IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Crude Oil, Alkane & alkene)

A3 Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Petroleum is a source of many useful fuels.

(a) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Petroleum is separated by fractional distillation.

(i) Complete the following table

(iii) Describe a chemical test that can be used to distinguish between an alkene and an alkane.

chemical test ............................................................................................................. result

with alkane ...................................................................................................... result with

alkene ......................................................................................................
[4]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Crude Oil & Bonding)
A4 Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons. In an oil refinery it is separated into fractions by fractional
distillation.

The diagram shows a fractionating column and some of the fractions obtained from
petroleum.

liquefied petroleum gas

petrol

naphtha

paraffin
crude
heater
oil

bitumen

(a) State the physical property on which the separation depends.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i) State one use for the naphtha fraction.

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) State one use for the bitumen fraction.

................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The liquefied petroleum gas fraction contains the saturated hydrocarbons
methane, CH4, and ethane, C2H6.

(i) What is the meaning of the term saturated hydrocarbon?

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
 (ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in methane. You only need to T
draw the outer electrons of carbon. w
o
o
f
t
h
e
p
about the fractions obtained from petroleum. r
o
c
e
fraction use s
s
petrol (gasoline) fuel for cars e
s
u
paraffin (kerosene) s
e
d
diesel fuel for diesel engines a
r
bitumen e
fr
a
ct
(ii) Name one other fraction obtained from petroleum. io
n
................................................................................................................................... al
[3] di
st
(c) Fractional distillation of petroleum does not produce sufficient of some fractions to ill
match demand. a
Cracking is used to convert large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules that ti
are more in demand. o
n
A hydrocarbon of molecular formula C12H26 is cracked. a
n
(i) Suggest the formula of one alkane that may be produced. d
c
................................................................................................................................... r
a
(ii) Suggest the formula of one alkene that may be produced. c
ki
................................................................................................................................... n
g
.

T
[4] h
e
(d) Describe the importance of cracking in the oil refining process. ta
bl
e
..........................................................................................................................................
s
h
..........................................................................................................................................
o
w
......................................................................................................................................[2]
s
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Crude Oil, Alkane, alkene & alcohol) th
e
B8 Crude oil is a raw material which is processed in an oil refinery. p
 ercentage by mass of some different fractions in crude oil. The table also shows the
demand for each fraction expressed as a percentage. al:
number of percentage needed
percentage in 1
fraction carbon atoms by the oil refinery to
crude oil
per molecule supply demand
0]
petroleum gases 1-4 4% 11%
IG
gasoline 5-9 11% 22% CS
kerosene 10 - 14 12% 20% E
QU
gas oil 14 - 20 18% 15% ES
TIO
waxes and bitumen over 20 23% 4% NS
SE
T
(a) The variation in which physical property is used to separate crude oil by X
fractional distillation? (Cr
ud
[1] e
Oil,
(b) (i) Define the term cracking. Alk
[2] ane
,alk
(ii) Use information from the table to explain how cracking helps an oil ene
refinery match the supply of gasoline with the demand for gasoline. &
alc
[2] oh
ol)
(c) The hydrocarbon C15H32 can be cracked to make propene and one other A3
hydrocarbon. Liq
uid
(i) Draw the structure of propene. [1] Pe
tro
(ii) Write an equation for this reaction. [1] leu
m
(d) Propene is used to make alcohols and poly(propene). Ga
s
(i) Describe how propene can be converted into an alcohol and draw the (L
structure of this alcohol. P
G)
[2] an
d
(ii) Draw the structure of poly(propene) showing at least two repeat units. et
ha
nol
ca
[
n
be
1 us
ed
] as
fu
els
for
[ ca
rs
T ins
te
o ad
of
t pe
tro
 l.
LPG contains mainly propane. This table shows some information about propane and
ethanol.

enthalpy
physical
boiling change of
name formula state at method of manufacture
point / combustion
r.t.p.
C / kJ per mole

ethanol C2H5OH 78 ................. 1367 fermentation of sugar cane

....................... .......................
propane ................. 42 ................. 2220
of crude oil

(a) Complete the table

.

..................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2 marks]
 A2 The table shows the decomposition temperatures of some metal carbonates.

metal carbonate decomposition temperature

/ C

magnesium carbonate 540

calcium carbonate 900

strontium carbonate 1280

barium carbonate 1360

(a) (i) Describe how the decomposition temperature depends on the position of the metal in the
reactivity series.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write an equation for the thermal decomposition of magnesium carbonate.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Petroleum fractions need to be cracked.

(i) Why do oil companies need to crack petroleum fractions?

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State the conditions needed for cracking.

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Complete the following equation for the cracking of tetradecane.

C14H30 C10H22 + ....................

[1]

B8 Petrol (gasoline) is a mixture of hydrocarbons, one of which is octane, C8H18.

(a) Describe briefly how petrol is obtained from crude oil.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
 (b) Octane burns in air.

A petrol-powered motor car travels at a constant speed of 80 km/h. For every kilometre travelled
108 g of carbon dioxide are formed.

When the motor car travels 100 km calculate

[1]
(i) the mass of carbon dioxide emitted by the car,

[4]
(c) In addition to carbon dioxide the exhaust emissions contain both nitric oxide, NO, and
carbon monoxide, CO.
Describe how a catalytic converter can help to reduce the amounts of nitric oxide and
carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) State one environmental problem caused by nitrogen dioxide.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
3 Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons which can be separated into fractions such as petrol,
paraffin and diesel.

(a) State the name of the process used to separate these fractions. [1]

[1]

(d)
(b) Name two other fractions which are obtained from petroleum . Ma
ny
of
the
co
mp
ou
nds
obt
ain
and [2] ed
fro
m
(c) Give one use for the paraffin fraction. pet
roleum are alkanes.
Which two of the following structures are alkanes?

A B C D

H H H H H H H

H C H C C H C O H H C C C H

H H H H H H H

[1]

(e) Use words from the list below to complete the following sentence.

ethane ethene hydrogen nitrogen

oxygen reactive unreactive

water
 Alkanes such as are generally but they can

be burnt in to form carbon dioxide and [4]

(f) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.

What do you understand by the terms

(i) saturated,

(ii) hydrocarbon?

[2]

[Total: 11]

3 Hydrogen is a fuel which can be obtained from water by electrolysis.

Petrol is a fuel obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum.

(a) (i) Complete the equation for the burning of hydrogen.

H2 + O2 H2O [1]

(ii) Suggest why hydrogen is a renewable source of energy.

[1]

(iii) When hydrogen is burnt, heat is given off. State the name of the type of reaction which
gives off heat.

[1]

(b) Petrol is a mixture of alkanes.

One of the alkanes in petrol is octane, C8H18.

What products are formed when octane is completely burnt in air?

[2]

(c) Petrol is only one of the fractions obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum.
State the name of two other fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum. Give a use for
each of these fractions.

by filling in the boxes. [4]

(b) When 1 kg propane burns, 50 450 kJ of energy are given out.

Show by calculation, using data from the table, that ethanol gives out less energy per kg than
propane.

[3]

(c) Give two advantages of using ethanol rather than propane as a fuel for cars.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) In a car engine, a spark plug ignites a mixture of air and ethanol. The spark is needed because
the combustion of ethanol needs activation energy.
Complete the energy level diagram below for the combustion of ethanol.
Show the names of the products and label the activation energy for the reaction.

Enthalpy

Ethanol and oxygen

Progress of reaction
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Crude Oil, Alkane & alkene)

7 An oil refinery uses two different processes, Process 1 and Process 2, to crack naphtha.
The table below shows some information about the percentage yields of products from each process.
 t

yield / % o
product
Process 1 Process 2 C
hydrogen 1 1
8
methane 18 14
h
ethene 32 20
y
propene 13 15
C4 hydrocarbons d
9 10
C5 to C8 hydrocarbons 27 40 r

o
The refinery sells ethene and C5 to C8 hydrocarbons. c
Ethene is used to make addition polymers, and C5 to C8 hydrocarbons are added to petrol.
Use the information given to explain why the refinery must use both processes to meet the a
high
r
deman
b
d for
o
both
n
ethene
s
and C5

fraction

use

fraction
use [4]

(d) More petrol can be made by cracking less useful petroleum fractions.

(i) What do you understand by the term cracking?

 [1]

(ii) State two conditions needed for cracking.

[2]

(iii) Alkenes can be formed by cracking. The simplest alkene is ethene.

Draw a diagram to show the structure of ethene.
Show all atoms and bonds.

[1]

[Total: 13]

6 Petroleum is separated into useful fractions by distillation.

fractions
fuel gas

petrol

paraffin

diesel

lubricating fraction

petroleum

bitumen
(a) (i) What do you understand by the term fraction?

[1]

(ii) Which fraction has the lowest boiling point?

[1]

(iii) Describe how distillation is used to separate these fractions.

[2]

(iv) State a use for

the paraffin fraction,

the bitumen fraction. [2]

(b) Ethene can be made by cracking certain hydrocarbon fractions.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term cracking.

[1]

(ii) Complete the equation for the cracking of tetradecane, C14H30.

C14H30 + C2H4
[1]

(c) Ethanol is formed when

steam reacts with ethene at high
pressure and temperature. A
catalyst of phosphoric acid is used.

e
t
h
e
n
e

s
t
e
a
m

e
t
h
a
n
o
l

(i) What is the function of the

catalyst?

[1]

(ii) What is the meaning of the

symbol

[1]
 [2]
(iii) Ethanol is also formed when
yeast grows in sugar solution.
What is this process called?
Put a ring around the correct
answer.

addition combustion
fermentation
neutralisation
[1]

(iv) Phosphoric acid is

(d) The diagram shows a water heater.
 combustion products

hot water out

cold water in
gas burning in air
 air holes

If some of the air holes become blocked, a poisonous gas is produced.

(i) State the name of this poisonous gas.

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how this poisonous gas has been formed.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
[2]

(e) The table below compares the amounts of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide formed when 1
kilogram of different fuels are burnt.

mass of carbon mass of sulphur

fuel
dioxide produced / dioxide produced / g
g
oil 2900 5.0

gas 2500 0.1

coal 2500 11.0

(i) Which fuel is least polluting?

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Which fuel when burnt, contributes most to the formation of acid rain?

...................................................................................................................................

(iii) State two harmful effects of acid rain.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(iv) When acid rain falls on the ground, it can react with insoluble aluminium
compounds in the soil. A solution of aluminium ions is formed.

Describe what you would observe when aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to a
solution containing aluminium ions.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
[6]
4 The tabIe beIow shows the composition of the mixture of gases coming from a typicaI car exhaust.

% of the gas in the

gas
exhaust fumes

carbon dioxide 9

carbon monoxide 5

oxygen 4

hydrogen 2

hydrocarbons 0.2

nitrogen oxides 0.2

suIphur dioxide Iess than 0.003

gas X 79.6

(a) State the name of the gas X.

[1]

(b) The carbon dioxide comes from the burning of hydrocarbons, such as octane, in the
petroI.

(i) CompIete the word equation for the compIete combustion of octane.

octane + carbon dioxide + [2]

(ii) Which two chemicaI eIements are present in hydrocarbons?

[1]

(iii) To which homoIogous series of hydrocarbons does octane beIong?

[1]

(c) Suggest a reason for the presence of carbon monoxide in the exhaust fumes.

[1]

(d) Nitrogen oxides are present in small quantities in the exhaust fumes.
exh
(i) Complete the following equation for the formation of nitrogen dioxide. aus
ts.
N2(g) + 02(g) N02(g) [1]
(
(ii) State one harmful effect of nitrogen dioxide on organisms. i
)
[1] W
h
a
(e) Sulphur dioxide is an atmospheric pollutant which is only found in small amounts in car t
 is the main source of sulphur dioxide pollution of the atmosphere? sulp

[1] uric

(ii) Sulphur dioxide is oxidised in the air to sulphur trioxide. The sulphur trioxide may acid
dissolve in rainwater to form a dilute solution of sulphuric acid, H2S04.
+
State the meaning of the term oxidation.
iron
[1]

[2]

(iii) Calculate the relative molecular mass of sulphuric acid.

[1]

(iv) Sulphuric acid reacts with metals such as iron.

Complete the following word equation for the reaction of sulphuric acid with iron.
 (v) What effect does acid rain have on buildings made of stone containing calcium carbonate?

[1]

1 A major source of energy is the combustion of fossil fuels.

(a) (i) Name a solid fossil fuel.

[1]

(ii) Name a gaseous fossil fuel.

[1]

(b) Petroleum is separated into more useful fractions by fractional distillation.

(i) Name two liquid fuels obtained from petroleum.

 and

[2]

(ii) Name two other useful products obtained from petroleum that are
not used as fuels.

and

[2]

(iii) Give another mixture of liquids that is separated on an industrial

scale by fractional distillation.

1]

[Total: 7]
3. This question is about fuels.

Jodie and Natalie burn two fuels.

They compare the energy transferred.

Look at the diagram. It shows the apparatus they use.

copper can
spirit burner propanol or
ethanol
 (a) Explain how Jodie and Natalie can compare the energy transferred by the two fuels.

Your answer should include.

the name of the liquid in the copper can

how they can make it a fair test

the measurements they would make.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Look at the diagram. It shows the displayed formula of propanol.

H H H

H C C C O H

H H H
(i) Write down the molecular formula for propanol.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Propanol is not a hydrocarbon.

Explain why.

...............................................................................................................................[1] [Total: 5]
13. A car manufacturer is making a car powered by a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.

Water is the only substance made in the cell.

(a) The fuel cell provides energy to power the car.

What is this form of energy?

. ........................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The car manufacturer is developing hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells to replace petrol engines

Suggest why.

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ........................................................................................................................................[2] [Total:

3]

10. A car manufacturer is making a car powered by a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.

a typical acid. State what you would observe when a solution of phosphoric acid is
added to

blue litmus,

a solution of sodium carbonate.

[2]

[Total: 13]
5 When fuels are burnt, carbon dioxide and water are formed.

(a) Complete the equation for the burning of propane.

C3H8 + O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

[1]
(b) Describe a chemical test for water.

test ...................................................................................................................................

result ................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) In which two of the following is carbon dioxide produced.

Tick two boxes.

a car driven by a petrol engine

magnesium carbonate reacting with an acid

sodium reacting with water

 zinc reacting with hydrochloric acid

Water is the only substance made in the cell.

(a) The car manufacturer is developing hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells to replace petrol engines

Suggest why.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Write a balanced symbol equation for the overall reaction in the fuel cell.

........................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 4]
15. Natural fats and oils are very useful in the food industry.

Look at the table about natural fats and oils.

It shows the percentage of saturated and unsaturated fats and oils.

fat or oil percentage of percentage of

saturated fat or oil unsaturated fat or oil
butter 31 69
olive oil 5 95
palm oil 9 91
whale oil 6 94

(a) Medical research indicates that unsaturated fats are healthier in a diet than saturated fats.

Many people consider a diet containing olive oil is better than one containing whale oil.

Suggest why.

............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[1]
 (b) Sarfraz investigates a sample of fat.

Describe how he could use bromine water to tell if the fat was saturated or unsaturated.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 3]
1 This question is about crude oil.

Crude oil is a mixture of substances.

Look at the diagram.

It shows the equipment used to separate crude oil into useful substances.

gases

petrol

naphtha

diesel

heating oil

hot
crude oil

tar
(a) (i) Look at the list.
decomposition
fractional distillation
polymerisation
 Finish this

sentence. Choose

from the list.

Crude oil is separated by ............................................................................................ .

[1]

(ii) Look at the list.

iling points
melting points
b
names
o
uses
 Finish this sentence.

Choose from the list.

The separation of crude oil works because the useful substances have

different ...................................................................................................................... . [1]

(b) Crude oil is often transported in large ships called tankers.

This tanker has an accident.

Describe an environmental problem that might occur after the accident.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Cracking is also used to make useful substances from crude oil.

Write about cracking.

Your answer should include

what cracking is

why it is important.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 5]
4 John investigates four fuels.

Look at the diagram. It shows

(a) Distillation is used to separate crude oil into fractions.

Look at the table.

It compares the amounts of each fraction produced by distillation with the amounts
needed
(demand).

amount produced demand

fraction
in tonnes in tonnes
gases 2 4

petrol 18 27

diesel 14 8

lubricating oils 23 23

heating oil and tar 47 38

(i) For one fraction, the amount produced exactly matches the demand.

Which fraction?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) For two fractions, the demand is greater than the amount produced.

Which two fractions?

............................................................... and ................................................................[1]

(b) Look at the diagram.

It shows apparatus that could be used to crack liquid paraffin.

 ..................................................
mineral wool soaked in
..................................................
liquid paraffin

water

..................................................

Complete the diagram using labels from the list.

Bunsen burner
catalyst
delivery tube
test tube
trough
[2]

[Total: 4]
3 Look at the table.

It gives information about the amount of energy released when some fuels burn.

It also lists some of the products of burning.

energy released by
fuel products of burning
one gram of fuel in kJ

biofuels (ethanol) 44.3 carbon dioxide and water

hydrogen 143.0 water

methane 55.6 carbon dioxide and water

methanol 22.3 carbon dioxide and water

petrol 48.3 carbon dioxide, water and other gases

(a) (i) Petrol can be used to power a car.

Choose another fuel from the table that can be used to power a

car. Explain your choice.

Use the information in the table.

name of fuel

......................................................................................................................

explanation .....................................................................................................................

....

....................................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Two factors to think about in choosing a fuel are the energy released and the products
of burning.

Write down one other factor.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Write a balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of methane, CH4,

with oxygen, O2.

...........................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 4]
6 Crude oil is separated into useful substances by fractional distillation.

Look at the diagram. It shows a fractionating column.

LPG

petrol

paraffin

crude oil
light gas oil diesel lubricating oil

bitumen
the apparatus that he uses.

thermometer

copper can

water
 spirit burner
liquid fuel

Look at the table. It shows his results.

fuel start temperature end temperature temperature change

in C in C in C

A 16 22
..................

B 17 26 9

C 15 21 6

D 16 24 8

(a) Finish the table. [1]

(b) John uses the same amount of water each time.

Which fuel gives out the most heat energy?

Choose from A, B, C, or D.

answer ............................................................[1]
(c) Many reactions give out heat energy.

What is the scientific name for reactions that give out heat energy?
Choose from the list.
decomposition
endothermic
exothermic
 nd
eth o
r an H
k
ol C
e ar a C
e O
d
bot t
u h
fue t
c ls. H
h
t
M e
i W
et d r
o i
h i t
n
e
a s
an n d
p
sw o
er . e l w
..... n
..... h a
..... t
a y h
.....
..... e
s e
.....
..... th d m
..... o
..... e f l
..... e
m o c
.....
..... u
ol r
..... l
..... e m a
..... r
..... c u f
..... o
..... ul l r
..... m
a a u
.....
..... r l
f
..... a
..... fo o
..... o
..... r r f
..... e
m e t
[1]
h
ul t
( a
d a, h n
) o
M C a l
e .
H n
t
h ......................................................................................................................................
.
4 o
a
n L l. .
e
a o H .
.....
3
..
This
quest
[1]
ion is
abou
[To t
crud
tal: e oil
and
4] crack
ing.
 (a) The LPG exits from the top of the fractionating column.

Explain why.

Use ideas about boiling points.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) The petrol fraction contains octane, C8H18.

Octane is a hydrocarbon.

Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Describe one use for petrol.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 4]
4 Crude oil is separated into useful substances by fractional distillation.

Look at the diagram. It shows a fractionating column.

LPG

petrol

paraffin
 light gas oil
diesel
lubricating oil
crude oil

bitumen
 (a) The LPG exits from the top of the fractionating column.

Explain why.

Use ideas about boiling points.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) The fractions have different boiling points.

Explain why.

Use ideas about

the size of the molecule

the forces between molecules.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) The petrol fraction contains octane, C8H18.

Octane is a hydrocarbon.

Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2]
TOTAL / 5

6 Crude oil is separated into useful substances by fractional distillation.

Look at the diagram. It shows a fractionating column.

LPG

petrol

paraffin
 light gas oil
diesel
lubricating oil
crude oil

bitumen
 (a) The LPG exits from the top of the fractionating column.

Explain why.

Use ideas about boiling points.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) The petrol fraction contains octane, C8H18.

Octane is a hydrocarbon.

Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Describe one use for petrol.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 4]

1 This question is about fuels.

Coal, crude oil and gas are non-renewable fuels.

Supplies of these three fossil fuels will eventually run out.

(a) What is meant by a non-renewable fuel?

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Look at the information comparing the use of three fossil fuels in one year.

coal
7%
 crude oil
gas 51%
42%
 Which of the three fossil fuels was used the most?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Petrol and diesel are separated from crude oil.

What is the name of the process that separates crude oil into useful fractions?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 3]
1 A major source of energy is the combustion of fossil fuels.

(a) (i) Name a solid fossil fuel.

[1]

(ii) Name a gaseous fossil fuel.

[1]

(b) Petroleum is separated into more useful fractions by fractional distillation.

(i) Name two liquid fuels obtained from petroleum.

 and [2]

(ii) Name two other useful products obtained from petroleum that are not used
as fuels.

and [2]

(iii) Give another mixture of liquids that is separated on an industrial scale by

fractional distillation.

[1]

[Total: 7]
Structured Questions:

11. The diagram shows some products from a fractionating column in an oil refinery.

a) Which of the fractions A, B, C, D or E

i. Is most likely to be the kerosene (paraffin) fraction?

ii. Is used for a fuel in homes and shops?

iii. Is called the residue?

b) i. why do we need to reform the naphtha fraction?

ii. why do we crack the lubricating oil fraction?

iii. why does cracking produce unsaturated molecules like ethene and butene?

13. The table below shows the approximate composition of various crude oils expressed in percentage by mass.
Source Naphtha Petrol/kerosene Diesel/fuel/lubricating
oil
Middle east 20 34 46
Nigeria 24 38 38
North Africa 30 38 32
Venezuela 2 18 80
Suggest reasons why the price per barrel of oil is greatest for North African crude oil and least for Venezuelan
crude oil.

14. Draw a diagram of the apparatus which could be used to fractionally distil petroleum or crude oil in the
laboratory. Let us call the fractions which are given off A, B, C, D and E, where A is the first to come off and E is
the least to be collected. Which fraction:

a) Would have the lowest boiling point?

b) Burns with the sootiest flame?

c) Would be the most inflammable?

d) Might be suitable as a diesel fuel?

e) Might be suitable as a petrol fuel?

 f) Would contain hydrocarbon molecules of the highest molecular mass?

g) Would be most suitable for cracking?

h) Is the most volatile (easily changed into a gas)?

15. Petroleum can be used as an energy source or as a chemical feedstock.

a) Name four energy sources (fuels) from petroleum.

b) (i) Which fraction is the main chemical feedstock?

(ii) Name four uses of chemicals from this fraction.

Questions

1. Six of the fractions which are obtained by the fractional distillation of crude oil are (in alphabetical order):
bitumen, diesel oil (gas oil), fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene, refinery gases. Draw up a simple table listing these
fractions in order of increasing boiling point. Give one sue for each of the fractions.
2. Hydrocarbons burn in an excess of air or oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water.
a) What do you understand by the term hydrocarbon?
b) Write an equation for the complete combustion of the hydrocarbon heptanes, C7H16.
c) The more volatile is a hydrocarbon is, the more flammable it is. In a liquid, reaction with oxygen can only take
place at the surface. In a gas, the oxygen molecules can mix easily with the hydrocarbon molecules.
i. What do you understand by the hydrocarbon, C15h32 or C8H18? Explain your answer.
d) Explain why the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons causes safety problems.
3. Cracking is a process that splits larger hydrocarbons into smaller ones.
a) Give two reasons why an oil company might want to crack a hydrocarbon.
b) State the conditions under which cracking are carried out.
c) A molecule of the hydrocarbon C11H24 was cracked to give two molecules of ethene, C2H4, and one other
molecule. Write an equation for the reaction which took place. (You can omit the state symbols from your
equation.)
d) Write an equation for an alternative cracking reaction involving the same hydrocarbon, C11H24.