I.C.

ENGINES

INTRODUCTION:

The machine which does job of energy conversion is called an engine. An engine is a device which
transforms one form of energy into another form. However, while transforming energy from one form
to another, the efficiency of conversion plays an important role. Normally, most of the engines convert
thermal energy into mechanical work and therefore they are called heat engines.

Heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy and utilizes
this thermal energy to perform useful work. Thus, thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy in
a heat engine.

The heat engines can be broadly classified into two categories:

Heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy and utilizes
this thermal energy to perform useful work. Thus, thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy in
a heat engine.

The heat engines can be broadly classified into two categories:

i) Internal combustion engines (IC Engines)

ii) External combustion engines (EC Engines)

External combustion engines:

In case of external combustion engines, the combustion of fuel takes place outside the cylinder. The
examples of are steam engines, hot air engine, steam turbines and closed cycle gas turbines. The
combustion takes place by two steps, first the heat of combustion is transferred to the working fluid
outside the cylinder and then the fluid is expanded to develop the power. For example, in a steam
engine or a steam turbine, the heat generated due to the combustion of fuel is used to generate high
pressure steam which is used at the working fluid.

Internal combustion engines:

In case of internal combustion engines, the combustion of fuel in the presence of air takes place inside
the cylinder and products of combustion directly act on piston to develop the power. The internal
combustion engines are further classified as petrol engines, diesel engines and gas engines according to
the type of fuel used. These are commonly used for road vehicles, locomotives and several industrial
applications. These types of engines are extensively used in practice.
CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT ENGINES

Heat engines

IC Engines EC Engines

Rotary Reciprocating Reciprocating Rotary

Wankel Gasoline Steam

Steam Engine
Engine Engine Engine

Open cycle Stirling Closed cycle

Diesel Engine
Gas turbine Engine gas turbine

COMPARISION OF EC ENGINES AND IC ENGINES

Sl. Particulars EC Engines IC Engines

No.
1. Location of Outside the engine. Inside the engine.
combustion chamber
2. Nature of running Smooth and silent. Noisy.
3. Working range of Comparatively very low. Comparatively Very high.
pressure and
Temperature
4. Material used for Ordinary alloys are enough since Special alloy are needed.
construction the working temperature is very
low.
5. Floor area and Requires more floor area and it It requires less floor area and it is
weight for same are heavier. light and compact.
power
6. Efficiency About 15-20 % 30-35%
7. Starting Cannot be started Can be started.
instantaneously.
8. Fuel used Multi-fuels can be used. Only fluids are used.
9. Utility Used in large power production. Used is low & medium power
production.
10. Running speed Very high [2500 rpm] Low [400-1000 rpm]
APPLICATION OF ENGINES

I.C. ENGINES E.C. ENGINES

Types Application Types Application

Automotive Locomotives
Gasoline Engines Marine Steam engines Marine
Aircraft
Gas Engines Industrial Stirling engines Experimental
Power Space Vehicles
Automotive
Diesel Locomotive Power
Power Steam turbines Large Marine
Marine
Power
Gas turbine Aircraft Closed Cycle Gas Power
Industrial turbine Marine
Marine

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINS AS THE POWER PLANT OF AUTO MOBILE:

As a matter of fact, the I.C. Engines are moving the world [universe], since the auto mobile are fitted
with I.C. engines as the prime mover. Due to its light weight and compactness, the I.C. Engines are very
much used in automobiles. Most of the two wheelers, Cars and Light Commercial vehicles (LCVs) are
fitted with petrol or gasoline engines. All of the trucks and Heavy Commercial Vehicles HCVs are fitted
with Diesel engines.

The E.C. Engines contains more no of individual parts such as Boiler, Economizer, Evaporator,
Condenser, Steam tubes etc., which occupies more floor space compared to I.C. engines, they are not
suitable for automobiles. Further the lower efficiency of E.C. engines is also an important factor for
deselecting the E.C. engines for automobiles. More over the starting of prime mover instantaneously is
not possible as in case E.C. engines. It requires preheating which takes hardly an hour for starting.
Finally the running speed of E.C. Engines is also very higher and so it requires higher order transmission
elements, bearings and vibration dampers. The I.C. Engines scores very much in the above said factors
and fits best for the automobiles. Owing to the high efficiency and easier to control the speed and
power, the I.C. Engines are used in variety of automobiles from two wheelers to trucks and in
locomotives, ships, airplanes standby power plants.

CLASSIFICATION OF I.C. ENGINES

The internal combustion engines are classified according to:

1. Number of strokes: They are divided into the following groups.

 a) Two stroke engines. In two stroke engines, there is one power stroke in every two strokes or
one rotation of the crankshafts.
b) Four stroke engines. In four stroke engines, there is one power stroke in every four strokes
or two rotation of the crankshafts.
c) Six stroke engines. A latest engine recently invented.
2. Cycle of operation: According to the cycle of operation, I.C. engines are basically classified into
three categories.
a) Otto cycle engine / constant volume heat addition cycle engine / spark ignition engine /
gasoline engine.
b) Diesel cycle / constant pressure heat addition cycle engine/ compression ignition engine
c) Dual cycle / constant volume and pressure heat addition cycle engine / limited pressure air
cycle engine.
3. The fuel used: Based on the type of fuel used engines are classified as
a) Engines using volatile liquid fluid fuels like gasoline(petrol), alcohol, kerosene, benzene,etc.,
The fuel is generally mixed with air to form a homogenous charge in a carburetor outside
the cylinder and drawn into the cylinder in its suction stroke, the charge is ignited near the
end of the compression stroke by an externally applied spark and therefore these engines
are called spark ignition engines.
b) Engine using gaseous fuels like natural gas, petroleum gas, blast furnace gas, town gas, and
biogas etc.,
The gas is mixed with air and the mixture is introduced into the cylinder during the suction
process, working of this type of engine is similar to that of the engines using volatile liquid
fuels (S.I.Engines)
c) Engine using solid fuels like char coal, powered coal etc.,
Solid fuels are generally converted into gaseous fuels outside the engine in a separate gas
producer and the engine works as a gas engine.
d) Engines using viscous (low volatility at normal atmospheric temperatures) liquid fuels like
heavy and light diesel oils
The fuel is generally introduced into the cylinder in the form of minute droplets by a fuel
injection system near the end of the compression process, combustion of the fuel takes
place due to its coming into contact with the high temperature compressed air in the
cylinder. Therefore, these engines are called compression ignition engines.
e) Engines using two fuels (Dual-fuel engines)
A gaseous fuel or a highly volatile liquid fuel is supplied along with the air during the suction
stroke or during the initial part of compression through a gas valve in the cylinder head and
the other fuel (a viscous liquid fuel) is injected into a combustion space near the end of
compression stroke(Dual-fuel engines)
4. The method of ignition: On this basis they are divided into the two following classes
a) Spark ignition engines (S.I. ENGINES)
b) Compression ignition engines (C.I.ENGINES)
c) Hot spot ignition engines
5. The method of cooling: On this basis they are classified into two groups.
 a) Air cooled engines.
b) Water cooled engines.
c) Evaporative cooled engines.
6. The method of governing:
a) Quantity governing. [Diesel]
b) Quality governing. [Petrol]
c) Hit and miss governing.
7. The application of engines: The following is the classification on this basis
a) Stationary engines.
b) Automobile engines or engines for road vehicles.
c) Marine engines.
d) Aero engines.
e) Locomotive engines.
8. The arrangement of cylinders: They can be classified as given below:
a) Inline engine. All the cylinders are arranged in a line and the power is taken from a single
crank shaft. This arrangement is used in automobiles.
b) V-type. It is a combination of two inline engines set at an angle. The angle of V may vary
from 350 to 750. The length of the crank shaft V-type engine is half of the crank shaft used
for inline engine. This type also used in automobiles.
c) Opposed piston engines. The piston reciprocates in a common cylinder having common
combustion chamber at the centre. Opposed piston type is used in small aircrafts and in
some diesel installations.
d) Radial engines. All the engines are set along the radius of the circle. The connecting rod
point towards the centre of the circle. The connecting rods of all the piston work on a single
crank pin which rotates around the centre of the circle. The radial engine occupies little
floor space and simplifies the balancing problems. This type was popular in air crafts.
e) Rotary engines. The engine consists of three-sided convex-type piston rotating in a cylinder.
This type of engine is known as Wankel engine. It is of high speed-type light in weight
works on spark ignition system.
f) Vertical cylinder.
g) Horizontal cylinder.
h) Opposed cylinder engines.
9. Method of fuel injection: They can be classified as given below:
a) Carburetor engines.
b) Air injection engines.
c) Air less or solid injection engines.
10. Valve mechanism: This can be classified as follows:
a) Over head valve.
b) Side valve.
11. Speed: they can be classified as given below:
a) Low speed.
b) Medium speed.
 c) High speed.
12. The method of lubrication: They are classified as given below:
a) Wet sump lubrication engine.
b) Dry sump lubrication engine.

TERMINOLOGY USED IN IC ENGINE

Cylinder Bore (d): It is the nominal inside diameter of the cylinder. It is represented by the letterd and
is expressed in mm.

Piston Area (A): Since the clearance between piston and cylinder is very very small and can be
considered as negligible. Hence piston area is equal to cylinder area. It is represented by the letter A
and is expressed as

Piston Area (A) = d2
4

Dead centre: It is the position of the piston, when it changes its direction at either end of the stroke is
called dead centre. There are tow types of dead centres in internal combustion engine terminology.

1) Top dead centre (TDC): It is also called as inner dead centre (IDC). It is the position of piston
which is farthest from the crankshaft.
2) Bottom dead centre (BDC): It is also called as outer dead centre (ODC). It is the position of
piston which is nearest to the crankshaft.

Stroke (L): The nominal distance travelled by the piston between the extreme upper and lower positions
of the piston (TDC & BDC) is termed as stroke. The stroke is represented by the letter L and is
expressed in mm.

Conventionally the cylinder dimensions represented by the size of bore and stroke.

Clearance Volume: It is the volume of the combustion chamber when the piston occupies top dead
centre. It is represented by the letter VC.

Swept Volume (or) Displacement Volume: It is the nominal volume swept by the piston when it travels
from one dead centre to the other. It is represented by the letter Vs and is expressed as

VS =4 d2L = AL

Cylinder Volume: It is the sum of swept volume and the clearance volume. It is expressed in CC or
Liters.

V = VC+VS
Compression Ratio: It is the ratio between total volume of the cylinder to the clearance volume. It is
represented by the letter r.

Mathematically,

Total volume
Compression Ratio (r) = Clearance volume

= V/ VC

= (VC + VS) / VC

For petrol engines, compression ration varies from 6:1 to 10:1. For diesel engine, compression ratio
16:1 to 26:1.

Indicated power (I.P): It is the actual power developed by and engine by the combustion of fuel in the
cylinder. It is represented as IP.

Brake Horse Power (B.H.P): It is the power available at the crankshaft of the engine. It is actually the
useful power output from the engine. It is represented as B.H.P.

Mechanical Efficiency ( mech): Mechanical efficiency is defined as the ration of Brake Horse Power (BHP)
to Indicated power (IP).
BHP
mech = IP

COMPONENTS OF AN I.C. ENGINE:

Old book section 20.5 page 292 to 295

FOUR-STROKE CYCLE PETROL ENGINE (SPARK IGNITION ENGINE)

In a four stroke engine, the cycle of operation is completed in four strokes of the piston or two rotations
of the crankshafts. During the four strokes there are five events to be completed, viz., suction,
compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust. Each stroke consists of 180o of crankshaft rotation
and hence four stroke cycle is completed through 720o of crank revolution.

The cycle of operation for an ideal four- stroke spark ignition engine consists of the following four
strokes.

1. Suction or intake stroke or charging stroke.

2. Compression stroke.
3. Expansion or power stroke.
4. Exhaust stroke.
A piston stroke is the movement of a piston in the cylinder from the top to bottom, or from bottom to
top. The top position is called top position is called top dead centre (TDC). The bottom position is called
Bottom dead centre (BDC).

In the four stroke engine, there is one power stroke in every four strokes or during two revolutions of
the crank.

The details of various process of a four stroke Spark Ignition engine is shown is in the figure

1. Suction stroke: During this first stroke the inlet valve opens, fuel and air mixture is sucked into
the cylinder through inlet open valve.
The opening of valve is performed by the Cam shaft. When the piston moves from TDC to BDC
a vacuum is created inside the cylinder. Atmospheric pressure forces the air-fuel mixture into
the cylinder to fill the vacuum. As the piston passes through the BDC, the intake valve closes.
During this stroke the exhaust valve remains closed.
2. Compression stroke: This is the second stoke, during the period, both inlet and exhaust valves
are closed. The air-fuel mixture gets compressed as the piston moves upward from BDC to TDC.
As a result of compression, pressure and temperature of the charge are increased.
Shortly before the piston reaches TDC, the charge is ignited by means of a spark plug. It
suddenly increases the pressure and temperature of the products of combustion, but the
volume practically remains constant.
These two stokes are complete in one revolution of the crank shaft.
3. Power stroke: During this stroke, both the valves remain in closed position. Due to the rise in
pressure, piston is pushed down with a great force. The hot burnt gases expand thus pushing
the piston from TDC to BDC.
It is called as power stroke or working stroke as the work is done by the expansion of hot gases
on the piston.
4. Exhaust stroke: During this stroke the inlet valve is closed and exhaust valve opens. The piston
moves up from BDC to TDC, it pushes the burnt gases out of the cylinder through the exhaust
valve into the atmosphere.
When the piston nears TDC, the inlet valve opens. Now, as the piston passes through the TDC
and starts moving down again, the exhaust valve closes, another intake take place and the cycle
is repeated.
The power and exhaust stroke will be completed during one revolution of the crank shaft.

FOUR-STROKE CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE (COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE)

Diesel engine is a compression ignition. Since the ignition takes place due to the high temperature
produced during the compression of the air in the engine cylinder. Diesel is injected into the cylinder in
the form of fine spray with the help of fuel pump and injector. When the air is compressed the pressure
gets increased.
The compression ration is about 20:1. Due to this high pressure, temperature increases to as high as
538oC. Due to this high temperature the fuel is burned and power is obtained. So diesel engines have
no spark plug.

In a four stroke cycle diesel engine, the four strokes are completed in tow revolutions for one cycle.

1. Suction stroke: This is the first stroke. The inlet valve opens and the exhaust valve remains
closed. The piston travels downwards from TDC to BDC a vacuum is created inside the cylinder.
Air alone is drawn in form outside and enters into the cylinder through the inlet valve till the
piston reaches BDC. Since the air is sucked from atmosphere it is at atmospheric pressure.
2. Compression stroke: This is the second stroke. Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed. The
piston compresses the air as it moves from BDC to TDC. The compression creates a high
pressure and temperature with a decrease in volume.
These two strokes will be completed in one revolution of crank shaft.
3. Expansion stroke: During this stroke both the valves remain closed. The pressure and
temperature is high due to the compression created in the previous stroke. The compression
ratio is as high as 20. Just before the beginning of this stroke fuel is injected in about 100
kg/cm2 and temperature is high as 2480o C. Due to this high pressure the piston is pushed down
wards. The fuel is continuously injected for 20% of the expansion stroke.
4. Exhaust stroke: During this stroke the inlet valve is closed and the exhaust valve opens. The
piston moves up from BDC to TDC, it pushes the burnt gases out of the cylinder, through the
exhaust valve into the atmosphere. This complete the cycle and engine cylinder is ready to suck
the fresh air once again.

TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE

Basically, every engine has to repeat four operation i.e. suction, compression, power and exhaust.

In two stroke cycle engine, these four operations are completed in one revolution of crankshaft. In two
stroke engine, suction and compression strokes and power and strokes are combined. This permits the
engine to produce a power stroke every two piston strokes, or every crankshaft rotation.

The two-stroke cycle engine having no valves. So it is simple in construction. Instead of valves, ports are
cut is in the cylinder walls. There are three ports, namely, inlet, exhaust and transfer ports. The closing
and opening of the port is obtained by the movement of the piston. The crown of the piston is made of
a particular shape. This is to deflect the fresh change upwards in the cylinder.

TWO STROKE CYCLE PETROL ENGINE (SPARK IGNITION ENGINE)

First stroke: (Upward stroke of the piston)

a) Compression: Figure. The piston moves up from bottom dead centre to top dead centre. Both
the transfer and exhaust ports are covered by the piston.
Air-fuel mixture which is transferred already into the engine cylinder is compressed by the
moving piston. The pressure and temperature increases at the end of compression.
 b) Suction: Figure. The piston almost reaches the top dead centre. The air- fuel mixture inside the
cylinder is ignited by means of an electric spark produced by a spark plug. At the same time, the
inlet port is uncovered by the piston. Fresh-air-fuel mixture enters the crank case through the
inlet port.

Second stroke: (Downward stroke of piston)

c) Expansion: Figure. The burning gases expanded in the cylinder. The burning gases force the
piston to move down, thus useful work is obtained. When the piston moves down, the air-fuel
mixture in the crank case is partially compressed. This compression is known as crank case
compression.
d) Exhaust and Transfer: Figure. At the end of expansion, exhaust port is uncovered. The burnt
gases escape to atmosphere, during this time the transfer port is also opened. The partially
compressed air-fuel mixture enters the cylinder through transfer port. The crown of the piston
is made of a deflected shape so the fresh charge entering the cylinder is deflected upward in the
cylinder. Thus the escape of fresh charge along with exhaust gases is reduced.
Also the exhaust gases are removed from the cylinder with the help of fresh compressed charge.
This process of removing exhaust gases is called Scavenging.
Again the piston moves up, the transfer port is first closed and then the exhaust port is closed.
The compression of air-fuel mixture takes place inside the cylinder. When the piston is nearing
TDC the inlet port is uncovered and fresh charges enter into the crank case. After compression,
the ignition of charges and the cycle is repeated.
All the events are completed in two strokes and crank makes one revolution.

TWO STROKE CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE (COMBUSTION IGNITION ENGINE)

First stroke: (Upward stroke of the piston)

a) Compression: Figure. The piston moves upwards from BDC to TDC. Both transfer and exhaust
ports are covered. Air which is transferred already into the engine is compressed by the moving
piston. The pressure and temperature are increases. At the same time fresh air entering into
the crank through inlet port.
b) Ignition: Figure. The piston almost reaches the TDC, the fuel is injected into the hot compressed
air inside. The fuel mixes with hot air and burns. The admission of fresh air into the crank case
continues till the piston reaches the TDC.

Second stroke: (Downward stroke of the piston)

c) Expansion: Figure. The burning gases expand in the cylinder, thus it forces the piston to move
down, and thus useful work is obtained. At the same time air in the crank case is compressed by
the downward movement of the piston. All the ports are in closed position.
d) Exhaust and Transfer: Figure. At the end of expansion, the exhaust port is uncovered. The burnt
gases escape to the atmosphere through the exhaust port. Transfer port is also uncovered
 shortly after the exhaust port is opened. The partially compressed air enters the cylinder
through transfer port.
The air is deflected upwards by the deflected shape of the piston. Thus the entering air helps in
forcing out the combustion products from the cylinder. The inlet port remains closed in this
period. Then the cycle is repeated.
Comparison of four stroke and two stroke engines
Sl. No. Two stroke engine
Merits
1. One power stroke in one revolution of the
crankshaft.
2. Power developed for the same engine
speed is theoretically twice that of a four
stroke cycle engine. (In actual practice, the
power developed is 1.7 to 1.8 times higher
than four stroke engine.)
3. Simple in design and lighter in construction
for the same power. So, it is more suitable
for marine engine.
4. Uniform torque is obtained. Hence a
lighter flywheel can be used.
5. It has fewer parts. Design of ports is much
simpler. Hence initial cost is less.
6. Mechanical efficiency is high. No moving
parts like cam, followers, rocker arm, valve,
etc., This reduces frictional losses.
7. It is easily reversible since there are non
valves.
8. Starting is easy.
9. These engines are generally air cooled.
10. The initial cost of the engine is considerably
less.
Two-stroke cycle engines
Demerits
11. Consumption of lubricating oil is more
because only less time is available for
removing heat (operating temperature is
more).
12. More wear and tear of the moving parts
since there is one power stroke in one
revolutions of the crankshaft.
13. Some of the fresh air-fuel mixture may
Four stroke engine
Demerits
One power stroke in two revolutions of the
crankshaft.
Power developed for the same engine speed is
theoretically half that of a two-stroke cycle
engine.
For the same power complicated design and
heavier in construction.
Non-uniform torque on the crankshaft. Hence a
heavier flywheel is required for balancing.
It has more parts. Design of valve mechanism is
difficult. Hence initial cost is more.
Mechanical efficiency is less. Power is lost due
to friction caused by valve mechanism.
It is not easily reversible due to the presence of
valves.
Starting is not so easy.
These engines are generally water cooled.
The initial cost of the engine is considerably
high.
Four-stroke cycle engines
Merits
Consumption of lubricating oil is less because
more time is allowed for removing heat from the
cylinder.(operating temperature is less.)
Wear and tear of the parts is less.
Fuel consumption is less since fuel cannot
 escape with exhaust gases. Hence fuel escape with exhaust gases.
consumption is more.
14. Thermal efficiency is less since fuel Thermal efficiency is more.
consumption is more.
15. It gives more noise due to sudden release Noise is less. Exhaust gases are released in
of exhaust gases. separate stroke.
16. Scavenging (removal of exhaust gases) is Scavenging is better. There is a separate exhaust
poor since exhaust port is open only for a stroke for the removal of exhaust gases.
short time.
17. Poor scavenging leads to mixing of fresh Better performance and efficiency is also better.
charge wit exhaust gases. This results in
poor performance, slow running and poor
efficiency.
18. Volumetric efficiency is low due to lesser Volumetric efficiency is high due to more time
time for induction. for induction.
19. Deflector piston used. Straight piston is used.
20. Pollution is more. Pollution is less.
21. Used in light vehicles where compactness, Used in heavy vehicles where efficiency is
low cost are important. important.
Examples: Motor cycles, scooters, mopeds Examples: Automobiles, buses, lorries, trucks
etc. etc.

Comparison between petrol (S.I) engines and diesel engines (C.I) engines

Sl. No. Petrol (S.I) engines Diesel (C.I) engines

Merits De-merits
1. Otto cycle is employed in petrol engines. Diesel engine works on diesel cycle. Diesel cycle
Otto cycle is more efficient for a given is less efficient than Otto cycle for a given
compression ratio than a diesel cycle. compression ratio.
2. Operating speed is more. Speed range is Operating speed is less. Speed range is 400 to
3000 to 6000 rpm. 3500 rpm.
3. Weight per unit power is less. Weight per unit power is more.
4. Starting is easy since cranking effort Starting is little difficult due to high compression
required is low. ratio.
5. These are high speed engines. These are low speed engines.
6. Initial cost and maintenance cost are less More initial and maintenance costs since the
due to simple and lighter construction. construction are heavy and sturdy.
7. Produce less noise. Produces more noise.
De-merits Merits
8. Thermal efficiency is less since compression Thermal efficiency is high since compression
ratio is limited. Compression ration ranges ratio is more (16-26).
from 6-10.
9. Specific fuel consumption is more. Specific fuel consumption is less.
10. The fuel used is petrol. It is costlier than The fuel used is diesel. It is cheaper than petrol.
diesel. It is volatile and fire hazard is more. It is less volatile and fire hazard is less.
11. It draws air-fuel mixture into the cylinder It draws only air into the cylinder during suction
 during suction stroke.
12. Petrol engines operate with low pressure
and temperature. Pressure ranges from 6
to 12 bar. Temperature ranges from 250-
300o C.
13. Over heating trouble is more due to low
thermal efficiency.
General difference
14. A petrol engine draws a mixture of petrol
and air during suction stroke.
15. It is fitted with carburetor to mix air and
petrol in the required proportion and to
supply it to the engine during the suction
stroke. Spark plugs are employed to
produce spark to produce spark at the
compression stroke.
16. The burning of fuel(combustion) takes
place at constant volume.
17. Ignition of air-fuel mixture takes place by
an electric spark produce by a spark plug.
Hence they are called as spark ignition (S.I.)
engines.
18. Pre-ignition is liable to occur.
20. Supercharging is restricted because of
detonation.
21. Petrol engines are widely used in
automobiles, aeroplanes etc., due to low
initial cost, low weight, low starting torque
and less objectionable odour.
stroke.
Diesel engines operate with high pressure and
temperature. Pressure ranges from 35 to 40 bar.
Temperature ranges from 600-700o C.
Over heating trouble is less due to high thermal
efficiency.
A diesel engine draws only air during suction
stroke.
It is fitted with fuel injection pump and injectors
or atomizer is employed to inject the fuel at the
end of compression stroke.
The burning of fuel takes place approximately at
constant pressure.
Ignition of air-fuel mixture takes place by the
injection of fuel into hot compressed air. Hence
they are known as compression ignition (C.I.)
engines.
There are no chances for pre-ignition.
Supercharging reduces knocking.
Diesel engines are widely used in heavy vehicles
like buses, lorries, trucks, bull dozers, tractors
etc., due to low specific fuel consumption, less
fire risk and low cost of fuel.