Calculus and Vectors How to get an A+

5.1 5.2 Derivative of Exponential Function

A Review of Exponential Functions Ex 1. Use the graph of the exponential function to

The exponential function is defined as: evaluate each limit.
y = f ( x) = b x ; b > 0, b 1 a) lim 2 x
x
The graph of the exponential function is represented x
below: lim 2 =
x

b) lim 2 x
x
x
lim 2 = 0
x

c) lim 0.2 x
x

lim 0.2 x = 0
x

d) lim 0.2 x
x

The x-axis ( y = 0 ) is a horizontal asymptote. lim 0.2 x =

x

B Number e Ex 2. Estimate the number e using formula (1) and by

The number e is defined by: taking n = 100000 .
n
1
e = lim 1 + (1) 100000
n n 1
e 1 + 2.7183
which can be written also as: 100000
1
e= lim (1 + u ) u (2)
u 0

C Exponential Function Ex 3. Estimate e using formula (2) and by taking

The exponential function e x may be evaluate using n = 100000 .
the limit: 100000
1/ 2 1/ 2
x
n
e =e 1 + 1.6487
e x = lim 1 + (3) 100000
n n
Proof:
x x
n n n
x x x xx
lim 1 + = lim 1 + = lim 1 + =
n n n
n n n

x
1
= lim (1 + u ) = e x
u
u 0

D Derivative of e x Ex 4. Differentiate and simplify.

(e x )' = e x a) x 2 e x
d x (4) ( x 2 e x )' = ( x 2 )' e x + x 2 (e x )' = 2 xe x + x 2 e x = xe x (2 + x)
e = ex
dx
Proof: b) e x / 2
n n 1 1 1 x/2
x x x 1 x (e x / 2 )' = ( e x )' = ex = e
1 + e n1 + (e )' 2 e x 2
n n n
n 1
x n n
x
n
c) e x
1 + 1 + e x (e x )' = e x
n n (e x )' = [(e x ) 1 ]' = (1)(e x ) 2 (e x ) = e 2 x + x = e x

5.1 5.2 Derivative of Exponential Function

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 Calculus and Vectors How to get an A+

E Derivative of e f ( x ) Ex 5. Differentiate.
Using (4) and the chain rule: a) e 3 x
(e 3 x )' = e 3 x (3 x)' = 3e 3 x
(e f ( x ) )' = e f ( x ) f ' ( x ) 2
b) e 1/ x
d f ( x) (5)
= e f ( x ) f ' ( x)
2
e 2 2 2e 1/ x
dx (e 1/ x )' = e 1/ x ( x 2 )' =
x3
x 2 +1
c) e
x 2 +1 x 2 +1
x 2 +1 x 2 +1 ( 2 x )e xe
(e )' = e ( x 2 + 1)' = =
2 x2 +1 x2 +1

Ex 6. The hyperbolic functions are defined by: c) (cosh x)' = sinh x

e x ex e x + ex sinh x e x + ex
'
(e x + e x )' e x + e x (1)
sinh x = , cosh x = , tanh x = .
2 2 cosh x (cosh x)' = =
=
2 2 2
Prove that:
e x ex
2 2 = = sinh x
a) cosh x sinh x = 1 2
2 2
e x + ex e x ex 1
cosh x sinh x =
2 2 d) (tanh x)' =
2 2 cosh 2 x
'
sinh x (sinh x)' cosh x sinh x(cosh x )'
e 2 x + e 2 x + 2 e 2 x + e 2 x 2 (tanh x)' = =
= =1 cosh x cosh 2 x
4 4
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1
= =
b) (sinh x)' = cosh x cosh x 2
cosh 2 x
'
e x ex (e x e x )' e x e x (1)
(sinh x)' = =
=
2 2 2
e x + ex
= = cosh x
2

F Derivative of b x , b > 0, b 1 Ex 7. Differentiate.

a) 3 x
(b x )' = (ln b)b x
(6) (3 x )' = (ln 3)3 x
d x
b = (ln b)b x
dx
Proof: b) x 2 2 x
(b x )' = (e x ln b )' = e x ln b (ln b) = (ln b)b x ( x 2 2 x )' = ( x 2 )' (2 x ) + ( x 2 )(2 x )' = 2 x(2 x ) + x 2 (2 x )(ln 2)
= x(2 x )(2 + x ln 2)

c) (4 x + x 4 ) 3
[(4 x + x 4 ) 3 ]' = 3(4 x + x 4 ) 2 (4 x + x 4 )'
= 3(4 x + x 4 ) 2 [(ln 4)4 x + 4 x 3 ]

G Derivative of b f (x ) Ex 8. Differentiate.
3
Using (6) and the chain rule: a) 2 x
3 3 3

f ( x) f ( x)
(2 x )' = (ln 2)(2 x )( x 3 )' = 3(ln 2)(2 x ) x 2
(b )' = (ln b)b f ' ( x)
d f ( x) (7)
b = (ln b)b f ( x ) f ' ( x) b) 10 e x x2
dx

5.1 5.2 Derivative of Exponential Function

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 Calculus and Vectors How to get an A+

'
10 e x x2 = (ln10)10 e x x2 ( e x x 2 )'


x
= (ln10)10 e x x2 e 2x

2 ex x2

Ex 9. Find the equation of the tangent line to the Ex 10. Find the local extrema for y = f ( x) = x 2 e x .
2

graph of y = f ( x) = x(2 x ) at (0,0) . 2 2 2

x x
f ' ( x) = 2 xe x + x 2 e x (2 x) = 2 xe x (1 x 2 )
f ' ( x) = 2 x(ln 2)(2 )
f ' ( x) = 0 at x = 0,1,+1
m = f ' (0) = 2 0 (0)(ln 2)(2 0 ) = 1
f (0) = 0, f (1) = e 1 , f (1) = e 1
y 0 = 1( x 0) y = x
x 1 0 1
f ( x) _ 1/ e ` 0 _ 1/ e `
f ' ( x) + 0 - 0 + 0 -

Local maximum points: (1,1 / e) .

Local minimum point: (0,0) .

Ex 12. Find the global extrema for f ( x) = x 310 x over

2
Ex 11. Find the points of inflection for y = f ( x) = e x .
2 [1,2] .
f ' ( x) = 2 xe x
2 2 f ' ( x) = 3 x 2 10 x x 3 (ln 10)(10 x ) = x 210 x [3 (ln 10) x]
f ' ' ( x) = 2e x 2 x(2 xe x )
2
f ' ( x) = 0 at x = 0,3 / ln 10 1.303
= 2e x (2 x 2 1) f (0) = 0
f ' ' ( x) = 0 at x = 1 / 2 f (3 / ln 10) = (3 / ln 10) 310 (3 / ln10) 0.110
f (1 / 2 ) = e 1/ 2 = 1 / e f (1) = 10
f (2) = 8(10 2 ) = 0.08
x 1/ 2 1/ 2 The global maximum point is: (1.303,0.110) .
f (x) 1/ e 1/ e The global minimum point is (1,10) .
f ' ' ( x) + 0 - 0 +

The inflection points are (1 / 2 ,1 / e ) .

Reading: Nelson Textbook, Pages 227-232

Homework: Nelson Textbook: Page 232 #2ef, 3cdf, 4abc, 5a, 8, 10a, 13, 16, 17

Reading: Nelson Textbook, Pages 235-239

Homework: Nelson Textbook: Page 240 #1bd, 2abcd, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9

5.1 5.2 Derivative of Exponential Function

2010 Iulia & Teodoru Gugoiu - Page 3 of 3