kompanija mora izabrati i provesti svoj vlastiti Each company must with regard to number of
na~in prema prosperitetu u budu}nosti u odnosu specifications, internal and external conditions and
na broj specifikacija, te unutra{njih i vanjskih situations choose and implement its own way
uslova i situacija. Ovo je realnost ve} mnogo toward the future and prosperity. This is many
godina, {to je i generalizirano u teoriji years history reality and it is generalized in theory
organizacijskog i strate{kog upravljanja, kao i of organizational and strategic management as
upravljanja ~injenicama. well as in managing changes.
Strategija prosperiteta se s pravom smatra Prosperity strategy is correctly considered as the

najprogresivnijim na~inom ka budu}nosti most progressive way toward the future of the
kompanije. Iskustvo mnogih poslovnih subjekata company. An experience of many business
dokazuje da ova strategija ima i imat }e ~itav subjects prove, that this strategy has and will
spektar varijanti s razli~itom dubinom i karakterom have whole spectrum of variants with different
svog ostvarivanja, po~ev{i od malih sistemati~nih depth and character of its accomplishment, from
koraka ka kontinuiranom razvoju trì{ta i the small systematic steps toward the continuing
produktivnog standarda kompanije. development of market and productive standard of
the company.
2. METODE IZRAÛNAVANJA 2. METHODS OF EFFICIENCY

EFIKASNOSTI I STOPE CALCULATION AND POTENTIAL
POTENCIJALNOG POSLOVNOG BUSINESS SUCCESS RATE OF THE
USPJEHA PROIZVODA PRODUCT
Efikasnost ili stopa potencijalnog poslovnog Efficiency or potential business success rate of the
uspjeha proizvoda je unutar tipa fukncionalnog product is within a functionally expenditure type
tro{ka koji se smatra efektivno{}u i koristi considered as an effectiveness and utility of
mjerenog proizvoda ili usluge. U pragmati~nom measured product, service. In pragmatic conception
smislu potrebna efikasnost zna~i RADITI STVARI I a required effectiveness means TO DO THE
USLUGE DOBRO, a potrebno kori{tenje zna~i THINGS AND SERVICES WELL and required utility
RADITI DOBRE STVARI I USLUGE. Povezivanjem means TO DO GOOD THINGS AND SERVICES.
ova dva faktora efektivnosti proizilazi princip From connection of two effectiveness factors the
RADITI DOBRE STVARI DOBRO. principle TO DO GOOD THINGS WELL rises.
Before companies and organizations launch a new
Prije nego {to kompanije i organizacije lansiraju novi product and service to the market they examine at
proizvod ili uslugu na trì{te, one ispituju po kojoj what price will be a product probably sold and
}e se cijeni proizvod vjerovatno prodavati, te da li whether their costs do not bust the price ruled
njihova cijena probija cijenu kojom vlada trì{te. by market.
A competitive comparing of the products
Konkurentno pore|enje proizvoda ima zna~ajan considerably influences destination functions of
utjecaj na funkcije odredi{ta inovativnih namjera. innovative intentions. It is conditional step not just
To je danas uslovni korak ne samo za for the objectification of the product position at
objektiviziranje poloàja proizvoda na trì{tu the market nowadays (competitive ability), but also
(konkurentna sposobnost) nego i za specificiranje for the specification of the innovative intentions,
inovativnih namjera, tehnolo{ku pripremu proizvoda technological preparation of the production and
i pronalaènje finansijskih resursa za finding the financial resources at the restructuring
restrukturiranje proizvodnih programa s kojima je of the production programs, which the revitalization
proces revitalizacije obi~no povezan. process is often connected with.
Pore|enje industrijskih proizvoda predstavlja jedan The comparing of industry production products
od nu`nih koraka objektivizacije u~enja o ranks among necessary steps for the
konkurentnoj sposobnosti proizvodnje na objectification of learning the competitive ability of
relevantnom trì{tu. Bez te analize ne moèmo production at the relevant market. Without this
znati ni slabosti ni ja~e strane proizvoda i njegov analysis we are not able to know objectively both
tehni~ko-komercijalni potencijal na relevantnom the weakness and strengths of the production and
trì{tu. its technically-commercial potential at the relevant
market.
- 190 -
Za one koji vr{e pore|enje proizvoda neophodno For the solvers of comparing the products it is
je u metodologiji naglasiti rije~i na relevantnom necessary to emphasis in the methodology the
trì{tu jer nije mogu}e porediti parametre words at the relevant market, because it is not
proizvoda na razli~itim trì{tima gdje vrijede possible to compare the parameters of the product
druk~ije navike korisnika u dràvama i proizvodi se at different markets, where are valid different
koriste u razli~itim tehnolo{kim i prirodnim national user habits and these products are used
uslovima. Primjena matematike u pore|enju under the different technological and natural
proizvoda generira nekoliko statisti~kih metoda koje conditions. Mathematics appliance generates for the
se mogu koristiti u analizi poloàja ispitivanog comparing of products a few statistic methods
proizvoda u odnosu na proizvode na applicable for analysis of the examined product
konkurentnom poloàju. Sljede}e multikriterijske position with products in competitive position.
metode su me|u najzna~ajnijim metodama Among the most significant methods of the statistic
statisti~kog pore|enja proizvoda: comparing the products are multi-criterial methods:
Korter, ra~unanje tehni~ko-ekonomskog nivoa Korter, the calculation of technically-economic

proizvoda kompanije je za potrebe rangiranja jedna level of the companys product is for the needs
od najboljih metoda s obzirom na to da of the ranking one of the best methods, as it
funkcionira i s tehni~kim i s trì{nim parametrima: works with both technical and market parameters:
po~inje traènjem proizvoda s kojim se it stars with looking up the comparable

moè vr{iti pore|enje (proizvod iz iste products (same class product, same
klase, ista komercijalna upotreba od strane commercial usage by more leading world
vi{e vode}ih svjetskih proizvo|a~a), producers),
izbor parametara koji najbolje odslikavaju choosing of the parameters the best
njegov tehni~ki, cjenovni i nivo kori{tenja. To portraying its technical, price and utility
predstavlja jedan od najva`nijih koraka level. It ranks among the most important
metodologije i iziskuje poznavanje nauke o steps of the methodology and requires the
robi, science of commodities knowledge,
dati va`nost sastavnim parametrima u give weight to constituent parameters in the
kompleksu parametara, complex of parameters,
obrazloìti trì{nu cijenu proizvoda spektru account for the market price of the
tehni~kih parametara i izra~unati tehni~ko- products to the spectrum of technical
ekonomski nivo. parameters and the calculation of
technically-economic level.
Procenti, ra~unanje procentualnog izraàvanja
kvaliteta parametara u odnosu na najbolji kvalitet ili Percentiles, the calculation of percentile quality
vrijednost. Ra~unanje uklju~uje parametre svih expression of the parameters in relation
uporedivih proizvoda; dobivene procentualne to the best quality or value. The calculation
vrijednosti kvaliteta proizvoda koji se odnose na includes parameters of all comparable products;
najve}i zbir bit }e izbrojani za pojedine proizvode. the acquired percent values of products qualities
relating to the highest sum will be counted up for
T-ta~ke, princip ovog metoda se zasniva na individual products.
pore|enju istih kvaliteta kori{tenja proizvoda
metodom: standardne skale Z, rad sa T-points, the principle of this method is based on
aritmeti~kom sredinom i srednjim kvadratnim the comparing of the same utility qualities of
odstupanjem; metod omogu}ava rangiranje: products through the method: of standard scale Z,
working with the arithmetic mean and mean square
proizvoda uzimaju}i u obzir izabrani
deviation; the method enables to do ranking:
parametar,
datih parametara proizvoda of products considering to choosen parameter,
(supernormalnost ili mediokritet), given product parameters (supernormality or
cijelog tehni~kog nivoa. mediocrity),
of complete technical level.
Mjerni indikatori, ove statisti~ke metode su
adekvatno opisane u literaturi koja se bavi Mensural indicators, these statistics methods are
statisti~kim problemima. Njihovi algoritmi su dio adequately described in literature with statistic
softverskih proizvoda (aplikacijskih programa), ali i issue. Their algorithms are part of software
ra~unara namijenjenih za nau~no i statisti~ko products (application programs), but also calculators
ra~unanje. intended for scientific and statistics calculations.
- 191 -
3. OSNOVNE KATEGORIJE 3. BASIC CATEGORIES OF THE

FUNKCIONALNOG PRISTUPA FUNCTIONALLY EXPENDITURE
TRO[KOVIMA APPROACH
Funkcionalnost proizvoda, a time i zadovoljstvo kupca Product functionality, thus the rate of consumers
datim proizvodom ili uslugom, je jedan od osnovnih satisfaction with given product or service is one of
kriterija kojima se mjeri potencijalni komercijalni the two basic criteria, which measure the potential
uspjeh proizvoda ili usluge. Prava funkcionalnost commercial success of the product or service. The
proizvoda se shva}a kao stopa njegove cjelisho- proper functionality of the product is understood as
dnosti i kvaliteta. Ona nastaje iz primarne kategorije its expediency and quality rate. It arises from primary
funkcionalnog pristupa tro{kovima, odnosno funkcije. category of a functionally expenditure approach, that
Funkcija proizvoda ili usluge predstavlja odnos is function. The function of the product or service
izme|u potrebe kupca i kvaliteta proizvoda ili usluge. represents relation between a customer need and
Ona, dakle, pokazuje koje su potrebe kupca i, s product or service qualities. It shows then, what are
druge strane, istovremeno odraàva ono u ~emu je the needs of the customer and simultaneously on
proizvod zapravo dobar i {ta on radi. Stopu the other hand it reflects at what is product actually
kori{tenja ili obim kori{tenja proizvoda ili usluge good and what it is doing. To find out the utility
moèmo otkriti samo iz onih kvaliteta kori{tenja koji rate or utility extent of the product or service is
su kupcu va`ni, a ~iji se efekat izraàva kao funkcija. possible only from those, for customer important
Ti relevantni kvaliteti kori{tenja proizvoda su utility qualities, whose effect is expressed as the
kvantitativne i kvalitativne prirode i u literaturi se functions. These relevant utility qualities of the
nazivaju karakteristikama. product are by quantitative and qualitative nature and
in literature they are called characteristics.
Parametar je aritmeti~ki iznos odre|enog kvaliteta
opisan odgovaraju}om koli~inom mjernih jedinica Parameter is an arithmetic amount of a certain
ili posebno kvalitativnim opisima (u odnosu na quality described with appropriate quantity in
izabranu skalu bodovanja). measure units or specifically in qualitative
descriptions (according to choosen point scale).
Funkcionalnost i njena stopa omogu}avaju Functionality and its rate enable to apprise the
ocjenjivanje proizvoda i usluge kao jednog product and service as a complex, in the
kompleksa i to na~in na koji ih kupac vidi. Kad se customers way of looking at it. When ranking the
rangira funkcionalnost dobro je slijediti skup funkcija, functionality, it is appropriate to follow the set of
njihove karakteristike i parametre koji opisuju i mjere functions, their characteristics and parameters
proizvod ili uslugu kao cjelinu. Op}enito se odnosi which describe and measure the product or
na ove funkcije i karakteristike: service as a whole. Generally it concerns these
functions and characteristics:
interne funkcije opisuju nivo proizvoda i
internal functions describing the level of
usluge,
products and service,
potro{a~ke funkcije opisuju glavnu svrhu
consumable functions describing the main
kori{tenja,
purpose of using,
funkcije usluge karakteriziraju pouzdanost,
service functions characterizing the
mogu}nost upravljanja, vijek trajanja,
reliability, manageability, lifetime and
sigurnost pri radu i sli~no,
operation safety and the like,
komercijalne funkcije karakteriziraju nivo
commercial functions characterizing the
priloga i aparata, dostupnost rezervnih
level of attachment and accessories, spare
dijelova, brzinu isporuke, blagovremenu
parts accessibility, delivery promptness, on
isporuka, sloène usluge itd.,
time delivery, complex services and so on,
socijalno-ekonomske funkcije koje izraàvaju
socially-economic functions expressing
odnose proizvoda ili usluge i ìvotnih
relations of the product or services towards
stavova, te odnos njih i ekologije i sl.
life attitudes, towards ecology and so on.
Svaki proizvod i svaka usluga (i njihova

Each product and each service (and their
funkcionalnost) karakteriziraju razli~ite osobine
functionality) characterize various qualities
izraène razli~itim koli~inama i njihovim mjernim
expressed through the different quantities and their
jedinicama. Sa stanovi{ta metodologije nije mogu}e
measure units. From the methodology point of
izra~unati tako razli~it skup kvantitativnih podataka i
view it is not possible to count such a diverse
izraziti ukupnu stopu funkcionalnosti proizvoda ili
set of quantitative data, and articulate a total rate
usluge.
of the product or service functionality.
- 192 -
O~igledno je da se razmatra zajedno s pitanjem Evidently it is concerned in issue of the multi-

multikriterijskog rangiranja, {to mora biti pra}eno criterial ranking, that must be accompanied with
metodolo{kom primjenom za odre|ivanje vrijednosti methodical appliance for determination the values
funkcionalnog zna~enja (kriterija) zajedno sa of functionally meaning (criteria), added with
metodolo{kom primjenom koja kvantificira methodical appliance quantifying the utility values
vrijednosti kori{tenja (korisnost ili funkcionalnost). (usefulness or functionality).
Na{ doprinos se zasniva na poznavanju ~injenice da Our contribution is based on knowledge, that
je prvenstvena, ali ne i jedina pretpostavka uspje{ne primary, but not the only assumption of the
strategije ma{inskih ure|aja kompanije imati dobar, successful machinery companys strategy is to have
komercijalno uspje{an proizvodni program. good, commercially successful production program.
To become really the starting point of the
Da bi zaista postao polazi{te prosperiteta jedne companys prosperity, a production program needs
kompanije, proizvodni program bi trebalo da se to be gradually transformed into the production
postepeno transformira u proizvodni plan, u nivo plan, into the level of concrete order, into the
konkretne narud`be, i u konkretne proizvode, koji concrete products, producing under the conditions
se proizvode u uslovima konkretne proizvodno- of concrete productively-technical base and these
tehni~ke baze. Ovi proizvodi moraju prona}i na~in products must find the way forward to a customer
prema kupcu na osnovu obostrano najbolje cijene. on the base of a mutually best price.
Proizvodnja shva}ena kao veza proizvodnih faktora Production understood as connection of factors of
(posebno rada i kapitala) u odlu~ivanju o stopi production (especially work and capital) in
ima utjecaja na efikasnost kompanije i njenu deciding rate influences the efficiency of the
konkurentnu sposobnost. company and its competition ability.
Top management of the company must continually
Vrh rukovodstva kompanije mora neprestano stvarati creates harmony of horizontal relations, i.e. among
harmoniju horizontalnih odnosa, tj. izme|u proizvodnje, production, sales, investment, financing, purchase
prodaje, ulaganja, finansiranja, kupovine i produktivne and productive cooperation. That all requires to
saradnje. To sve iziskuje stvaranje i trajno aùriranje creates and permanently actualizes an informative
informacijske baze, uklju~uju}i i informacije o: base including information about:
ekonomskoj i finansijskoj situaciji u kompaniji
economic and financial situation of the
(dijagnostika i finansijsko zdravlje),
company (diagnostics of the financial health),
relevantnom trì{tu (veli~ina, razvoj, potraìvanja),
relevant market (bigness, development, demands),
konkurentnosti (glavni konkurenti, mogu}e
competition (main competitors, possible
zamjene, prepreke ulasku u tu granu),
substitutions, barriers to enter the branch),
prodaji i marketingu odlu~uju}ih proizvoda i
sales and marketing of decisive products and
njihovom pore|enju sa konkurentima podijeljeni
their comparing with competitors ones divided for:
prema sljede}em:
- prices and price calculations,
- cijene i prora~uni cijena,
- advertisement and costs related with it,
- reklame i tro{kovi u vezi s njima,
- research, development and advance of
- istraìvanje, razvoj i unapre|enje pripreme
technical production preparation (ability of
za tehni~ku proizvodnju (sposobnost trgovca
businessman designer to persuade the
dizajnera da ubijedi kupca u visoki nivo
customer about high level of technical
tehni~kih rje{enja i tehni~ke pouzdanosti
solutions and technological reliability typical of
tipi~ne za produktivno-tehni~ku osnovu,
productively-technical basis,
- proizvodni nivo, kontrole, proizvodni
- production-level of its controlling,
kapaciteti i stabilnost tro{enja, dobavlja~i i
production capacities and steady of their
logisti~ki nivo,
depleting, suppliers and logistics level,
- radnici kvalifikacije i dobna struktura,
- workers qualifying and age structure,
zadovoljstvo, raspoloènje, radna klima,
satisfaction, moods, working climate,
stabilnost i obrt.
stability and stuff turnover.
Iz osnovnog iskustva se mogu izvu}i op}i In the basic of experiences can be drawn the
zaklju~ci, a to je da bi strate{ka analiza generalized conclusions, that strategic analysis of
proizvodnog programa svake kompanije trebalo da production program of each company needs to
teì prvenstveno sljede}em: pursue primarily:
analiza i prognoza relevantnog trì{ta, analysis and prognosis of relevant market,
analiza konkurenata i unutra{njih resursa i analysis of competitors and internal resources
potencijala kompanije, and companys potential,
prognoza prihoda kompanije. prognosis of companys revenues.
- 193 -
4. ZAKLJUÂK 4. IN CONCLUSION
Proizvodni program i strategija razvoja kompanije Production program and strategy of companys
traè stalnu pa`nju. Pogodno je, ukoliko vlasnici i development need continual pay attention. It is
faktori kompanije li~no upravljaju i trajno appropriate, if proprietors and factors of the
nadgledaju da se ne mije{a u imovinske osobine company personally manage and permanently
kompanije i da strategija predstavlja njene supervise for not to be interfered into property
namjere, funkcije i ciljeve, tj. da kompanija radi u virtue of the company and for its strategy
datom segmentu trì{ta kao tehni~ki najbolja i representing its intentions, functions and goals, i.e.
istovremeno svojim rezultatima obavje{tava o so as the company performs in given market
dobrom finansijskom zdravlju i prosperitetu. segment as a technically best and at the same
time with its results informs about a good financial
Kao primjer ja~ih strana kompanije moè se health and prosperity.
spomenuti sljede}e:
As an example of companys strengths is
visok nivo konstruktivne i tehnolo{ke
possible to mention following:
proizvodne pripreme koja omogu}ava
dostizanje visokog kvaliteta prozvoda, {to high level of constructive and technological
kupac traì, production preparation enabling to achieve
visoka radna kultura i stvaranje klime za high quality of products which is required by
kreativni timski rad u kompaniji, a customer,
prilago|avanje kvalifikacijske structure osoblja, high working culture and making of climate
efektivno kori{tenje proizvodnih kapaciteta, for creative teamwork in the company,
efektivan sistem motivacije i ekonomskog accommodating staff qualifying structure,
interesa, effective using of production capacity,
visok nivo organiziranja logisti~kih procesa i effective system of motivation and economic
partnerstva s dobavlja~ima, interest,
finansijska stabilnost kompanije i konstantna high level of organizing the logistics
briga o finansijskom zdravlju kompanije, processes and partnership with suppliers,
dobrom partnerstvu s bankama {to financial stability of the company and constant
omogu}ava ponovno finansiranje svake solicitude about companys financial health,
narud`be. good partnership with the banks allowing to
re-finance every order.
[1] Szilgyi, M.. Re{trukturalizcia slovenskch strojrskych podnikov. In: Zbornk z medzinrodnej
konferencie Management a ekonomika firmy, Praha 1999
- 194 -

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Ma{instvo 3(8), 143 152, (2004) M.[abi}: KLASIFIKACIONA [EMA METODA...

KLASIFIKACIONA [EMA METODA ZA RJE[AVANJE

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME OF METHODS FOR

2. KLASIFIKACIONA [EMA 2. CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR

Pozicija 1 / Pozicija 2 / Pozicija 3 / Pozicija 4 / Position 1 / Position 2 / Position 3 / Position 4 /

Pozicija 4. Kori{tena funkcija rastojanja Position 4. the distance function used

Uop{teni Fermatov problem je: 1 / P / wi / l2 / The generalized Fermat problem is: 1 / P / wi / l2 /

3. POJEDINA^NI RAVANSKI 3. PLANAR SINGLE-FACILITY

3.1. Problem minimuma sa normiranim 3.1 The weighted rectangular distance

Daljim razvojem dobijamo By further developing of the equation we get

Za f1(x), k = 4, a1 = 2 , a2 = 4 , a3 = 6 , a4 For f1(x), k = 4, a1 = 2 , a2 = 4 , a3 = 6 , a4

Slika 2: Funkcija cilja za x osu

Zaklju~uje se, ako je za neke ta~ke p = 1, . ., k, In summary, if for some p = 1, . . . , k,

onda je ap globalni minimum, ili then ap is a unique minimum point, or

su ap x ap+1 ta~ke minimuma. ap x ap+1 are minimum points.

Tako slijedi da je svako x iz intervala 4 x 6 Thus each x from the interval 4 x 6 is

Za f2(y), l = 4, b1 = 1, b2 = 3, b3 = 5, b4 = 7 For f2(y), l = 4, b1 = 1, b2 = 3, b3 = 5, b4 =

Slika 3: Funkcija cilja za y osu

w wl l <0 i w l w l >0 (11) w l w l < 0 and

Tako slijedi da je y = b3 = 5 je globalni Thus y = b3 = 5 is a unique optimal solution.

3.2. Problem minimuma sa normiranim 3.2. The weighted, squared Euclidean

[d ( X ,P1 )] = (x a1 )2 + (y b1 )2 . (14) [d ( X ,P1 )] = (x a1 )2 + (y b1 )2 . (14)

Rje{avanjem x i y dobijamo: Solving for x and y we get:

4. VI[ESTRUKE LOKACIJE SA 4. MULTIFACILITY LOCATION WITH

PRORA^UN I DIZAJN AUTOMOBILSKIH TURBOPUMPI

DESIGN OF AUTOMOTIVE WATER TURBOPUMPS BY

Slika 2. Oblik lopatica radijalnog radnog

2. MATEMATI^KI MODEL I 2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND

P = 2 t D & 2 ( div v + k ) div v .

2.2. Grani~ni uvjeti 2.2 Boundary conditions

3. MODEL CIJELOG PROTO^NOG 3. MODEL OF TURBOPUMP'S

Slika 3. Model kolektora-uvodnika s dva ulazna otvora

Kod realizacije prostornih numeri~kih analiza In a realization of 3D numerical analysis exact

Slika 4. Radijalna radna kola centrifugalne turbopumpe

4. GENERIRANJE MRE@E I 4. GRID GENERATION AND GRID

Slika 7. Mrea model cijelog protonog trakta analizirane

Slika 8. Mrea dva podvolumena ulaza u

5. REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1. 3D-prora~uni toka fluida 5.1. 3D-calculation of fluid flow

5.2. Uporedba numeri~kih i 5.2. Comparison of the numerical and

Za prakti~no potvr|ivanje rezultata numeri~kih To confirm results of numerical analysis in

UTICAJ GEMOETRIJSKIH MODIFIKACIJA NA KOEFICIJENT

INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRICAL MODIFICATIONS ON

2. MATEMATSKI MODEL 2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL

2.3. Modeliranje turbulencije 2.3. Turbulence modeling

2.4. RANS jedna~ine 2.4. RANS equations

2.5. Standardni -model turbulencije 2.5. Standard -model

3. NUMERI^KI METOD 3. NUMERICAL METHOD

Tabela 1: Zna~enje pojedinih ~lanova u op{toj transportnoj jedna~ini (8)

4. OPIS PROBLEMA 4. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

Tabela 2: Osnovni podaci o eksperimentima Table 2: Basic data about experiments

Slika 1: Numeri~ka mre`a difuzora, 359320 kontrolnih volumena, 3D pogled

Slika 2: Vrijednosti pritisaka na donjem izlaznom zidu difuzora

6. REZULTATI SIMULACIJA 6. RESULTS OF SIMULATIONS

Slika 3: Polje brzina, slu~aj ONDESIGN, presjek y = 0

Tabela 3: Vrijednost koeficijenta C p za razli~ite tipove geometrije za slu~ajeve ONDESIGN i OFFDESIGN

Tip geometrije Povr{ina izlaza iz difuzora Aizlaz Cp Cp

U ovom radu je prezentovana stacionarna In this paper steady three-dimensional numerical

ISTRA@IVANJE IZDR@LJIVOSTI ZAGRIJANIH

RESEARCHES UPON THE DURABILITY IN EXPLOITION

2. PREDSTAVLJANJE 2. PRESENTATION OF THE

65 VMoCr15 ~elik koji se koristi za 65 VMoCr15 steel used to manufacture