Helena I. R. Agustien
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Sesuai dengan PP No 10. 2005, pembelajaran bahasa diharapkan mengembangkan empat keterampilan berbahasa dengan penekanan pada reading dan
writing. Ini berarti pembelajaran mencakup oracy (listening dan speaking) untuk komunikasi sosial, tetapi dengan menekankan fungsi bahasa untuk belajar,
yakni literacy (reading dan writing). Maka, setiap rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran berbasis teks memiliki target yang sama, yakni membuat siswa
sampai mampu menulis dalam bahasa Inggris.
Untuk mencapai kompetensi komunikatif tersebut semua kegiatan guru dan pengalaman pembelajaran siswa diatur dalam skenario yang membantu guru
mengintegrasikan pembelajaran keempat skills. Skenario ini berupa dua siklus (lisan dan tulis) dan empat tahap ( Building Knowledge of the Field,
Modelling of Text, Joint Construction of Text, dan Independent Construction of Tex t) (lihar bagian B). Dalam pendekatan berbasis literacy, guru diharapkan
menyusun kegiatan untuk memberi pengalaman pembelajaran ( learning experiences) untuk mencapai kompetensi. Dalam menyusun pengalaman
pembelajaran tersebut guru memperhatikan tujuh prinsip literacy (The New London Group, 1998) yakni: interpretation (interpretasi), convention (konvensi),
collaboration (kolaborasi), cultural knowledge (pengetahuan budaya), reflection (refleksi), dan language use (penggunaan bahasa).
B. Metode Pembelajaran
Yang menjadi dasar pengembangan sebuah rencana pengembangan pembelajaran berbasis teks adalah tujuan komunikatif sebuah teks. Misalnya,
tujuan komunikatif sebuah teks review adalah memberi penilaian, pendapat, komentar dll. Dengan alasan ini, maka tindak tutur maupun materi ajar yang
digunakan untuk mengembangkan pembelajaran dipilih berdasarkan kriteria memberi penilaian, pendapat, komentar dll. Berikut adalah contoh skenario
pelaksanaan pembelajaran berbasis teks review yang tujuan komunikatifnya adalah memberi penilaian, pendapat, komentar dll.
I. Siklus Lisan
a. Building knowledge of the Field (tata bahasa, kosa kata, ungkapan dll.)
b. Modelling of text (Listening)
c. Joint Construction of Text (Speaking: dialogues, conversations)
d. Independent Construction (Speaking: Monologue)
II. Siklus Tulis
a. Building Knowledge of the Field (tata bahasa, kosa kata, ungkapan dll.)
b. Modelling of Text (Reading)
c. Joint Construction of Text (Writing, berkelompok)
d. Independent Construction of Text (Writing, individual)
C. Teknik Mengajar:
Teknik mengajar apapun yang telah dipelajari dan dimiliki guru selama ini dapat digunakan dalam skenario metode di bagian B di atas. Misalnya, guru
bebas mengadakan latihan membuat kalimat menggunakan modality, kosa kata yang biasa digunakan untuk mengungkapkan perasaan, pendapat
(berbagai adjectives) dll. pada tahap BKOF sebab siswa tidak akan mungkin mampu menulis sebuah review tanpa kemampuan tata bahasa. Teknik
mengajarnya diserahkan kepada guru. Di sini terlihat bahwa tata bahasa memperoleh tempat yang penting dalam pendekatan berbasis literacy. Tata-
bahasa, kosa kata dll. adalah modal utama untuk mengembangkan keterampilan. Namun demikian, perlu diingat bahwa tujuan pendidikan bukan hanya
untuk memperoleh pengetahuan tata bahasa dll., melainkan untuk maju ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi, yaitu merespon dan menciptakan teks mulai
dari listening sampai writing.
Bahan ajar dan media mencakup semua resources yang berguna untuk mengembangkan kompetensi tindak bahasa, linguistik, sosio-kultural, strategi dan
kompetensi berwacana.
E. Penilaian
Penilaian dilakukan dengan teknik tes biasa maupun dengan menggunakan lembar observasi untuk portofolio (lihat lembar-lembar observasi berdasarkan
Brown 2004, OMalley dan Pierce 2000). Prinsip-prinsip, teknik penilaian serta scoring yang terdapat dalam D. H. Brown, 2004 sangat sesuai untuk
diterapkan dalam pengajaran bahasa berbasis literacy (lihat Modul Penilaian).
Now you see that you need to know many adjectives so that you will
be able to express your opinions or what you think about something.
Adjectives convey your feelings. So you need to be careful in using
adjectives because people can find out about your feelings just by
hearing the adjectives you use.
For example, when you say This is a stupid book! people will know
that you do not like the book. But, if you want to let your feelings out
you have adjectives to do the job, for example This book is
awesome. Siswa mencoba memberi
adjective yang tepat untuk
Now, look here. I have got some nouns, and you are supposed to put kata benda tertentu.
some adjectives before the nouns. Make sure the combinations make
sense. Siswa mengucapkan noun
phrase dengan dua
Now you can have another try. This time, you put more than one adjectives atau lebih.
adjective to the nouns. For example, This is a cheap boring story. Siswa mencoba latihan
yang lain.
Good. Now lets try to add more words to express more feelings of
yours. For example This is the most disgusting boring story Ive read
in my life.
You see You can express your strong feelings and opinions through
adjectives. To review something you need to use all kinds of adjective.
Once you know how to create noun phrases with different adjectives,
you can create a REVIEW text.
At the orientation stage, you introduce the thing you want to review
to put your review in a context. Then you can go on by summarizing
the whole or the parts of the book that interest you. This is called an
interpretative recount. And then you give your comments on that
recount, and this is called evaluation. This is where you use a lot of
adjectives. And, finally, you give a punch line of emphasis on your Membaca contoh-contoh
evaluation. This is called evaluative summation. pendek.
Lets have a look at some short examples here by Lianna B. She uses
many words. Try to indicate the structure the text. Siswa mengidentifikasi
struktur teks.
Komentar pendek (boleh ada, boleh tidak)
Shocking Revelations!
Orientation
Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince was the much anticipated
book of the summer. And, really, of the last two years since Book 5
came out. I waited to read it while I was on vacation this past week
and I have to admit, I could not put it down. I read it at the beach, by
the pool, in the condo, during meals, everywhere!
Evaluation
The beginning I found to be a little slow, but the drama did pick up
towards the 10th chapter and from then on I couldn't put it down. It
was shocking and intriguing all at once.
Now try to find some adjectives used in the text. In which part does
the writer use adjectives most?
In the evaluation part you can find two verbs that end with ing.
Shocking and intriguing. They end with ing, but they function as Siswa menambahkan ing
adjective. So you can use true adjectives such as good, excellent - confusing
and so on, but you can also use verb plus ing to create adjectives. - amusing
- boring
Lets try to make adjectives from verbs plus ing. Look at these verbs. - surprising
They are usually used as adjectives when you put ing. - frightening
- exhausting
Now think about things that bear those adjectives. - interesting
Right. Confusing news amusing film boring lesson surprising
gift frightening situation exhausting exercise interesting movie Siswa membuat penilaian
and so on. terhadap sesuatu
menggunakan adjektiva
participle ing dan
To make people know that you are expressing your own feelings you menggunakan gambits
can also use some gambits such as I think, in my opinion, to my pada awal kalimat secara
mind, I personally feel, l would say that and so on. Now lets use lisan.
both gambits and adjectives together. For example:
I think the book is interesting
In my opinion the game was exciting
To my mind it was a surprising party
I personally feel that it was an exhausting game.
Okay now before you go I want you to read a story any story
it can be a story for children, a novel, a comic, news or whatever you
can find. Then you will tell me what you think about it.
(2)
Prita: Hi Bayu May I borrow your Harry Potter, please ?
Bayu: Sure. Ive just finished reading it. I read until midnight last night.
P: Did you?
B: I did. I couldnt stop until I finished it. It was so exciting.
P: Really? I cant wait to read it.
B: You should read it. There are a lot of surprises there you know
things that you didnt expect to happen.
P: Wow it sounds interesting.
B: I think its more than just interesting. Some parts are so frightening,
intriguing, surprising, amusing but certainly not boring.
P. Oh please please dont tell me more about it. I want to find out
myself when I read it.
B: Fair enough. Ill bring it for you tomorrow.
P: Thanks.
B: My pleasure.
(3)
Andre: Sari Come here! Look whats happened!
Sari: Oh my God! My budgie is dead!
A: Poor bird who could have done this?
S: Yeah who did this?
A: I think maybe its a cat.
S: How could a cat get here?
A: I have no idea Oh there it is! I think somebody had left the
door open.
S: What did you say?
A: We forgot to lock door.
S: Yes but why? Why didnt anyone of us notice that?
A: Right You shouldnt have left your budgie here. You should have
brought it home. I am so sorry
S: I cant blame anyone, can I? Oh my sweet budgie
A: Lets get another budgie at the bird market. And dont leave it at
school next time.
S: Thank you, Andre.
(4)
Monolog Guru dapat juga
membaca teks
Hey I tell you what. We went on a trip last Sunday to Kopeng. secara langsung dan
Twenty of us going together and we spent the night in a villa. It was tidak harus dengan
quite cheap because we paid only three hundred thousand rupiahs tape recorder.
for four bedrooms. But things didnt turn quite good during the night, Disarankan agar guru
you know It was freezing cold and there were only eight blankets memeriksa ucapan
for twenty people. There was no room heater and the worst was setiap kata dalam
that the water heaters did not work. None of them did. So we had kamus sebelum
very cold showers and some of us did not dare to have shower. It was membaca nyaring.
horrible! Staying in a cheap place is not always a smart decision.
Joint Good morning dst.
Cosntruction
of Text Today we are going to practice our conversations. I am going to give Yes, Maam.
(SPEAKING you some situations and try to figure out what kind of dialogues you
IN GROUPS) are likely to have. Now we are going to work in groups of three.
Please make groups of three and Ill give you the assignments.
Prinsip Literasi:
(1)
Problem- You and your friends were joining a cooking competition at your Siswa membuat Assignments
solving school. However, one of your friends came late, and he forgot to bring percakapan yang semacam ini melatih
Cultura-l a cooking utensil you need. In such an emergency, you had to use mengandung tindak tutur siswa melakukan
knowledge whatever you had. The food did not turn out good and your team lost. menyalahkan, mengkritik, problem solving,
Convention meminta maaf, mengeluh, reflection, dan
Interpretation (2) mengakui kesalahan, language use.
Reflection You and your class organized a trip to Bali. Many of you wanted the menyesali dll.
Collaboration cheapest way to go there, so you chose the cheapest package tour.
Language-use However, you had to spend some nights in the bus, many of you got
sick and tired, you could not enjoy your days there because you were
sleepy, and the hotel did not have enough bathrooms for so many
people. Plus, the buss air conditioning didnt work well. Some of your
friends were not punctual. They always came back to the bus late
every time you had a stop at a tourist spot.
(3)
You organized a fund-raising activity for a trip. Your group had to go to
some companies to sponsor a film show at the movies. Some
companies were good, but many of them were not cooperative. These
companies didnt give money; they said that students didnt want to
work hard. All they wanted to do was asking for donation. You were
upset. You didnt make enough money from the show, in fact you lost
money. Siswa diingatkan akan
tugas membaca buku yang
All right everyone I think you did a great job here. Your diberikan dua minggu
conversations sound interesting. Next week we are going to talk about sebelumnya.
the books you have read and see what you think about them.
Independent Morning everyone I think you are ready to say something about the Siswa diarahkan untuk
Construction books. Use some adjectives that best describe the books. Mention bermonolog dengan tujuan
of Text 1. the name of the book mereview. Review dapat
(SPEAKING 2. what the book is about direalisasikan dalam lima
IN 3. what you think about the book, and kalimat atau lebih.
MONOLOGUE 4. summarize your opinion in one sentence
)
Reflection
Interpretation
Convention
Language-use
When your friends ask you what you think about the story, you can
say I THINK the story is good (or bad). Once you say I THINK, you
actually give your opinion or evaluation about the book. So, in order to
distinguish an interpretative recount from an evaluation, try to put I
THINK before the sentence. This can be a good test. When you say I
THINK, then, you are not talking about facts; you are talking about
opinion, about evaluation.
Ari menceriterakan kembali
Now, Ari, could you retell your story to the class, please? isi buku yang dibacanya
secara singkat.
Very good, Ari.
Siswa lain menjawab:
Now what do you think about the story? Anyone can tell me? Interesting, Maam.
Good, Maam.
Funny, Maam
You see now you can make your evaluation. Those words are yours
and you can put I THINK before the adjectives. You can say I THINK
IT IS INTERESTING.
(1)
Paul R.:Very poor ending
Siswa mendiskusikan dan
I did not enjoy the sixth installment of the harry potter series.
JK Rowling really dissapointed me with her horribly low mengidentifikasi berbagai
creative skills. I will not spoil the ending, but why did he have to pendapat mengenai buku
die? I think that the book chain is now just trying to get money, Harry Potter 6.
and not please her fanbase.
Siswa membuat daftar
The writer uses I as Subjects to show that the things said are seen
EVALUATION dari
from his/her point of view. Lets have a good look at some more.
pembaca Harry Potter 6.
(2)
Linda P.:Excellent Book!
I am a big fan!! The first chapter starts with all this history and
the oo's and aah's of how other branches of the stories comes
into place. I was just dying to get a copy of the book from my
library but it was all taken. A co-worker lent me his copy and the
book has kept me reading on the subway. Rowling has a knack
of bringing a sense of humor in her writing and this book is no
exception. There is also some serious drama in the story and
seems to have been building in each of her books.
Love this book!
(3)
Rachel G: I know youve been wondering
I give it four stars because it was a good read, but I do not give it five
stars because there was just too much that was left out and
unanswered. I'm still trying to figure out what happened to the Weasley
family member named Charlie.
Now, you can go to the Internet and find more short reviews of Harry
Potter 6. I want you to share the comments with your friends.
Modeling of Okay class Today we are going to look at a complete type of Sesuai petunjuk guru,
Text review. Look at the text written by Raj. I think he is a big fan of Harry siswa mengidentifikasi
Potter.
(READING) bagian dan struktur teks.
INTERPRETATIVE RECOUNT
This book finds the characters turning 16 so they are getting up
there in age and their behavior is starting to reflect it. They are
suddenly interested in the opposite sex and spend time
"snogging" which is kissing.
EVALUATION
Of course this is behavior today seen in 12 year olds but still I
found it quite pathetic and unsettling as an adult reading the
book . I have no doubt a certain population of youngsters at the
right age will be begging for more "snogging". But, whatever!
This book answers a lot of questions and goes deep into the
past to help Harry understand his opponent better so that he
may learn how to defeat him. The book also progresses into
what I feel is the creepiest scenes by far. Even as an adult , I
found my self uncomfortably scared reading some of the trials
Harry had to go through in this book . And yes, someone very
important dies. This has changed the face of Harry Potter
forever and the book takes a decidedly different turn.
INTERPRETATIVE RECOUNT
The reader is left not knowing who to trust and even whether
Hogworts will exist for the next school year. In any event Harry
and his faithful Friends don't intend to return for their final year!
Yes , they will become drop outs in their mission to ultimately
end the rein of terror brought about by Lord Voldemort and his
following. Some one has to do it .
EVALUATION
So that sets the stage for book 7. Just in case you are a robotic
machine and were not all ready hooked, this book leaves you
no other choice but to continue when book 7 is issued to
actually find out how it all ends , because this book offers no
real conclusion. That is most unsettling to have that feeling of
no conclusion knowing it will most likely be another long two
year wait for the next book.
EVALUATIVE SUMMATION
In conclusion , although drastically different this is no
exception to the wonderful work of J.K. Rowling. You will not
put this book down and wish you had taken longer to read it
once your done because it is a long wait we are looking at for
the next Harry Potter!
(4)
Your friend wrote a short story. It was published in a national
newspaper.
(5)
You ate in a new restaurant and you enjoyed the meals a lot.
However, you paid a lot too.