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Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Computing and Networking Technologies (ICSCCN 2011)

LTE-Advanced: Handover Interruption Time


Analysis for IMT-A Evaluation
Deepti Singhal , Mythili Kunapareddy , Vijayalakshmi Chetlapalli , Vinosh Babu James and Nadeem Akhtar
Network Technology Solutions & Services Group,
Tech Mahindra Ltd., India
Email: mythili.kunapareddy@techmahindra.com
Center of Excellence in Wireless Technology, India.

Email: {vinosbabu, nadeem}@cewit.org.in

One Radio Frame = 10 ms


AbstractHigh-speed data applications over wireless networks One slot = 0.5 ms
have been growing rapidly in recent years. With this increased
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #17 #18 #19
use of wireless data, services in wireless networks require
performance guarantee. This is, therefore, driving the need for One subframe = TTI (1 ms) (A) FDD Frame Structure
regular innovations in wireless technologies to provide more
and more capacity and higher quality of service (QoS). These One Radio Frame = 10 ms
One half frame = 5 ms
higher performance requirements have motivated 3rd Generation One subframe = 1 ms
Partnership Project (3GPP) to work on LTE-Advanced. LTE- One slot = 0.5 ms
Advanced is a technology enhancement to Long Term Evaluation
Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9
(LTE) that is under evaluation of the requirements of IMT-
Advanced. There are a few mobility enhancements in LTE- DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS
Advanced to assure good performance at the time of handover. (B) TDD Frame Structure
The generic handover procedure of LTE-Advanced builds upon
the one developed for LTE and minimizes the handover inter- Fig. 1. FDD and TDD Frame Structures
ruption time. This tutorial article gives an overview of handover
procedure of LTE-Advanced and analyzes handover interruption
time in Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division
Duplex (FDD) modes. The analysis shows that the handover LTE and LTE-Advanced use Orthogonal Frequency Division
interruption time for LTE-Advanced complies with the IMT- Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier Frequency
Advanced requirement. Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) transmission schemes
Index TermsLTE-Advanced, Mobility Enhancements, Han-
dover Interruption Time, IMT-Advanced. for the DL and UL, respectively.
The network architecture of these technologies reduces the
I. I NTRODUCTION number of nodes, supports flexible network configurations
Traditional packet switched networks support only best- and provides a high level of service availability. The network
effort traffic, but newer applications need network services that architecture is shown in figure 2. One of the key elements
allow an end-client to transport data with performance guar-
antees. 3GPP LTE Release 10 and beyond, LTE-Advanced,
is intended to meet the diverse requirements of advanced EPC
Internet
applications that will become common in the wireless market
place in future. Moreover, LTE-Advanced is an evolution of
LTE, which provides backward compatibility with LTE. PDN GW
A. Technical Details of LTE and LTE-Advanced
The basic objective of LTE (Release 8) and LTE-Advance
(Release 10) is to build up a system that meets demands MME/
Serving GW
for high data rate, low latency and optimization for packet-
switched traffic. The LTE-Advance standard primarily lays
down performance enhancements to LTE in addition to being S1 Interface
backward compatible with it. LTE-Advance system will be
designed to have a peak data rate of 1 Gbps in downlink (DL)
and up to 500 Mbps in the uplink (UL). Technical details eNodeB
of LTE-Advance are given in [1][6]. These technologies X2 Interface
offer scalable bandwidths together with support for both FDD
(paired) and TDD (unpaired) spectrum. The Frame structures
for FDD and TDD mode are shown in figure 1. Fig. 2. Network Architecture of LTE & LTE-Advanced

978-1-61284-653-8/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE 81


Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Computing and Networking Technologies (ICSCCN 2011)

of Service Architecture Evaluation (SAE) network is the new presents the analysis of handover interruption time before the
enhanced base station, known as evolved NodeB (eNodeB). conclusions are drawn in Section IV.
This enhanced base station performs radio resource manage-
II. R EQUIREMENTS & A SSUMPTIONS
ment for the evolved access system. The eNodeB features
enhanced coverage and capacity for improved performance A. Minimum Requirements
and reduced energy consumption. IP-based core network of The IMT-Advanced proposal shall be able to support han-
SAE is known as Evolved Packet Core (EPC). The goal of dover interruption times specified in Table I [8].
EPC is to provide simplified all-IP core network architecture
TABLE I
to efficiently give access to various services. EPC consists of a IMT-A R EQUIREMENTS
Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving Gateway (S-
GW) that interfaces with the E-UTRAN and a PDN Gateway Handover Type Interruption Time (ms)
(P-GW) that interfaces to external packet data networks. Intra-Frequency 27.4
Inter-Frequency
The mobility requirement in LTE-Advanced is identical to Within a spectrum band 40.0
LTE. Below subsections give introduction about handover pro- Between spectrum bands 60.0
cedure, handover interruption time, and improvements which
enhance handover performance.
B. Assumptions
B. Handover Handover Interruption time for intra-frequency and inter-
In all cellular telecommunications the term handover refers frequency is the same as it does not depend on the frequency
to the process of establishing a target radio link from source of the target cell as long as the cell has already been measured
base station to target base station. When the handover process by the User Equipment (UE), which is a typical scenario
is initiated, the target base station is alerted about the awaiting [8]. For the purposes of determining handover interruption
handover by the serving base station. The target base station time, interactions with the core network (i.e., network entities
allocates a radio resource set and provides information to the beyond the radio access network) are assumed to occur in zero
serving base station. The serving base station sends this infor- time. It is also assumed that all necessary attributes of the
mation to the user equipment. After receiving the information target channel (that is, downlink synchronization is achieved
user equipment breaks the current session with serving base and uplink access procedures, if applicable, are successfully
station and establishes the new radio link using the radio completed) are known at initiation of the handover from the
resource set. Handovers have a great impact on the complete serving channel to the target channel [9].
system performance. LTE-Advanced robust general minimum For analysis RACH and PUCCH cycle is taken as 1ms.
RRM requirements ensure good mobility performance across The RACH and PUCCH waiting times in TDD cases are
the cellular network, including minimal handover interruption calculated based on the UL/DL sub-frame locations in the
time. respective frame configurations. In TDD mode analysis, frame
configuration 1 is considered.
C. Handover Interruption Time
III. A NALYSIS
During handover process, for some period, user equipments
cannot exchange user plane packets with any of the base The intra- and inter-frequency handover interruption time is
stations. This period is known as handover interruption time. It calculated based on the handover procedure shown in figure
includes the time required to execute any radio access network 3. The steps involved in handover interruption are:
procedure, radio resource control signaling, or other message 1) Radio Synchronization to the target cell.
exchanges between the user equipment and the radio access 2) Average delay due to Random Access CHannel (RACH)
network. The impact of intra LTE-Advanced handovers on scheduling period.
interruption time is less than or equal to that provided by 3) RACH Preamble Transmission.
handovers in LTE. In LTE-Advanced, sub-frame size, also 4) Preamble detection at Target eNodeB.
known as Transmission Time Interval (TTI), of 1ms makes 5) Transmission of Random Access (RA) - Time between
it capable of adapting to fast changing radio link conditions the RA response transmission and UEs reception of
and allows exploitation of multiuser diversity [7]. scheduling grant.
In LTE-Advanced, processing delays in different nodes and 6) Decoding of scheduling grant and timing alignment at
RACH scheduling period are reduced in comparison to LTE. UE.
RACH cycle is decreased from 5.0ms to 1.0ms. 7) Transmission of data.

This tutorial outlines the procedures involved in handover Radio synchronization delay is the sum of the delay caused
process and analyzes the performance of handover interruption by frequency synchronization and downlink synchronization.
time for both FDD and TDD modes. The paper is organized Frequency synchronization delay depends on whether the
as follows: Section II explains the minimum requirements set target cell is operating on the same carrier frequency as the
by IMT-Advanced and assumptions of analysis. Section III serving cell. But since the UE has already identified and

978-1-61284-653-8/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE 82


Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Computing and Networking Technologies (ICSCCN 2011)

UE Source eNB Target eNB UL/DL Subframe Number


Configuration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0
Handover Preparation
1
HO Command 2
Data Forwarding 3
Processing 4
5
6
Downlink Special Uplink
Handover Interruption Time

1. Radio Synch

Fig. 4. TDD Mode UL/DL Configuration Frame Structure for LTE-Advanced


2. RACH Waiting
3. Preamble

4. Processing
In the figures giving the analysis, the case numbers (Case
5. Grant
#1, #2, and so on) refer to the occurrence of RACH trigger
6. Processing in sub-frame 0, 1 and so on. According to Rel-8 E-UTRA
7. Data specifications, RACH resource could not be located in nor-
mal sub-frames and special sub-frames simultaneously. This
constraint leads to two options, either RACH in uplink sub-
Fig. 3. State Diagram for Handover Interruption Time Analysis
frame, or RACH in special sub-frame. For example, for TDD
Configuration 0 RACH request can occupy any UL sub-frames
measured the target cell by this time, this delay is negligible. 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 or special sub-frames 1, 6. In this paper
Although baseband and radio frequency alignments always analysis for UL/DL configuration 1 is given in detail, for all
take some time, since the UE has already acquired downlink other UL/DL configurations refer [11]. The summary of delay
synchronization to the target cell in conjunction with previous calculations for all the UL/DL configurations of TDD mode
measurement and can relate the target cell DL timing to the are shown in Table V.
source cell DL timing with an offset, the corresponding delay Figure 5 shows the analysis done considering RACH in
is less than 1ms. This leads to the total delay of 1ms for Radio uplink sub-frame for Configuration 1. The figure presents
Synchronization step. analysis for two cases where RACH Preamble is transmitted in
sub-frame 2/7 and 3/8. Since RACH transmissions triggering
A. FDD Mode Analysis
In FDD mode, uplink and downlink transmissions are done Cases 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Total Delay

2 = 1.5ms 3 = 45 = 7ms
simultaneously on different frequency bands. So, the average #1 1ms 6 = 2ms 7 = 3ms 15.5

2= 3= 45 = 7ms 14.5
RACH waiting time is only 0.5ms (TTI/2). The delays caused #2 0.5ms 1ms 6 = 2ms 7 = 3ms

in FDD mode due to the steps listed above are shown in table #3 2= 3=
0.5ms 1ms
45 = 6ms 6 = 2ms 7 = 3ms 13.5

II [5]. #4 2 = 3.5ms 3=
1ms 45 = 7ms 6 = 2ms 7 = 3ms 17.5

#5 2 = 2.5ms 3= 45 = 7ms 6 = 2ms 7 = 3ms 16.5


1ms
TABLE II
Average Delay 15.5 ms
H ANDOVER I NTERRUPTION TIME IN FDD

SN Process Time (ms) Fig. 5. TDD Configuration: 1 RACH in: UL sub-frame


1 Radio Synchronization 1.0
2 RACH Waiting 0.5
3 Preamble Transmission 1.0 the handoff can be sent from the UE in uplink sub-frames,
4-5 eNB processing and Grant 5.0 the delay for a specific event will depend on when the next
6 UE processing delay 2.0 uplink sub-frame occurs [10]. Special sub-frames (S) can be
7 Data Transmission 1.0
considered as a downlink sub-frame for this analysis. In this
Total delay 10.5
TDD configuration #1, sub-frames 2, 3, 7 and 8 support uplink
transmissions. RACH waiting times for different cases are
B. TDD Mode Analysis calculated below:
In TDD, Handover Interruption Time depends upon the RACH attempts during sub-frame 1 or 2, must wait till
UL/DL configuration and the location of RACH trigger. The the following sub-frame to start, thus the delay is between
sub-frame configuration is as shown in the figure 4. For 0 and 1 ms (0.5ms average). This is similar to the FDD
Configuration 0, 1, 2 & 6, UL/DL switch point periodicity case, where the following uplink sub-frame can always
is 5ms [7], which indicates that we need to analyze only for be used for any sub-frame.
sub-frames 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. For sub-frames 5 to 9, the same RACH attempts during sub-frame 0, must wait till sub-
analysis applies. For rest of the configurations UL/DL switch frame 2 to start, thus the delay is between 1 and 2 ms
point periodicity is 10ms, so we need to analyze the delay (1.5ms average).
for all the cases of RACH trigger occurring in each of the RACH attempts during sub-frame 3, must wait till sub-
sub-frames 0 to 9. frame 7 to start, thus the delay is between 3 and 4 ms

978-1-61284-653-8/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE 83


Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Computing and Networking Technologies (ICSCCN 2011)

(3.5 ms average). RACH attempts during sub-frame 3, must wait till sub-
RACH attempts during sub-frame 4, must also wait till frame 6 to start, thus the delay is between 2 and 3 ms
sub-frame 7 to start, thus the delay is between 2 and 3 (2.5ms average).
ms (2.5ms average). RACH attempts during sub-frame 4, must wait till sub-
Averaging these sub-frame delays (0.5, 0.5, 1.5, 3.5, and 2.5) frame 6 to start, thus the delay is between 1 and 2 ms
produces a mean delay of 1.7ms. RACH preamble transmis- (1.5ms average).
sion will take 1ms in all the case. For all the remaining events, Averaging these sub-frame delays (0.5, 4.5, 3.5, 2.5 and 1.5)
FDD case delay is considered as the minimum requirement for produces a mean delay of 2.5ms. Delay for other events is
that event. The actual delay for a specific event will depend on calculated similarly. Tabular format of the analysis is shown
when the next uplink or downlink sub-frame occurs. Tabular in table IV.
format of the analysis is shown in table III. TABLE IV
A NALYSIS IN TDD M ODE FOR C ONFIGURATION 1 WHEN RACH IN
TABLE III SPECIAL SUB - FRAME
A NALYSIS IN TDD M ODE FOR C ONFIGURATION 1 WHEN RACH IN
UPLINK SUB - FRAME
SN Process RACH in RACH in Average
sub-frame 1 sub-frame 6
SN Process RACH in RACH in Average probability probability
sub-frame sub-frame 0.2 0.8
2/7 3/8 1 Radio Syn- 1.0 1.0 1.0
probability probability chronization
0.8 0.2 2 RACH Wait- 0.5 3.0 0.34
1 Radio Syn- 1.0 1.0 1.0 ing
chronization 3 Preamble 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 RACH Wait- 2.0 0.5 1.7 4-5 eNB 5.0 5.0 5.8
ing processing
3 Preamble 1.0 1.0 1.0 and Grant
4-5 eNB 7.0 6.0 6.8 6 UE process- 2.0 2.0 2.0
processing ing delay
and Grant 7 Data 1.0 1.0 1.0
6 UE process- 2.0 2.0 2.0 Total delay 10.5 13.0 12.5
ing delay
7 Data 3.0 3.0 3.0
Total delay 16.0 13.5 15.5 Similar analysis can be done for other UL/DL Configura-
tions and presented in [11]. The summary of results for all the
Figure 6 shows the analysis done considering RACH in UL/DL configurations of TDD mode are shown in table V.
special sub-frame for UL/DL Configuration 1. In this scenario,
TABLE V
RACH Preamble can be transmitted in special sub-frame 1 H ANDOVER I NTERRUPTION TIME IN TDD
or 6. RACH waiting times for different cases are calculated
Scenarios UL/DL Configu- RACH position Handover
Cases 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Total Delay ration Interruption
#1 2= 3= 45 = 5ms 6 = 2ms 71ms
= 10.5
Time (ms)
0.5ms 1ms
1 0 UL Sub-frame 15.5
2 = 4.5ms 3= 45 = 5ms 7=
6 = 2ms 1ms 14.5
#2 1ms 2 SP Sub-frame 13.5
#3 2 = 3.5ms 3=
1ms
45 = 5ms 7=
6 = 2ms 1ms 13.5 3 1 UL Sub-frame 15.5
3= 45 = 5ms
4 SP Sub-frame 12.5
#4 2 = 2.5ms 1ms 6 = 2ms 71ms
= 12.5
5 2 UL Sub-frame 13.5
#5 2 = 1.5ms 31ms
= 45 = 5ms 6 = 2ms 71ms
= 12.5
6 SP Sub-frame 12.5
Average Delay 12.5 ms 7 3 UL Sub-frame 13.6
8 SP Sub-frame 15.0
9 4 UL Sub-frame 14.1
Fig. 6. TDD Configuration: 1 RACH in: Special sub-frame 10 SP Sub-frame 15.0
11 5 UL Sub-frame 15.0
below: 12 SP Sub-frame 15.0
13 6 UL Sub-frame 15.6
RACH attempts during sub-frame 0, must wait till sub- 14 SP Sub-frame 13.0
frame 1 to start, thus the delay is between 0 and 1 ms
(0.5ms average). This is similar to the FDD case, where
the following uplink sub-frame can always be used for IV. C ONCLUSION
any sub-frame. Section III has covered the analysis for Handover Interrup-
RACH attempts during sub-frame 1, must wait till sub- tion Time in LTE-Advanced system, which can be summarized
frame 6 to start, thus the delay is between 4 and 5 ms as:
(4.5ms average). In FDD case the Handover Interruption Time is 10.5ms.
RACH attempts during sub-frame 2, must wait till sub- In TDD case minimum Handover Interruption Time is
frame 6 to start, thus the delay is between 3 and 4 ms 12.5ms for UL/DL Configuration 1 & 2 when RACH is
(3.5ms average). sent in special sub-frame.

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Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Computing and Networking Technologies (ICSCCN 2011)

In TDD case maximum Handover Interruption Time is


15.6ms for UL/DL Configuration 6 when RACH is sent
in uplink sub-frame.

Finally, we conclude that the Handover Interruption Time


for LTE-Advanced system is in compliance with IMT-
Advanced requirements for both inter- and intra-frequency
handover in FDD and TDD modes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Center of Excellence in Wireless
Technology (CEWiT), India and Telecom Centres of Excel-
lence (TCoE), India for giving us the opportunity to participate
in the evaluation of LTE-Advanced as a candidate technology
for IMT-Advanced and for their continued support. We are
thankful to our colleagues at Tech Mahindra for their valuable
inputs. Our thanks to Dr. Mandaar Pande and Dr. Avinash
Joshi from Tech Mahindra for encouraging this activity and
providing the necessary organizational support.
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[2] 3GPP Mobile Broadband Innovation Path to 4G: Release 9, Release 10
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[4] Motorola Technical White Paper. Long Term Evolution (LTE): Overview
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[6] 3GPP TR 25.912 V8.0.0 (2008-12) Feasibility Study for Evolved Uni-
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Group Radio Access Network.
[7] 3GPP TS 36.211 V9.0.0 (2008-12) Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
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[8] REPORT ITU-R M.2134, Requirements related to technical performance
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[10] R2-101596, 3GPP TSG RAN WG2 Meeting #69, San Francisco, US,
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