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ITS ENGLISH TIME!

Editura PARADIGME

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 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

In Direct Speech we give the exact words of the speaker, while in

Indirect Speech we explain what the speaker has said.
When changing Direct Speech into indirect Speech, there take place
some changes. The words expressing nearness in Direct Speech become
words expressing remoteness in Indirect speech.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

I He/She
We They
My His/Her
Our Their
This That
These Those
Here There
Now Then
Today That day
Tonight That night
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The day before
Ago Before
Next The next
The day after tomorrow In two days time
The day before yesterday Two days before

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 As for the tenses used in Indirect Speech it must be shown that, when the
reporting verb is in the Present Tense or in the Present Perfect, no tense change
occurs in Indirect Speech.
Example:
I shall buy this dress next week, Kim says.
Kim says that she will buy that dress next week.

But, when the reporting verb is in the Past Tense, the following change of
tenses takes place:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

a) present ------------------------ past tense
e.g. I like this colour, the girl explained.
The girl explained that she liked that colour.
b) past tense ------------------------ past perfect
present perfect
e.g. They saw this film yesterday, they told me.
They told me that they had seen that film the day before.
c) future ------------------------ future in the past
e.g. We will not be late, my friends promised me.
My friends promised me that they would not be late.

Turn the following statements into the Indirect Speech:

1. Peter is a kind man, remarks Jane.

2. My grandfather isnt feeling well ,Mary explains to her friend.
3. I am doing my homework, Tom explained.
4. I last saw him two days ago, I explained to the policeman.
5. I found this dog when I was crossing the street, Angela told her
mother.
6. They will know the results in a week, he assured me.
7. I am very found of English, says Tom.
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 8. My friend arrived here yesterday, Eliza explains.
9. My baby is sleeping, Pam explained to the guest.
10. You will feel better soon, the doctor assured the patient.
11. The taxi is waiting, Robert says.
12. You can help her, Sam told his sister.
13. He has known me for a long time, Jane lets me known.
14. My friend will come back next week, July said.
15. The play will begin at five oclock, I told my sister.

FEW/ A FEW LITTLE/ A LITTLE

Little, meaning not much is used to refer to uncountable nouns:

e.g. My brother saved little money, so he cant buy a new bike.
A little, means at least some:
e.g. My brother saved a little money, so he can buy a new bike.
Both few and a few refer to countable nouns. Few emphasizes the
smallness of a number:
e.g. We expected a lot of guests to come to out party, but few came.
A few means at least some:
e.g. A few of us passed the test.
A lot of and plenty of are used with both countable and uncountable
nouns:
e.g. Have they a lot of toys?

Fill in blanks with much, a lot of, plenty of, little, a little, few and a few:

1. There isnt .. time left and we still have . homework to

do.
2. All you need, to learn a foreign language, are .. books, .
tapes, . effort, .. patience and not the last pleasure.
3. There were .. children who wanted to go to the theatre, so we
went to the circus.
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 4. My mother has got .. flowers in her garden, but she will wants
to buy .. roses, too.
5. Ive got too .. information about that guy, so I am afraid I cant
help you.
6. Would you like . cake?
7. Let me tell you things about English people.
8. How money do you want for your birthday party?
9. I have saved . money, so I can buy a present for my friend
10. . people will succeed if they work and make .. effort
but they are the lucky ones.

MUCH/ MANY

Much means a great amount or quantity of:

e.g. They still have much to learn.
Much is used with uncountable nouns:
e.g. I need much sugar for my tea.
Many means a great number of and it is used with countable nouns:
e.g.A few people survived in that war, but many died.
There are many mistakes in your homework.
Both much and many can be followed by of:
e.g. Much of his money is on the table.
Many of them have seen this film.

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 THE ADJECTIVE

The Comparison of Adjectives

There are three degrees of comparison of adjectives in English:

1) The positive degree when speaking of or describing an object or a

set of objects: small; difficult; beautiful(it is very important that the adjective
in English language is always placed before the noun and it is invariable)
2) The comparative degree:
of inferiority (2.1)
of equality (2.2.)
of superiority (2.3.)
3) the superlative degree:
the relative superlative (3.1.)
the absolute superlative (3.2.)

2.1. The Comparative of Inferiority

For short adjectives (mono and disyllabic adjectives):

not so/not as + adj + as
Eg. This dress is not so nice as the mine.
or
This house is not as big as ours.
For long adjectives:
less + adj + than
E.g. This test is less difficult than the others.

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 2.2. The Comparative of Equality

The following form can be used for short and long adjectives, too:
as + adj + as
E.g. My house is as high as yours.
The same idea of the comparative of equality can be also conveyed by:
the same + subst + as
! as not like !!!
E.g. My house is the same height as yours.

2.3. The Comparative of Superiority

For short adjectives:

adj + er + than
Some orthographical peculiarities arise from the addition of the
comparative:
1) Adjectives ending in -e add only -r
Ex: nice nicer
2) The final y is changed to i:
Ex: pretty prettier
Exceptions: shy shyer
sly slyer
wry wryer (strmb)
3) Single final consonants are doubled when the preceding vowel is
stressed and spelled with a single letter:
Ex: big bigger

For long adjectives:

more + adj + than
E.g. She is more beautiful than her sister.

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3.1. The Relative superlative

the + adj +est

E.g. big the biggest; silly the silliest
The orthographical modifications are in the same way.
For long adjectives:
the most+ adj
E.g. This is the most expensive dress.
! after the Superlative degree follows the prepositions of or in:
E.g. She is the most beautiful of all/the most beautiful in our group.

3.2. The absolute Superlative

very + adj
very can be replaced by: extremely, exceptionally, tremendously, awfully
E.g. This book is very important for them.

Irregular adjectives

Such adjectives are the following:

good better the best
bad worse the worst
ill worse the worst
many more the most
much more the most
little less the least
near nearer the nearest (cel mai apropiat); next (urmtorul)
far farther the farthest (n spaiu)
far further the furthest (n timp)
late later the latest; the last (ultimul); the latter (ultimul din 2)

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 THE CONJUNCTION

The conjunction is a word that connects sentences, clauses or words with

the same synthetical function.
According to their form, conjunctions can be:
1. Simple: and, but, if.
2. Compound: However, unless.
3. Correlative: as.as, both. and, not only.. but also.
4. Conjunctional phrases: as well as.., that is why.. .
According to their function, conjunctions can be:
1) Coordinate conjunctions:
A) copulative: and; and. as well; besides; further; no less than.
(e.g. If you eat, Ill eat as well.)
B) adversative: but; whereas; while.
(e.g. She went home while we went to the cinema.)
C) disjunctive: or; else; or else; otherwise.
(e.g. Would you like a lemonade or cola?)
D) conclusive: so; then; therefore.
(e.g. I have a headache. So, I cant come with you.)
E) explanatory: namely; that is; for example; for instance.
(e.g. Peter, for example, has visited London twice this year.)
2) Subordinate conjunctions:
A) subject clause: that; what; who, which.
(e.g. It is necessary she could come here.)
B) predicate clauses: what; who; where; why.
(e.g. The problem is what we must learn for this test.)
C) direct object clause: that; if; how; why; which (ever).
(e.g. She told me that she was unhappy.)

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 THE DEMONSTRATIVES

THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE

1. Function
The demonstratives this, that, these, those, show where an object or
person is in relation to the speaker.
This (singular) and these (plural) refer to an object or person near the
speaker. That (singular) and those (plural) refer to an object or person further
away. It can be a physical closeness or distance as in:
Who owns that house? (distant)/ Is this Johns car? (near)
Or it can be a psychological distance as in:
Thats nothing to do with her. (distant)/ This is a nice surprise! (near)

2. Position
a) Before the noun.
b) Before the word one.
c) Before an adjective + noun.
d) Alone when the noun is understood.
Examples:
This car looks cleaner than that one.
This old world keeps turning round
Do you remember that wonderful day in July?
Ill never forget this.

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 1. The Indefinite Article
It has a unique form a which becomes an when it is used before
vowel sounds (an egg) or before a mute h (an hour ago).
! The word which begins with u takesa and it doesnt take an
ifu composes a syllable.
a u-ni-ver-si-ty
a u-ni-form
Which is different from an um-bre-lla
It is the same rule for those words which begins with eu
A European Country
! Before one we will always have a and not an A one hundred
dollars bill.

The Indefinite Article is used:

1.1. When a countable noun is mentioned for the first time:
E.g. I looked out of the window and I saw a big cat.
1.2. As a substitute of one.
E.g. A hundred dollars.
1.3. Before a singular countable noun used as a representative of a
whole class:
E.g.: A driver is a person who
1.4. When is preceded by as
E.g. I am dressed as a clown.

2.5. In exclamatory sentences beginning with what , such or so:

E.g. What a beautiful day!
My friend is such an ass!
He was so good a student!

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 2.6. Before a noun in apposition, when the person or thing is considered
to be unfamiliar:
E.g. Peter, a friend of mine, saw this film.
2.7. Before Miss/Mr./Mrs. + surname, to denote a person known only as
a name:
E.g. A Mss Brown wants to see you.
2.8. When we want to classify people in terms of their origin;
occupation; religion and their politics:
E.g. He is a doctor.
You are an English.
She is a Catholic.
John is a Republican.
Exceptions: The persons title which is temporary:
E.g. He is Vice president of a company.

2.9. In expressions of measurements we can use per instead of

a/an:
E.g. One hundred kilometers per hour.
One hundred kilometers an hour.

2.10. With little and few to change the meaning from negative into
positive:
Little = almost nothing (for uncountable nouns)
E.g. I eat little bread (Nu mnnc pine aproape deloc).
A little = at least some
E.g. I have a little money on me (Am ceva bani la mine).
Few = almost nothing (for countable nouns)
E.g. We have few friends here (N-am aproape deloc prieteni aici)
A few = at least some
E.g They have a few animals in their farm.

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 THE PASSIVE VOICE

The Passive Voice is formed with an appropriate tense form of the verb
to be combined with the past participle of the active verb. We can use the
passive voice in any tenses by changing the tense of the verb to be.
Active voice: They keep cows in this shed.
Passive voice: Cows are kept in this shed.

Active voice: He draw this picture last week.

Passive voice: This picture was drawn by him.

Active voice: He has built this house quite recently.

Passive voice: This house has been built quite recently.

Active voice: I will send you a message in a few minutes.

Passive voice: A message will be sent in a few minutes.
While the common aspect of a passive verb may occur in all tenses and
moods , its continuous aspect is used only in the Indicative Mood Present
Tense and Past Tense .
Examples:
My washing machine has been being repaired for three days.
At 8 oclock, the TV programme will be being watched by all my
friends.

To make the negative of the passive voice, we use the negative of the
verb to be.
Examples:
This picture was not drawn by him.
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 We can use the passive voice with a modal verb, too. We use this
structure: modal verb + be+ past participle.
Examples:
Paper can be recycled.
Cars mustnt be parked there.

We use the passive voice when the action is more important than who or
what did it.
Examples:
The new car has been tested.
A new theatre will be built.

If you want to show who or what does the action , we use by.
Examples:
The new car has been tested by the best mechanic.

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 THE PREPOSITION

A preposition is a part of speech used to connect a noun or a noun

structure to other structures in the sentence. The two parts of a sentence
connected by a preposition must have different syntactic functions.

TYPES OF PREPOSITIONS

According to their form, prepositions can be

1. Simple prepositions; about; by; during; from; in; on; over; round; to;
under; with.
2. Compound prepositions: alongside; into; inside; outside; throughout;
within.
3. Complex prepositions: according to; ahead of; apart from; as for;
because of; due to; instead of; out of; owing to; together with; up to.
4. Prepositional phrases: at the back of; by means of; by the side of; in
accordance with; in front of; in opposition to; in spite of; on account of; on
behalf of; with a view to.
From a semantic point of view prepositions can be divided into
Prepositions of place and direction
a) Position is usually indicated by such prepositions as
aboard (an aircraftla bikela boatfa busla coachs ferryla [et] plane/a
rocket/ a ship/a sledge/a space shuttle/a train/a truckla yacht) above (the
fireplace/the clouds)
across (the river; the road)
against (the wall/the window)
ahead of (somebody/an event/schedule)
all over (the country/the place)
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 along (the corridor/the road)
alongside (someone/the river)
amidst) (all the confusion/the shadows)
amongst) (the trees/us)
(a)round (somebody/the garden)

b) Direction or destination is usually indicated by prepositions like:

about (the room/the town)
across (the street/the river)
after (to run after something/somebody; Shut the door after you) all over
along (to run along the road)
alongside (I swim alongside her boat) around (The children danced
around the snowman) at (They threw snowballs at me)
off (She got off the train)
onto (He fell back onto my bed)
out of (She got out of my car)
round (He had to drive round the fallen tree)
Some of these prepositions, as one can easily notice, may indicate both
position and direction or destination,

2. The principal prepositions used to express time are:

about (Well arrive there about noon)
after (They came back after a few hours)
ahead of (Romanian time is ahead of British time)
at (Christmas/Easter/the age of/ the same time/ six oclock/ night/ noon/
midnight/ the moment/ present/ lunchtime)
before (ten oclock/Christmas/midnight/birth)
between (three oclock and four oclock/1982 and 1990 the two events)
by (the end of/then/twelve oclock/day/night)
during (infancy/childhood)
for (the 1 April/the first time/the last time/a long time)

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 from (now on/January to March/time to time)
in (the sixteenth century)
inside (ten minutes/half an hour)
on (April 1/ Sunday morning)
throughout (life/the day/her caree)
till (the lunch/morning)
to (a quarter to five/ten to twelve)
up until (spring)
up to (his arrival)
within (twenty-four hours)

NOTE
The prepositions in, on or at will never be used before this, next, last,
tomorrow, yesterday and every. So, we must say
They have to meet again this week.
He will come here next month.

OTHER PREPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS

ON TIME IN TIME
On time means at exactly the right time, while in time means early
soon enough for something
Our French class always starts on time.
They got to the station in time. (= before the train left)

AT THE END IN THE END

At the end means at the point when something stops, while in the end
means finally/at last
They are going on a trip at the end of this week.
At first, we didnt understand that problem, but in the end we could do it.

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 BY/IN/ON with means of transport
Whenever we show how we travel we use the preposition by + the noun
expressing the means of transport; air; bicycle; boat; bus; car; coach; ferry;
motorbike; plane; rail; road; sea; ship; taxi; train; tube; underground (but: on
foot);
We usually go to work by tram, but today we are going by taxi.
But by is not used when the above nouns are preceded by a possessive
adjective or by the articles a or the. In such cases the preposition in is used with
the noun car, and on with the nouns bicycle; motorbike as well as with the
nouns indicating means of transport: bus; train; tube; underground
I went to the cinema in her car.
He didnt go to Bucharest on a motorbike, but on the train.

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 THE QUESTION TAGS

A question tag turns a statement into a question. We usually use a

question tag when are sure of the answer. It is less direct than an ordinary
question. We can use a failing intonation when we expect the person to agree
with the statement, and a rising intonation when it is less certain.
When the statement is positive the tag is negative. When the statement is
negative the tag is positive.
Examples:
You are a student, arent you?
You arent a student, are you?

With the verb to be we form the tag with the verb and the subject.
Examples:
It is very cold, is it?

When a verb has an auxiliary, we form the tag from the auxiliary and the
subject.
Examples:
He can speak Italian, cant he?
It doesnt matter, does it?
They have been to London, havent they?

When the verb hasnt got an auxiliary, we form the tag from the auxiliary
that we would normally use for making questions in that tense.
Examples:
He finished his work yesterday, didnt he?
You like disco music, dont you?
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 When the subject of the statement is a noun, we replace it with a pronoun
in the tag.
Examples:
Laura is an American girl, isnt she?
Peter and Jack are friends, arent they?

There is an exception:
Examples:
I am very tired, arent I?
When we write a question tag it is separated from the statement by a
comma (,) and is followed by a question mark(?).

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 THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

The present perfect simple tense links the past with the present. We make
it with the verb have/has and the past participle of the verb.
S + have / has (III sg) + vb. Past Participle
E.g. My mother has gone to the shops. (Shes at the shop now).

USED
1. for actions ended very close to the present: recently, lately, just,
already, yet: You have eaten many fruits recently.
2. for actions which started in the past and continued till (close to)
the moment of speech:
since 1986, january, last summer
for to talk about a period of time
E.g. He has learning English for two years.
since to talk about a single point in time in the past, for example an
event or a date.
E.g. I have lived in Rome since I was 6.
3. for actions whose date is unknown:
E.g. He has written a very interesting composition.
4. for actions which have results in the present:
E.g. I have read this book so I can tell you the story.

UNLESS
Unless means the same as if not. Like if, it is followed by a present
tense, a past tense or a past perfect (never by would). It is used instead of if +
not in conditional sentences of all types:

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Type 1: (Unless + present)
a. Youll be sick unless you stop eating. (= You will be sick if you dont stop
eating)
b. I wont pay unless you provide the goods immediately. (= If you dont
provide them I wont pay)
c. Youll never understand English unless you study this grammar carefully.
(= Youll never understand if you dont study...)
Type 2: (Unless + past)
a. Unless he was very ill, he would be at work.
b. I wouldnt eat that food unless I was really hungry.
c. She would be here by now unless she was stuck in the traffic.
Type 3: (Unless + past perfect)
a. The elephant wouldnt have seen the mouse unless shed had perfect
eyesight.
b. I wouldnt have phoned him unless youd suggested it.
c. They would have shot her unless shed given them the money.

A/An

Complete each of the sentences with a or an.

Poland is .. European country.

Fred has .. unusual job.
There is university in this city.
This is interesting book.
Susan is honest person.
They made .. horrible mistake.
There are 60 minutes in . hour.
John wears uniform.
We have .. ugly dog.
That is . useful machine.
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Penny is intelligent student.
My sister works at hospital.

That/Those

Complete each of the sentences with that or those.

They never eat at . restaurant.

Does he know woman?
The pupils have to read . books.
. house is the most beautiful.
..poor people need help.
Larry works at . restaurant.
I do not want .. people in my house.
.. city is so big.
They didnt go to .. concert.
Did you like .. shoes?
. glass of milk is sour.
. pencils werent mine.
Did he send ________ flowers for me?
Have________ woman arrived?
Were ________ books so expensive?

This/These

Complete each of the sentences with this or these.

. people speak English.

I like .. book.
.. toy is expensive.
Do you understand .. exercise?
I do not need dictionary.
dolls are very beautiful.

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Tim never uses computer.
Do you like . orange juice?
You should clean .. things.
. books are interesting.
Can ________ man drive?
. tyres of his bike are flat.
.. boys ought to be polite.
The front legs of ______ armchair are broken.
. girls speak German.

Two/Too/To

Complete each of the sentences with two, too or to.

This soup is .. hot.

She has . sisters.
Tim is Spanish. Frank is Spanish, . .
Cynthia went .Napoli.
He wants . bottles of wine.
They would like . drink some Portuguese wine.
These women talk .. much.
Six minus four is . .
I will speak Dan tomorrow.
.. women are studying French with a teacher.
There are mistakes in your test.
He goes .. school by bus.
This dress is expensive.
The old man was so poor that he had nothing . eat.
I like English but I prefer Italian, .. .

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Prepositions

Complete each of the following sentences.

1. George works ______ Saturdays.

a) at b) on c) in d) to
2. Linda lives ______ New York.
a) at b) on c) in d) to
3. The dog sleeps ______ night.
a) at b) on c) in d) to
4. John does not go to school ______ July.
a) at b) on c) in d) to
5. Peter was born ______ March 27, 1985.
a) at b) on c) in d) to
6. Monica was born ______ May.
a) at b) on c) in d) to

Much/Many

We didnt see tourists.

There isnt .. crime in this part of the city.
Roberta doesnt have .. free time.
There werent children at the school.
He doesnt work .. .
. Canadians speak French.
We dont have . milk.
Fred doesnt know . people at school.
We couldnt find . .. information about sharks.
The war caused suffering.

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 Adjectives 1

Complete each of the following sentences.

Karen is ______ than her sister.

a) young b) younger c) youngest
The mouse is the ______ animal in the zoo.
a) small b) smaller c) smallest
Barbara is as ______ as Janet.
a) intelligent b) more intelligent c) most intelligent
The dog is ______ than the hamster.
a) large b) larger c) largest
Everyone in our family sings beautifully, but my mother is the ______
singer.
a) good b) better c) best
A knife is ______ than a spoon.
a) dangerous b) more dangerous c) most dangerous

Adjectives 2

Complete each of the following sentences.

His aunt is as ______ as my father.

a) old b) older c) oldest
There are many exciting cities, but New York is the ______ city in the
world.
a) exciting b) more exciting c) most exciting
The bus is ______ than the train.
a) bad b) worse c) worst
There are many cheap things in that shop, but the salt is the ______
thing.
a) cheap b) cheaper c) cheapest

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 Betty is ______ than George.
a) careful b) more careful c) most careful
All the boys are bad, but Larry is the ______.
a) bad b) worse c) worst

Baby Animals

Complete each of the following sentences with the correct word.

Example:
A baby dog is called a puppy.

A baby cat is called a. .

A baby deer is called a. .
A baby rabbit is called a .. .
A baby sheep is called a. .
A baby chicken is called a.. .
A baby duck is called a. .
A baby bear is called a.. .
A baby goat is called a.. .
A baby pig is called a.. .
A baby cow is called a.

Because/Although

Use because or although to complete the following sentences. Each

sentence must have a logical meaning.

He is very tired . he didnt sleep last night.

We didnt buy the dictionary .. it was very
expensive.
the computer was very inexpensive, Robert
decided not to buy it.

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 They are going to have a picnic .. the weather
is cold.
Barbara never smiles, she is very popular.
Janet is very happy . she has a better job.
Robert still smokes . his brother has cancer.
She is very rich . she has won the lottery.
Fred does not speak Italian . he has lived in Italy for
many years.
He is fat he eats too much.

Complete these sentences.

English is more popular ______ Norwegian.

a) then b) than c) thin d) them
If I ______ more free time, I would learn Italian.
a) have b) would have c) have had d) had
Many people want to learn English ______ they think it will help their
career.
a) because b) because of c) although d) unless
People ______ want to a learn foreign language must practice often.
a) how b) who c) which d) with
Some students spend a lot of money ______ books.
a) on b) in c) with d) at
These exercises will help a student ______ progress.
a) do b) make c) to doing d) to making

Despite/Although

Complete each of the sentences with despite or although.

.. it was raining, they enjoyed the picnic.

We went to the beach . the cold weather.
Sam likes his new job his annoying boss.
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 Linda always enjoys herself in Mexico .. she doesnt
speak Spanish.
. Bill lost his wallet, he had a good
time at the party.
..the loud noise, everyone likes the restaurant.
Barbara loves animals, she is not a
vegetarian.
the unpleasant teacher, Harry enjoyed the
history class.
Richard is not happy he is rich.
Helen is an elegant dancer ..her big feet.

For/Since

Complete each of the sentences with for or since.

We have lived in California . 1994.

Tina has been married .. three years.
I have worked here . a long time.
Robert hasnt smoked .. his birthday.
.. 1998, Arthur Holt has been the president of our
club.
They have studied Spanish six weeks.
Nobody has seen Peter .. Christmas.
Paula has worked here . March 2000.
. three days, George has been telling the same old
jokes.
John has lived here .. his divorce.

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 Lexical Flexibility 1

Complete each of the sentences with a word related to the word in

capitals.

We want to know the .. .

TRUE
My father wants the carpenter to .. the doorway.
WIDE
The . of the pool is five feet.
DEEP
The flowers are very ... .
FRAGRANCE
My sister is studying .at that university.
ECONOMY
Paul works at a .. .
BAKE
Manuela uses honey to her tea.
SWEET
This organization helps families.
NEED
Her brother wants to be an .
ACT
My boss made a .. mistake.
TERROR
The ............................ destroyed our flowers.
HOT

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 Lexical Flexibility 2

Complete each of the sentences with a word related to the word in

capitals.

Nothing could satisfy their . .

HUNGRY
My uncles suffers from . .
BLIND
Robert worked as a .. last summer.
GARDEN
She didnt accept his .
EXPLAIN
The of the road is three miles.
LONG
Barbaras dress is too long so she is going to . it.
SHORT
One of the complained about the food.
VISIT
Ronald was very unhappy about the of his wallet.
LOSE
Somebody must . the water.
PURE
The . was very proud of his vegetables.
FARM

Lexical Flexibility 3

Complete each of the sentences with a word related to the word in

capitals.

That chemical is very . .

DANGER

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 She thinks that the sauce is too .. .
SALT
Paris is a city.
DELIGHT
Tom admitted that he had made many false . .
ACCUSE
I couldnt sleep because of the children.
NOISE
Barbara spent most of her . in California.
CHILD
Cindy dances .. .
ELEGANCE
Tom is a good . .
SWIM
The police came to investigate a which had interrupted
the concert.
DISTURB
Peter hopes his education will ..him to get a good
job.
ABLE

Lexical Flexibility 4

Complete each of the sentences with a word related to the word in

capitals.

The of that building is 200 feet.

HIGH
I cannot describe the .. of that woman.
BEAUTIFUL
The food at this restaurant is always very .. .
GREASE

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 Bruce is very . . He will never let you down.
RELY
Alice is responsible for the . of the
computers.
MAINTAIN
People have accused him of stealing cell phones, but I havent seen any
. .
PROVE
He is married to a .. .
LIBRARY
Robert lost his job yesterday, so now he is .. .
EMPLOY
What is the of this book?
IMPORTANT
The storm didnt cause much .. .
DESTROY

Lexical Flexibility 5

Complete each of the sentences with a word related to the word in

capitals.

Shoes, boots and sandals are three types of .

FOOT
My sister wants to be an .
ASTRONOMY
Our father is an . .
ECONOMY
Some people think that security is more important than .
FREE
Your is very important to us.
HAPPY

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 It has been a .. to work with her.
PLEASE
The president is elected.
DEMOCRACY
Helen is always .. dressed.
FASHION
The .. must now spend twenty years in prison.
MURDER
Good food will .. your health.
STRONG

Passive Voice 1

Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice. Do not make

unnecessary changes of vocabulary. Use normal word order.

He cleaned the car.

..............................................................................................................................
The police protect children.
..............................................................................................................................
His jokes irritated the guests.
..............................................................................................................................
Fred will deliver the package.
..............................................................................................................................

They never use the computer.

..............................................................................................................................
The fire destroyed the house.
..............................................................................................................................
Linda is preparing the report.
..............................................................................................................................

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 We can drive the car.
..............................................................................................................................
His decision disappointed them.
..............................................................................................................................
Robert is going to solve the problem.
..............................................................................................................................

Passive Voice 2

Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice. Do not make

unnecessary changes of vocabulary. Use normal word order.

A customer has made a complaint.

..............................................................................................................................
We should support the libraries.
..............................................................................................................................
Students have criticized the school.
..............................................................................................................................
Our boss is doing the work.
..............................................................................................................................
The visitors said nothing.
..............................................................................................................................
The police are going to catch that thief.
..............................................................................................................................
They must understand our problem.
..............................................................................................................................
We have won the battle.
..............................................................................................................................
Tourists are going to see the show.
..............................................................................................................................
We should have helped Tom.
..............................................................................................................................

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 Passive Voice 3

Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice. Do not make

unnecessary changes of vocabulary. Use normal word order.

The farmer has explained the problems.

..............................................................................................................................
The government ought to do something.
..............................................................................................................................
My sister is going to offer suggestions.
..............................................................................................................................
Glenda will teach French.
..............................................................................................................................
The group must choose a leader.
..............................................................................................................................
She might break the record.
..............................................................................................................................
Our school is going to buy some books.
..............................................................................................................................
We should have considered the problem.
..............................................................................................................................
You are going to improve the system.
..............................................................................................................................
Tourists have praised the landscape.
..............................................................................................................................

Phrasal Verbs 1

Complete each of the following sentences.

Robert was expected to arrive at 8 oclock, but he didnt turn ______

until midnight.
a) out b) up c) off d) with

37
 Peter needs either to get a raise or to get a better job, because he cant get
______ on his current salary.
a) by b) out c) in d) off
Manuela and Glenda didnt like each other at first, but now they get
______.
a) over b) across c) away d) along
The plane is scheduled to take ______ at 7 a.m.
a) away b) to c) off d) with
We need milk, but we can do ______ beer.
a) without b) along c) away d) off
The wedding was originally scheduled for June 12, but it has been put
______ until September 24.
a) out b) away c) off d) up

Phrasal Verbs 2

Complete each of the following sentences.

Our alarm clock is set to go ______ at 6 a.m.

a) away b) up c) out d) off
Gary asked Cynthia to marry him, but she turned him ______.
a) down b) without c) across d) over
The emergency workers managed to put ______ the fire.
a) off b) out c) down d) without
Everyone thought she was English, but she turned ______ to be
Canadian.
a) up b) off c) by d) out
The math teacher lets students chew gum in class, but the French teacher
does not put ______ with it.
a) over b) out c) up d) along

38
 The university students want to do ______ with tuition, because they
think education should be free.
a) away b) out c) up d) off

Phrasal Verbs 3

Complete each of the following sentences.

Nelson is a creative liar who is always making ______ unusual excuses

for not doing his work.
a) up b) across c) away d) off
Paula always comes ______ as very sincere.
a) out b) along c) across d) away
Tom and Carol often have heated arguments, but they always make
______ later.
a) down b) away c) up d) along
We have to clean ______ the house before my parents arrive.
a) down b) away c) without d) up
The police officer almost captured the criminals, but they managed to get
______.
a) without b) over c) along d) away
I have come down with a cold, but I will get ______ it soon.
a) over b) up c) without d) above

Proverbs 1

Complete each of the following proverbs.

1. Birds of a feather ______ together.

a) live b) fly c) nest d) flock
2. Curiosity killed the ______.
a) camel b) cat c) crocodile d) canary

39
 3. Out of _____, out of mind.
a) money b) heart c) sight d) head
4. Absence makes the heart grow ______.
a) bigger b) fonder c) weaker d) louder
5. When the cats away, the ______ will play.
a) dogs b) rats c) hamsters d) mice
6. Haste makes ______.
a) mistake b) chase c) waste d) paste
7. Abundance, like want, _______ many.
a) helps b) ruins c) enjoys d) desires
8. There is no accounting for ________ .
a) facts b) habits c) tastes d) desires
9. Actions speak _______ than words.
a) lower b) louder c) faster d) sooner
10. A womans advice is no great thing, but he who wont take it is a
_____ .
a) clever b) fool c) discreet d) bat-minded

Proverbs 2

Complete each of the following proverbs.

1. The early bird catches the ______.

a) insects b) seeds c) sun d) worm
2. Beauty is only skin ______.
a) without clothes b) without wrinkles
c) deep d) preserved
3. A penny saved is a penny ______.
a) earned b) paid c) stored d) forgotten
4. Too many cooks spoil the ______.
a) meal b) broth c) sauce d) kitchen

40
5. Two heads are better than ______.
a) two rocks b) two hearts c) one d) two eyes
6. You cant judge a book by its ______.
a) reader b) author c) cover d) thickness
7. Better _______ than steal.
a) pray b) work c) beg d) starve
8. Every day is not _________ .
a) Saturday b) Thursday c) Monday d) Sunday
9. In at one _________ and out at the other.
a) eye b) hand c) ear d) arm
10. The exception proves the _________ .
a) truth b) rule c) method d) reverse

Tag Questions 1

Complete each of the following sentences.

1. He doesnt like jazz, ______he?

a) like b) doesnt c) do d) will
2. Peter is American, ______ he?
a) isnt b) does c) can d) is
3. My friend needs help, ______ he?
a) doesnt b) do c) need d) dont
4. Your sister is in Canada, ______ she?
a) does b) is c) isnt d) doesnt
5. You will eat soon, ______ you?
a) wont b) eat c) do d) will
6. He smokes, ______ he?
a) smokes b) doesnt c) dont d) is
7. He knows where you live, _________ he?
a) dont b) doesnt c) is d) does

41
8. This student has to work rather hard, _______ she?
a) hasnt b) doesnt c) does d) has
9. You move to a new house every three years, ____ you?
a) do b) are c) arent d) dont
10. My sister read that book last month, ________ she?
a) doesnt b) didnt c) did d) does

Tag Questions 2

Complete each of the following sentences.

1. Vince knows Andrea, ______ he?

a) knows b) doesnt c) do d) did
2. Kim did a good job, ______ she?
a) does b) do c) didnt d) is
3. Ben and Jenny cant run too fast, ______ they?
a) cannot b) can c) cant d) do
4. It will be such a difficult situation, ______ it?
a) wont b) do c) will d) is
5. You ate my cake, ______ you?
a) dont b) arent c) didnt d) are
6. His parents were nice, ______they?
a) didnt b) did c) wasnt d) werent
7. My friend works here , because he lives nearby _____ he?
a) does b) doesnt c) didnt d) dont
8. He reads detective stories mostly, _______ he?
a) do b) doesnt c) is d) does
9. I look horrible in this skirt, __________ I?
a) arent b) dont c) am d) do
10. Im the right person for this job, _______I?
a) am b) are c) arent d) dont

42
 Tag Questions 3

Complete each of the following sentences.

1. They wanted to dance, ______ they?

a) did b) didnt c) want d) were
2. Lisa and her friend were very patient, ______ they?
a) werent b) was c) are d) wasnt
3. She is very tired , ______ she?
a) isnt b) wont c) is d) arent
4. Jack cannot speak Russian, ______ he?
a) cant b) can c) cannot d) does
5. The architect went to Milano, ______ he?
a) didnt b) go c) was d) did
6. Dan was sick yesterday, ______ he?
a) didnt b) wasnt c) was d) did
7. These bottles contain poison, _____ they?
a) do b) dont c) are d) didnt
8. She hardly ever talks to strangers,________ she?
a) does b) doesnt c) is d) did
9. The post arrives twice a week,________it?
a) does b) dont c) doesnt d) do
10. This book belongs to Kathy, _______ it?
a) doesnt b) dont c) does d) isnt

Unless/If

Complete each of the sentences with if or unless. Each sentence must

have a reasonable meaning.

_____________ I concentrate, I can solve this problem.

He will not marry her _____________ he loves her.
_____________ Peter studies hard, he wont pass this test.

43
 He will not get drunk _____________ he only take a sip of wine.
You will be very tired tomorrow _____________ you get enough sleep
tonight.
Jim will get very angry _____________ anyone makes comments about
his nose.
The parrot will fly away _____________ you leave the cage open.
_____________ a person has a ticket, he cannot enter the concert hall.
Your mum will be very offended _____________ we invite her to our
wedding.
This child will be weak and unhealthy _____________ he doesnt eat the
right food.
_____________ you help me, Ill finish my homework in time.
He will not be employed in this factory _____________ he has the right
qualification.
They will not understand her _____________ she speaks so fast.
My sister will read that book _____________ she likes it.
They would not make so many mistakes _____________ they were more
careful.
_____________ his watch had been slow, he wouldnt have been late.
You will get pneumonia _____________ you do not change your wet
clothes.
_____________ Kim learns to type, she will be not employed.
_____________ Peter finds my phone number, he will ring me up.
You will not get a good mark _____________ you learn the lesson.

Up With Words

Complete each sentence with the correct word.

Jessie is never pessimistic. She is usually in a very ______ mood.

a) upcoming b) upturn c) uphold d) upbeat

44
 But she became very ______ when her son Brian was expelled from
kindergarten.
a) uphill b) upset c) uproar d) uprising
The kindergarten teachers told Jessie that Brian had tried to lead some
children in an ______.
a) uppity b) uptight c) uphill d) uprising
Brian didnt like the kindergartens rule against chewing gum in class,
but the teachers said they would ______ the rule.
a) upset b) uphold c) uptight d) upkeep
The teacher said that Brian was a very ______ child.
a) uppity b) uplift c) upswing d) uprising
Trying to control him was an ______ battle.
a) upstairs b) uphill c) upturn d) uptight
His mother thought that it was __________ to slap him.
a) upset b) uppity c) uphill d) uproar
She couldnt accept the_______ like a joke.
a) uprising b) upswing c) upkeep d) uproar
It was so ________ for him to understand that he had to respect all the
rules.
a) uphill b) upturn c) uproar d) uplift
But Jessie is an optimistic person. Brians agreement is a real
___________.
a) upturn b) uptight c) upkeep d) uplift

Who/Which/Where

Complete each of the sentences with who, which or where.

We know a little girl speaks Spanish.

My cousin lives in a small town . there is only one
library.

45
 Cynthia lives in a big city has several
restaurants.
The people .. work at the supermarket are very
cute.
This restaurant needs a waitress has a lot of
experience.
Pam is a student at a school . has some Canadian
teachers.
Sally is a teacher at a school many of the students are
from Spain.
Here is a picture of the fire . destroyed many houses.
That restaurant he works is very expensive.
Peter is visiting someone was once a professional
dancer.
The man .. is crossing the street now is our teacher of English.
These are books are the most interesting for you.
He asked me .. I lived.
This is the place . we first met.
I lived in house . was built in 1970.

Words Aplenty

Complete each sentence with the correct word.

My father reads the newspaper every morning in order to keep ______ of

current events.
a) apiece b) abreast c) afloat d) anew
Larry was taken ______ by a report about a murder in his hometown.
a) aloft b) aback c) afoot d) atop
The newspaper published a drawing of the suspected murderer. He and
Peter looked very much ______.
a) akin b) apiece c) aside d) alike

46
 Peter hadnt ever committed a crime. Hed never run ______ of the law.
a) agape b) afoul c) aloof d) aside
He suspected that a plot against him was ______.
a) anew b) aloft c) afoot d) aloof
Peter was so confused, but he decided to travel ______ the following
summer instead of going home.
a) anew b) amuck c) alight d) abroad
He was probably ________ of someone.
a) agape b) afoul c) aside d) aloft
It was a real _________ for him.
a) aloof b) atop c) affront d) alight
Peter was ___________ when he found out the truth.
a) alight b) agape c) anew d) afresh
He was taken ________ when the best friend told him about his joke.
a) amid b) apiece c) aback d) afoul

47