148 No 148

2012 11 CAFLE Nov 2012

* *

1 2

1 100089 2 710128

H319 3 A 1001-5795201206-0003-0008

20 90 -
1998 3 unconstrained
1
70

20 2 6 70
1987

Roukos et
al 1995 McEnery Wilson 2001 168
IBM
J IBM T J Watson Re-
search Center Bell
Bell Communications Research Inc / Bellcore 90
9
Kenny 2001 114
-
1
alignment algorithm Church et al
1 1 - 1993 faux amis
- the Canadi- Klavans Tzoukermann 1995
an Hansard Corpus
90

2012-04-20
10ZD127

normalised
false starts

McEnery Wilson 2001 168 1 3
- German-English
Parallel Corpus of Literary TranslationGEPCOLT

lexical normalisa-
1 2 - tion lexical creativity
- Chemnitz E-G Transla-
tion Corpus 1993

150 20 80 90
2001 50 Kenny 2001 114 2001
2 970270 1
021 Kenny 2001 114
055
TEC
header files
Olohan
2004 58-59

Kenny 2000 GEPCOLT
creative compounds and
Chemnitz collocations
Internet Grammar

Kenny 2001 GEPCOLT
- the London-
Lund corpus ---
The Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus 2001 187
210
-
Olohan Baker 2000 Kenny
2005 that
say
that
Schmied 199419981999 Schmied Schaffler da
1996 Schaffler 1997 Smitterberg et al 2000 The da
English / German Translation Corpus The project http / /
www tu-chemnitz de / phil / english / chairs / linguist / real / that Kenny
independent / transcorpus / index htm 2005 161
GEPCOLT


4


/ p
GEPCOLT / p s / s
2
presentative constructions
1 4 -
- English-Norweigian Par-
allel CorpusENPC
University of Oslo
Stig veras 1998
Johansson Bergen - Blum-Kulka
Norwegian Computing Centre for the Humanities 1986
Knut Hofland Jarle Ebel-
ing Signe Oksefjell

- ENPC


1 1 5
XML
100 100
260 1
Knut Hofland
Jarle Ebeling 1 5 -
Translation Corpus Explorer - The English-Swed-
ish Parallel CorpusESPC 1993
Lund University
1 ENPC Johansson 1999 /2002 3
Swedish Council for Research in Human-

ities and Social Sciences 1997

Gteborg University
30 30 30 30

20 20 20 20 Bengt AltenbergMats JohanssonMikael

50 50 50 50 Svensson Karin Aijmer
671 700 629 900 699 400 661 500 - ENPC
Corpus of Translated Finnish
ENPC


ENPC 1994 1997 1997 2001 2 8 64
2001 72
ENPC 10 000
Guidelines for Electronic Text Enco- 15 000
ding and Interchange TEI Text Encoding Ini-
tiative XML Sperberg-McQueen Bur-
nard1994
5


lish-Italian translationCEXI 1990

University of Bologna Forl


ENPC

ESPC
2

2 ESPC Altenberg et al 2001
CEXI - ENPC


25 25
1 5

7 6

17 14
prose
39 47

3 3

2 2 1976 2000
5 6 80 4
3 0 92 40
7 9 52 368 1 1 5
1 3
460
3 4
Zanettin 2002
15 20
Bernardini Zanettin 2004 -
64 72
CEXI

8


ESPC

CEXI - ENPC
Aijmer
2001 Axelsson 2006 Fredriksson 2006 Gustawsson
2002 Ruin 2001
2006 Johansson 2001 Zanettin 2000
ESPC


5%

2

1 6 - -
- Corpus of Eng-
6


1 7 - English-Por- header
tugese Parallel Corpus Compara
--
ENPC EPIC
POS
Treetagger Freeling


University of Stuttgart IMS 2010 101-102
IMS Corpus Workbench system
2

Computational processing
of Portugese project DISPARA
Frankenberg-Gacia 2004 -
Compara
2 1
Frankenberg-Gacia
-
1993 150
2001 50 Kenny 2001 114
- GEPCOLT 2001
1 8 2 -
The European Parliament In- 260 - 2000
terpreting CorpusEPIC 460

mode genre
2004 time span




POS
false starts
140 4
Org normalised McEnery Wilson 2001 168
Int
EPIC




paralinguistic
features paralinguistic features
7


2010 101




-
-
GEPCOLT
- 2 4
-


prose

1976 2000 -
-
1976 2000


2 2





2000

-
3


2005
Kenny 2001






2011 917-918
2 3

1 AijmerK Probably in Swedish translationsa case of
translationese A In S Alln S Berg S -G
MalmgrenK Norn B Ralph eds Gller stamsuf-

fix och ordC Gteborg Meijerbergs institut fr svensk et-
2001 1 13
ymologisk forskning
2 AltenbergB K Aijmer M Svensson The English-
Swedish Parallel Corpus ESPC Manual of enlarged version
OL http / / www sol lu se / engelska / corpus / corpus / es-
pc html acessed on 15 /03 /2012
2001
3 AxelssonK Tag questions in English translations from
Swedish and Norwegianare there differencesA In B
Englund-Dimitrova H Landqvist eds Svenska som
kllsprk och mlsprk C Gteborg
versttarutbildningen vid Humanistiska fakulteten2006 4
21
4 BernardiniS F Zanettin When is a Universal not a U-
niversal Some limits of current corpus-based methodologies
for the investigation of translation universalsA In A
Mauranen and P Kujamki eds Translation Universals
Do They ExistC Amsterdam John Benjamins2004
51 62
5 Blum-KulkaS Shifts of cohesion and coherence in transla-
tionA In J House S Blum-Kulka eds Interlin-
gual and Intercultural Communication Discourse and Cogni-
tion in Translation and Second Language Acquisition Studies
C Tbingen Gunter Narr Verlag
1986 17 35
6 Frankenberg-GaciaA Are translations longer than source
texts A corpus-based study of explicitationA Paper pres-
ented at the Third International CULT Corpus Use and
Learning to Translate ConferenceBarcelona22 24 Jan-
uary 2004OL http / / www linguateca pt / Repositorio /
Frankenberg-Garcia2004 doc accessed 04 /07 /2006
2004
7 FredrikssonA On passives and translation strategies in
parallel textsA In B Englund-Dimitrova H Landqvist
eds Svenska som kllsprk och mlsprkC Gteborg
versttarutbildningen vid Humanistiska fakulteten
2006 75
91
8 GustawssonE Translation of English verbal idioms into
SwedishA In B Englund-Dimitrova H Landqvist
eds Svenska som kllsprk och mlsprkC Gteborg
versttarutbildningen vid Humanistiska fakulteten
2006 92
108
9 JohanssonM Clefts in contrast a contrastive study of it
clefts and wh clefts in English and Swedish texts and transla-
tionsJ Linguistics
2001
39 547 582
10 JohanssonM Clefts in English and Swedish A contrastive
study of it-clefts and wh-clefts in original texts and transla-
tionsM unpublished PhD dissertation Department of
EnglishLund University
2002
11 JohanssonS J Ebeling S Oksefjell English-Norwe-
gian Parallel Corpus ManualZ Department of British
and American StudiesUniversity of Oslo
1999 /2002
12 KennyD Translators at play exploitations of collocation-
al norms in German-English translationA In B Dodd
ed Working with German CorporaC Birmingham
University of Birmingham Press
1999 143 160
13 KennyD Lexis and Creativity in Translation A corpus-
based studyM Manchester St Jerome
2001
14 KennyD Parallel corpora and translation studies old
questionsnew perspectives Reporting that in Gepcolt a
case studyA In G BarnbrookP Danielsson M
Mahlberg eds Meaningful Texts The Extraction of Se-
mantic Information from Monolingual and Multilingual cor-
poraC London Continuum
2005 154 165
15 KlavansJ E Tzoukermann Combining corpus and
machine-readable dictionary data for building bilingual lexi-
consJ Machine Translation 10 3 185 218
1995
16 McEneryT A Wilson Corpus linguistics An intro-
duction 2nd edition M Edinburgh Edinburgh Univer-
sity Press
2001
17 OlohanM M Baker Reporting that in Translated
English Evidence for Subconscious Processes of Explicita-
tionJ Across Languages and Cultures20001 2 141
158
18 OlohanM Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies
M London Routledge
2004
19 versL In search of the third code An investigation of
norms in literary translationJ Meta 43 4 571
1998
588
20 RoukosS D Graff D Melamed Hansard French /
EnglishZ Philadelphia Linguistic Data Consortium
http / / www ldc upenn edu / Catalog / CatalogEntry jsp
catalogId = LDC95T20 accessed on 24 /03 /2012
1995
21 RuinI Nonfinite versus finite constructionsa problem
in the translation of Swedish literary texts into EnglishA
In W Vagle K Wikberg eds New directions in Nor-
dic text linguistics and discourse analysis Methodological is-
suesC Oslo Novus Forlag
2001 243 253
22 SchmiedJ H Schaffler Explicitness as a universal
feature of translationA In M Ljung ed Corpus-
based studies in English Papers from the seventeenth Inter-
national Conference on English Language Research on Com-
puterized Corpora ICAME 17 C Amsterdam Rodopi
1996 21 36
23 SchmiedJ Translation and cognitive structures Hermes
J Journal of Linguistics
1994 13 169 181

24 SchmiedJ Differences and similarities of close cognates am Rodopi

1999 21 30
English with and German mitA In S Johansson S 26 ZanettinF CEXI Designing and English-Italian Transla-
Oksefjell eds Corpora and cross-linguistic research tional CorpusA In B Ketteman G Marko eds
Theorymethod and case studiesC Amsterdam Rodopi Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus AnalysisC Am-
1998 255 176 sterdam Rodopi
2002 329 343
25 SchmiedJ Applying contrastive corpora in modern cont- 27 J
rastive grammars the Chemnitz Internet Grammar of Eng- 43 6 911 923
2011
lishA In H Hasselgard S Oksefjell eds Out of 28 J
corpora Studies in honour of Stig JohanssonC Amster- 7 5 100 105
2010

Construction and Application of Parallel Corpora Issues and Comments

WANG Ke-fei1 HUANG Li-bo2
1 Beijing Foreign Studies UniversityBeijing 100089
2 Xi'an Foreign Studies UniversityXi'anShanxi710128China
Abstract The paper makes a comprehensive review on the construction and application of 8 major bilingual parallel
corpora in the world Some pitfalls in the corpus-based researches are revealed despite their rich experiences in
technology and research method The issues are manifested as follow the size of the corpora is not big enough to be
representative research topics are not as variedespecially in respects of language and translation research from a
historical perspective corpora for special purposes are less developed researches in application and technology
based on a parallel corpus still wait to be done The questions above turned to be the topics to discussthe authors
thinkand are conducive to researches on the construction of a large-scale and multipurpose corpus
Key words Parallel Corpus Construction and Application

10