TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENINEERING
CENTRAL CAMPUS, PULCHOWK

A
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT
ON

UNIFIED POWER CONVERTER FOR MICRO-

HYDRO POWER PLANT
(As a partial fulfillment of the requirement for Bachelors Degree in Electrical Engineering)
EE755

PROJECT SUPERVISORS
Prof. Dr. Indraman Tamrakar
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Netra Gyawali
Department of Electrical Engineering

PROJECT MEMBERS
LAXMAN TIMILSINA(069/BEL/323)
PRAKASH ACHARYA(069/BEL/327)
RAM PRASAD JNAWALI(069/BEL/332)
SUSHIL PAUDEL(069/BEL/344)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank Department of Electrical Engineering for giving us the opportunity to
use their resources and work in such a challenging environment. First and foremost we take this
opportunity to express our deepest sense of gratitude to our guide Prof. Dr. Indraman Tamrakar
and ASSCO. Prof.Dr. Netra Gyawali for their guidance during our project work. This project
would not have been possible without their help and the valuable time that they have given us
amidst their busy schedule. We would also like to extend our gratitude to our friends and senior
students of this department who have always encouraged and supported us in doing our work.
We would like to thank all the staff members of Department of Electrical Engineering who have
been very cooperative with us. Last, but not the least, we would like to thank the authors of
various research articles that we referred during the course of the project.

LAXMAN TIMILSINA(069/BEL/323)
PRAKASH ACHARYA(069/BEL/327)
RAM PRASAD JNAWALI(069/BEL/332)
SUSHIL PAUDEL(069/BEL/344)

I.
 COPYRIGHT

The author has agreed that the library, Department of Electrical Engineering, Central Campus
Pulchowk and Institute of Engineering(IOE) may make this report freely available for
inspection. Moreover, the author has agreed that permission of extensive copying of this
project report for scholarly purpose may be granted by the supervisors who supervised the
project work recorded herein or, in their absence, by the Head of Department wherein the
project report was done. It is understood that recognition will be given to the author of this
report and to the Department of Electrical Engineering, Central Campus Pulchowk and
material of this project report. Copying or publication or the use of this report for financial
gain without approval of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Central Campus
Pulchowk, Institute of Engineering and authors .Request for permission to copy of to make
any other use of the material in this report in whole or in part should be addressed to:

Head of Department

Department of Electrical Engineering Central Campus Pulchowk,

Institute of Engineering (IOE)

Lalitpur, Nepal
 ABSTRACT
Micro hydro plant (MHP) is one of the popular renewable energy sources in the developing
countries. Most of the MHP plants operate in isolated mode supplying the electricity in the
local rural area where the population is very small and sparsely distributed and the extension
of grid system is not financially feasible because of high-cost investment required for
transmission line. The MHP designers have made their efforts to reduce the construction cost
of MHP by adopting the following strategies: using electronic load controller (ELC) instead of
conventional oil pressure mechanical

governor, allowing larger variation of voltage and frequency to reduce the cost of control
component. Frequency variation of+2% and terminal voltage variation of +5% from their
nominal rated values are generally acceptable in MHP schemes.

In islanded mode of operation, i.e. in the absence of the utility grid, voltage on load terminal
bus is observed to show drastic fluctuations with changing reactive power load in isolated
micro-hydro scheme. This provokes the need of a dynamic reactive power supplying system
at load terminal bus. Furthermore, compensation of reactive power maximizes utilization of
capacity of power converters and generators. The proposed solution for compensation of
reactive power , minimize voltage fluctuations and balance frequency, is a unified power
controller(SAPF+ ELC). Unified power controller is compact in size and compensate reactive
power locally and instantaneously on the basis of p-q theory and also dumps the surplus
amount of active power in order to balance the frequency in micro- hydro system .

This proposed scheme is better as compared to conventional capacitor bank reactive power
compensator which size increases with increase in reactive power demand at load terminal
bus and also may cause the resonance in the system. Our scheme also eliminate the use of
conventional governor to balance the frequency in the isolated micro hydro system.

Our proposed scheme also suppress the magnitude of neutral current which is caused by the
unbalance of load . Which in turn reduces the heat loss in the neutral wire and small fixed
diameter of neutral wire can be used instead of variation of unbalancing of load .

III.
 LIST OF ACRONYMS

UPC Unified Power Converter

AC Alternating Current

DC Direct Current

PCC Point of common coupling

IGBT Insulated gate bipolar junction transistor

Hz Hertz

ELC Electronic load controller

IV.
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure1.3.1:Convetional Micro-Hydro Power Plant System

Figure1.5. 2. calculation.

Figure 2.1.1. Overall Schematic block diagram..

Figure 2.2.1.1. calculation.

Figure 2.2.1.2. Reference current calculation block diagram......................................

Figure 2.2.2.1.1. Hysteresis Current Controller .

Figure 2.2.2.1.2. Hysteresis band PWM control example

Figure3.1.1. Overall simulation model of proposed scheme

Figure3.2.1: Simulation model of Unified power Converter

Figure3.2.2: Refrence current calculation block in Matlab

Figure3.3.3: Hysterisis band controller

Figure3.3.1:Power Balance (ELC action)

Figure3.3.2: Reactive Power Supplied by Generator without Unified Power Converter

Figure3.3.3: Reactive power supplied by generator with Unified Power Converter

Figure3.3.4: Frequency of overall system at different loading

Figure3.3.5: Pattern of per phase power consumed by unbalanced load

Figure3.3.6 : Per phase power generated by generator .

Figure3.3.7: Neutral current with out UPC

Figure3.3.8: Neutral current with UPC

Figure3.3.9: Neutral current due to load unbalance

Figure3.3.10: Neutral current fed by UPC

Figure3.3.11: Dc-link capacitor voltage

V.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..I

COPYRIGHT..II

ABSTRACT III

LIST OF ACRONYMSIV

LIST OF FIGURES..V

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background.

1.2 Literature Review

1.3 Existing Controllers in Micro-Hydro Plant.

1.4 Objective and Scope...

1.5 Methodology

2. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED SCHEME.....

2.1 Detailed Modeling of Proposed Ssytem...

2.2 Control Strategy...

2.2.1 Instantaneous P-Q theory........................................

2.2.2 Components of Overall Control Systems

2.2.2.1 Dynamic hysteresis band PWM controller

2.2.2.2 Dc link Capacitor Voltage

2.2.2.3 H-Bridge Inverter

2.2.3 Control strategy for speed control.

2.2.4 control strategy for reactive power,harmonic power and neutral

current compensation

3. SIMULATION OF PROPOSED SCHEME..

3.1 Detailed MATLAB/SIMULINK Model of Proposed System
3.2 Components of MATLAB/SIMULINK model
3.3 Simulation Results

4. CONCLUSION..
5. FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS..
6. REFERENCES...
 1.INTRODUCTION

1.1.Background

Distributed power generation has received greater attention in recent years for use in remote
and rural communities due to the cost and complexity of grid systems with related
transmission losses and reduced reliability. Thus, suitable stand-alone systems using locally
available energy sources have become a preferred option. Small hydro power is one of the
readily available renewable energy sources.

The control of voltage and frequency is one of the prime concerns in small off- grid
hydroelectric power plants (micro-hydro) located in remote and inaccessible places.
Synchronous generators are prime contenders for such applications which are robust;
require less maintenance and have low cost.

Basically in micro-hydro due to low capacity (less than100 kW) uncontrolled turbines are
preferred, which maintain the input hydropower constant, thus requiring the generator output
power to be held constant at varying consumer loads. This requires a controllable dump load
connected in parallel with the consumer load so that the total power consumed is
held constant. Traditionally, complex and costly hydraulic or mechanical speed governors
similar to large hydro systems have been used to regulate the water flow into the turbine as the
load demand varied. Over the last two decades, electronic load controllers (ELC) have been
developed that have increased the simplicity and reliability of modern micro hydro power
systems. The basic concept any ELC uses is to let the turbine and generator run at their full
power, or possibly a manually set partial power, and keeps the electric load just right to attain
the correct speed. ELC will measure turbine speed, and control the power loads delivered to
one or more dump, to keep the speed correct An ELC is a solid state electronic device
designed to regulate output power of a micro hydropower system maintaining nearly a
constant load on the turbine so that MHP system generates stable voltage and frequency.

This paper deals with an implementation of an electronic load controller for a three-phase
synchronous generator system in standalone applications with SAPF. The SAPF consists of
three-phase insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based current controlled voltage source
converter (CC-VSC) with a dc bus capacitor and an ELC consists of an IGBT based chopper
and an auxiliary load on the dc bus of the diode bridge rectifier. These combinations sum up to
build unified power electronics converter for micro hydro.
 1.1.1. Power quality

The power quality issue is defined as any occurrence manifested in voltage, current, or
frequency deviations that results in damage, upset, failure, or mis- operation of end-use
equipment. Almost all power quality issues are closely related with every aspect of
commercial, domestic, and industrial application. Basically, all load in micro hydro system
are reactive and unbalanced in nature which causes reactive power burden, and excessive
neutral currents that result in pollution of MHP power line. Active power filters have been
developed to overcome these problems. Shunt active filters based on current controlled PWM
converters are seen as viable solution. The techniques that are used to generate desired
compensating current are based on instantaneous extraction of compensating commands from
the load currents and source voltage signals in time domain. Time domain compensation has
fast response, easy implementation and less computation burden compared to frequency
domain.
In this work unified power electronics converter is used for the harmonics, reactive power,
and zero sequence compensation of a nonlinear load along with maintaining the frequency
nearly to rated value (50Hz) for an isolated micro hydro system.

1.1.2. Solutions to power quality problems in micro hydro

There are two approaches to the mitigation of power quality problems. The first approach is
called load conditioning, which ensures that the equipment is made less sensitive to
power disturbances, allowing the operation even under significant voltage distortion. The
other solution is to install line-conditioning systems that suppress or counteract the power
system disturbances. However, rural loads may not be of load conditioning types. Passive
filters have been most commonly used to limit the flow of harmonic currents in distribution
systems. They are usually custom designed for the application. However, their performance is
limited as they can introduce resonance in the power system. Among the different new
technical options available to improve power quality, active power filters have proved to
be an important and flexible alternative to solve the power quality problem in power
distribution systems. The idea of active filters is relatively old, but their practical development
was made possible with the new improvements in power electronics and microcomputer
control strategies as well as with cost reduction in electronic components. Active power filters
are becoming a viable alternative to passive filters and are gaining market share speedily as
their cost becomes competitive with the passive variety. ELC is most needed for any micro
hydro scheme. So we modify the control of Shunt Active Power Filter to attempt to solve
almost all the power quality issues in micro hydro.

 Literature review

a. H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, A. Nabae, Generalized Theory of the Instantaneous

Reactive Power in Three-Phase Circuits, IPEC'83 - Int. Power Electronics Conf.,
Tokyo, Japan, 1983, pp. 1375-1386.
The instantaneous active and reactive power theory, or the so-called p-q Theory, was
introduced by Akagi. Kanazawa, and Nabae in 1983. Since then, it has been extended by
the authors of this book, as well as other research scientists. This book deals with the
theory in a complete form for the first time, including comparisons with other sets of
instantaneous power definitions. The usefulness of the p-q Theory is confirmed in the
chapters dealing with applications in controllers of compensators that are generically
classified as active power line conditioners. So all the control scheme and calculation are
taken as reference form this literature.

b. Electronic Load Controller (ELC) Supplying Static and Dynamic Loads

Bhim Singh, Senior Member, IEEE, S. S. Murthy, Life Senior Member, IEEE,and
Sushma Gupta.

This paper presents application of ELC for static and dynamic loads ,basic concept
behind the ELC were learned from this paper .

c. Voltage and frequency control of parallel operated synchronous generator and

induction generator with STATCOM in micro hydro scheme I. Tamrakar, L.B.
Shilpakar, B.G. Fernandes and R. Nilsen

This paper deals with application of statcom to compensate active and reactive power by
using d-q modeling so paper was used as initial learning material as well to boost up our
confident .

It is not possible to list all the literature we followed during our project ,which are listed as
references at the end of report.
1.3 Existing controllers in Micro-hydro power plant

Figure1.3.1:Convetional Micro-Hydro Power Plant System

Micro hydro is a type of hydroelectric power that typically produces from 5 kW to 100 kW
of electricity using the natural flow of water. Installations below 5 kW are called pico
hydro. These installations can provide power to an isolated home or small community, or are
sometimes connected to electric power networks, particularly where net metering is offered.
The installation is often just a small dammed pool, at the top of a waterfall, with several
hundred feet of pipe leading to a small generator housing.

Basically in micro hydro system the generator is always operated at full rated condition. So in
order to balance the active power in the system power generated by the generator must be
consumed in load side .As the load is fluctuating in nature and may not always at full rated load
ELC scheme must be apply in governor free micro-hydro system to match the following
equation by consuming the surplus amount of power .

active generated = active power consumed this insures the frequency will be maintained nearly
to rated value .

The shunt compensator connected parallel to the load as reactive power as well as zero
sequence power compensator .

Conventional system separately compensate reactive power and active power but our proposed
system collaborate and compensate active ,reactive power as well as neutral current
compensation by single control scheme based on p-q theory by single device celled unified
power flow controller.
1.4 Objective and Scope

To develop Simulink model of Unified Power Controller for MHP plant

which serves as,
1) ELC(for maintaining frequency at rated value)
2) Reactive power compensator
3) Un-balanced load compensator
i.e. Three Phase Four Wire Shunt APF with dump load in Dc link capacitor side such that
active power is balanced under different unbalanced load conditions using hysteresis current
control with control algorithm based on The Instantaneous Active and Reactive Power
Theory (The p-q Theory) that works under closed loop control system in sinusoidal,
balanced and unbalanced circumstances.
This project is mainly intended to solve the power quality problems in micro- hydro but this
idea can be applied in the various industries, power conditioner, converter stations, etc.
for the purpose of improving power quality, reducing overheating of the transformers .

1.5 Methodology

STEP 1 : Literature Review

STEP 2: Simulation of in-built Matlab Model of the SG at 1 kW resistive

with the use of discrete ELC.

STEP 3: Modeling and design according to PQ theory.STEP 4: Modeling

the overall system with DC voltage source on dc- link side of inverter

STEP 5 : Developing frequency control system by introducing dc

chopper and dump load by replacing dc source with capacitors at the
same time.
STEP 6: Errors, debugging and testing performed at all proceeding
stages.
STEP 7: Final documentation.
2. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED SCHEME

2.1 Detailed Modeling of Proposed Ssytem

Figure 2.1.1 Overall Schematic block diagram

This scheme tries to solve the problem that is consistently seen in a micro-hydro power
plant. Synchronous Generator (SG) as a source will be made free of reactive power and
unbalance load burden and also is made governor free operation which may be too costly for
micro-hydro construction and operation. The proposed system is based on instantaneous p-q
based current injection method which compensates the unbalanced portion of current and it
supplies reactive power to nearly that much demanded by the load. In the proposed scheme,
the load current and voltage are sensed from each phase a-b-c, these voltages and currents
are converted into 0 parameters by the use of Clarkes transformation. These 0
parameters are used to calculate instantaneous Active power (p), instantaneous reactive
power (q) By calculating the dump power to be compensated through the error signal
produced from the frequency difference, supplying the magnitude of reactive power
demand and zero sequence current created due to unbalance components, the reference
current is calculated and is fed to the hysteresis band controller which is closed loop current
 controller. This current controller generates the gate signal to the inverter circuit by
comparing reference current with the actual current fed by filter itself so that the actual
current tracks the reference current within the specified band. DC side consists of a pair of
capacitors which act as the energy storing device. The instantaneous power that should be
dumped to maintain constant frequency of 50 Hz is passed by the inverter. Some fraction of
this dump power is used to maintain voltage in dc-link capacitor and rest of the power is
passed to the resistor by the help of auto tuning of duty cycle of chopper.

2.2 Control Strategy

2.2.1 THE Instantaneous P-Q theory

The p-q theory formally known as The Generalized Theory of the Instantaneous Reactive
Power in Three-Phase Circuit was first developed by H. Akagi in 1983. It is based in
instantaneous values in three phase power systems with or without neutral wire, and is valid
for steady state or transitory operations, as well as for generic voltage and current
waveforms. The p-q theory consists of an algebraic transformation known as a Clarke
transformation of the three phase input voltages and the load currents in the a-b-c coordinates
to the 0reference frame followed by the calculation of the real and reactive instantaneous
power components.
Following equation are used to convert a-b-c to 0 known as Clarkes
transform

Above two equation are Clarke transformation of source voltage and load current .
This power has oscillating component (harmonics) as well as fundamental component if load
connected is non linear, as our load in the system is assumed to be harmonics free (only RL
load)this instantaneous power is not used in further calculation because fundamental component
is supplied by generator and oscillating power is zero . Power to be dumped is calculate by
comparing the rated frequency with actual frequency and error is passed to PI controller to
calculate power to be dumped as shown.

Figure 2.2.1.1 calculation .

Now this power is used further to calculate the reference current.

q is the instantaneous imaginary power. This corresponds to the power that is exchanged
between the phases of the load. This component is not constructive to the system and is
accountable for the undesirable current which circulate between the system phases. The reactive
power does not transfer power from the supply to the load nor does it exchange power.

ic* 1 v v pdump
* 2 .
i v v2 v
.
v q
c

where, pdump ( f 0 f )(k p ki / s)

All the parameters of above equation of right hand side are known so we can calculate the
reference currents in terms as shown above .
1 1 0
2 *
i
*
ca ic 0
21 3 . i*
i 3 1
*
cb
2 2 2 c
i
*
ic
*

cc
3
1 1
2 2 2
Above equation in matrix form is called inverse clarkes transformation. The reference current
in a-b-c system is fed to hysteresis band current controller with the inverter output . These two
currents are compared within the band and hysteresis band current controller produce switching
pattern such that inverter is forced to generator the refrence current calculate from above
equation.

Figure 2.2.1.2. Reference current calculation block diagram

2.2.2Components of overall control systems

2.2.2.1Dynamic hysteresis band PWM controller

Current control is implemented through feedback modulation of a dynamic hysteresis

band PWM controller. The shunt line current tracks the reference current within a hysteresis
band. By comparing the reference currents calculated by the controller with the measured
values of compensation currents, the command signals for the inverter semiconductor
switches can be produced.

If the shunt line current exceeds the maximum limit of the hysteresis band, the upper switch
of the inverter arm is turned off and the lower switch is turned on. As a result, the current
starts to decay. If the current crosses the minimum limit of the hysteresis band, the lower
switch of the inverter arm is turned off and the upper switch is turned on. As a result, the
current gets back into the hysteresis band. Hence, the shunt line current is forced to track the
reference current with the hysteresis band controller
.

Figure 2.2.2.1.1. Hysteresis Current Controller

Figure 2.2.2.1.2: Hysteresis band PWM control example

 2.2.2.2 Dc link capacitor voltage:

Dc link capacitor voltage must be maintained at constant value since terminal voltage of dc link
capacitor is input to the inverter ,fluctuating of dc link voltage results in fluctuating output of
inverter so in order to operate our controller in efficient , accurate and elegant way the voltage
at terminal of capacitor must be maintained at constant value . Here in our system we
maintained dc link capacitor voltage at 800 volt. The power to be dumped in order to balance
the frequency at rated value comes through PCC and diode of IGBT switch comes under
operation and rectify the power to be dumped , this power maintain the voltage across the dc
link capacitor and remaining power will be dumped to the resistor by the control action of
relay.
Due to various reasons like unequal capacitance leakage currents, asymmetrical tracking of
current, unequal delays in semiconductor devices, the presence of dc components in the neutral
current, etc., the capacitor voltages drift away from the reference values, degrading the
performance of the inverter. So in order maintain the capacitor voltage of individual capacitor in
dc link arrangement our scheme sense the dc link capacitor voltage and compare with it refrence
value and error thus obtained is passed through relay which generates gate sequence for IGBT
connected between dc-link and dumped load on the basis of following logic.
if dc link voltage > reference voltage .. logic 1
if dc link voltage < reference voltage ...logic 0

2.2.2.3 H- BRIDGE INVERTER

This inverter in our system consists of three pairs of IGBT switch and dc link capacitor voltage
as input a source . The gate sequence obtained from hysteresis band current controller operates
the H-BRIDGE INVERTER such that it generates the refrence current which does three task
active power balance, reactive power compensation and neutral current suppression .
An inverter is a network of electronic switches arranged in such a way so that it converts DC
power to AC power. The function of inverter is to change the fixed input dc voltage to
symmetrical ac output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. The voltage output of
inverter could be fixed or variable. The variable output voltage can be obtained either by
varying the dc input voltage or by varying the gain of the inverter. As we have assumed the
voltage source to be constant (Voltage source inverter (VSI)) the voltage output of inverter is
controlled by varying the gain of inverter which is accomplished using PWM (Pulse width
modulation) control techniques. PWM control techniques also reduces harmonics content thus
giving less-distorted voltage waveform. The figure below shows the typical configuration of
three phase voltage source inverter.
Since the output voltage of the inverter is not a pure sine wave, a coupling inductor is
connected between inverter output voltage and system voltage. The coupling inductor filters
out the lower order harmonics. The selection of the value of coupling inductor is also very
important in the performance of the UPFC. If the value of coupling inductor is small, the time
constant also becomes small and the current rises and decays very fast. This may violate the
band. If the value of coupling inductor is large, the time constant also becomes large and the
current rises and decays very slowly. So the appropriate value of coupling inductor must be
selected. We have selected coupling inductor of 15mH for our UPFC and the resistance of 1.
2.2.2 Control strategy for speed control

Active power must be balanced in power system in order to maintain the frequency nearly at
rated value i.e. 50 Hz . Since in the governor free micro-hydro system mechanical power input
to the turbine is constant so synchronous generator generates constant rated amount of active
power if load side is ready to consume it . Basically in every power system load is
fluctuating, demanding different active power at different time but is always less than the
rated power generated by generator . We purpose a novel ELC which consume the surplus
amount of active power (i.e. active power generation active power consumed by load) such
that frequency is maintained at rated value all the time. Comparing the frequency of system
with rated frequency thus obtained error signal is passed through PI controller and output of
the controller is power to be dumped. The pdump obtained from PI controller is used along with
the information of instantaneous reactive power and zero sequence component is used to
calculate the reference current . The refrence current thus obtained is tracked by hysteresis
band controller which generates switching pattern of IGBTS such that output of inverter of is
nearly exact copy of reference current generated . Actually pdump is taken from PCC and diode
of IGBT switch comes under operation and rectify the power to be dumped , some portion is
utilized to maintain capacitor voltage and remaining power is dumped into the resistor by
provide the gated signal to IGBT placed between dc-link capacitor and dumped resistor .
2.2.3 Control Strategy for Reactive Power And Neutral
Current Suppression

Source voltage and load current is sensed and is converted into 0 parameters by using
Clarkes transformation and then instantaneous reactive power is calculated by following
equation

the zero sequence current obtained from clarkes transformation is used as refrence current
without any manipulation.
Following two equations are used to generate refrence current in a-b-c parameters .

ic* 1 v v pdump
* 2 .
i v v2 v
.
v q
c

where, pdump ( f 0 f )(k p ki / s)

1 1 0
2
i*
ca
ic 0
*

2 1 3 . ic*
1
*
icb
3 2 2 2
i* ic*
cc 3
1 1
2 2 2

In order compensate the reactive power and zero sequence power hysteresis band current
controller generates the switching pattern by comparing reference current with inverter output ,
so inverter on the basis of switching pattern, compensate reactive power instantaneously, so
our controller acts act local reactive power source for the load .
Thus UPFC here acts as local power compensator such that generator has no burden from zero
sequence power and reactive power demanded by load.
2.2.4 MATLAB INTRODUCTION :

The name MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory. MATLAB is a high-level language and
interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. Using
MATLAB, we can analyze data, develop algorithms, and create models and applications. It has
literally hundreds of built-in functions for a wide variety of computations and many toolboxes
designed for specific research disciplines, including statistics, optimization, solution of partial
differential equations, data analysis. This allows us to explore multiple approaches and reach a
solution faster than with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages, such as C/C++ or
Java.
Simulink is a block diagram environment for multi-domain simulation and model based design.
It supports simulation, automatic code generation, and continuous test and verification of
embedded systems. It provides a graphical editor, customizable block libraries, and solvers for
modeling and simulating dynamic systems. It is integrated with MATLAB, enabling the user to
incorporate MATLAB algorithms into models and export simulation results to MATLAB for
further analysis. One of the main advantages of Simulink is the ability to model a nonlinear
system, which a transfer function is unable to do. It provides the facility of customizing and
creating our own blocks. Using scopes and other display blocks, the simulation result can be
observed and analyzed. In addition, the parameters of the model developed can be changed and
observed immediately in the displays.
3. SIMULATION OF PROPOSED SCHEME

3.1Detailed MATLAB/SIMULINK Model of Proposed System

Figure3.1.1. Overall simulation model of proposed scheme

3.2 Components of MATLAB/SIMULINK model

SIMULATION MODEL OF CONTROLLER

Figure3.2.1: simulation model of unified power flow controller

MATLAB MODELING OF REFERENCE CURRENT CALCULATION

Figure3.2.2: Refrence current calculation block in Matlab

MATLAB MODELING OF HYSTERISIS BAND CONTROLLER

Figure3.3.3: Hysterisis band controller

3.3 SIMULATION AND RESULT

o Simulation time: 0 3 sec

o Unified Power Converter ON time from 0 sec.
o MHP of nominal power 16 kVA rating
o Normal Phase to Phase voltage = 400V
o DC-Link voltage = 800V
o System Frequency = 50 Hz
o Simulation starts with unbalance load and unified power controller operation.
o Additional balance load added at 1.5 sec = 3000 Watts
o Description of unbalance load

PHASE LOAD
A 6, 0.1H
B 40, 0.1H
C 60, 0.1H
POWER BALANCE OF WHOLE MHP SYSTEM:

Figure3.3.1:Power Balance (ELC action)

Here in our simulation result before 1.5 sec, approximately 11.8 KW of load is connected and
power consumed by ELC is around 4KW thus active power generated by generator is 15.9 KW
considering power factor of 0.987. Hence active power balance is achieved by ELC action.
After 1.5 sec 3000 watt balanced is added so surplus amount of power is less after 1.5 sec and
simulation result clearly that power consumed by ELC decrease and total active power balance
is again achieved in our proposed scheme and hence frequency is balanced at nearly a rated
value (50Hz).

REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION:

 Figure3.3.2: Reactive Power Supplied by Generator without Unified Power Converter

Figure3.3.3: Reactive power supplied by generator with Unified Power Converter

Simulation result clearly show that reactive burden to the generator is reduced from 4500 VAR
to 400 VAR. So less amount of heat loss in transmission line is achieved if proposed scheme is
applied in real case.

FREQUENCY BALANCE:

Figure3.3.4: Frequency of overall system at different loading

Before 1.5 second load consume active power of 11.8 KW and ELC consume 4KW of active
power whereas generator generates 15.9 KW so active power is balance and frequency is
balanced at 50.25 Hz. After 1.5 sec 3000kw of balanced active power is added and again active
power is balanced in the system and frequency is balance at nearly 50 Hz as shown in above
simulation result . Simulation result clearly shows that frequency is balanced at nearly rated
value (at 50 HZ) only 0.005% deviation is observed in simulation result .
Nature of Per Phase Power Consumption and Generation:

Figure3.3.5: Pattern of per phase power consumed by unbalanced load

Figure3.3.6 : Per phase power generated by generator .

Simulation result shows the per phase power consumed by load it can be clearly seen that R
phase is heavily loaded as compared to other two phases B and Y. Generator are designed on
per phase basis since R phase is consuming around 8.6 KW of power hence to supply such load
generator rating of 8.6X 3= 25.8 KW is required . But our proposed scheme can supply such
unbalance load by the same generator rating of 16KVA which is confirmed by simulation result.
Generator still supply balance rated power in each phase in different unbalance load but these
load must be less then 15.8 KW . Whole load balancing mechanism is handled by zero sequence
compensation scheme .

NEUTRAL CURRENT COMPENSATION

Figure3.3.7: Neutral current with out UPC

Figure3.3.8: Neutral current with UPC

Simulation result shows that neutral current is suppressed from 30 amp to 12 amp and after 1.5
sec again to 6A approximately.
NATURE OF NEUTRAL CURRENT:

Figure3.3.9: Neutral current due to load unbalance

Figure3.3.10: Neutral current fed by UPC

Simulation result shows that load neutral current and UPFC neutral compensation current are
180 degree out of phase according to KCL summation of these two current flow through
neutral wire connected to generator neutral so suppressed current will flow through neutral
wire.
Dc link capacitor voltage

Figure3.3.11: Dc-link capacitor voltage

Only +(-)0.1 v fluctuation is seen in simulation result so 800 volt constant magnitude of dc-link
terminal voltage is achieved by our controller
CONCLUSION

So our proposed system does the reactive power compensation ,neutral current suppression and
active power balance (frequency balance) by a single controller based on p-q theory .
FUTURE RECOMMENDATION:
This project can be extended to non linear unbalanced load . The matlab model of synchronous
generator available in matlab library is not designed to supply electronic load or reactive dc load
. Matlab available model cause the voltage harmonics or voltage distortion at terminal point
even after source is supplying purely sinusoidal current which is achieved by harmonic
compensation by controller. So even harmonic compensation is achieved by controller it will
not remove voltage harmonics , since distorted voltage has several zero crossing and operation
of diodes of bridge rectifier becomes non uniform and unpredictable or diode commutation is
not ideal .So in order to solve the problem of voltage harmonic or distortion it requires new
generator modeling having capability to supply electronic load .

MODELING AND CONTROL OF A SYNCHRONOUS

GENERATOR WITH ELECTRONIC LOAD
Ivan Jadric, Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in Electrical Engineering

Above paper can be taken as references to model synchronous generator for electronic load .
REFERENCES
1. Matlab/Simulink, available at: http://www.mathworks.com/products/simpower
2. Juan W. Dixon, J.J. Garcia, and Luis Moran, "Control System For Three-
Phase Active Power Filter Which Simultaneously Compensates Power Factor and
Unbalanced Loads", IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.Vol.42, No.6, 1995.
3. H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, A. Nabae, Generalized Theory of the Instantaneous Reactive
Power in Three-Phase Circuits, IPEC'83 - Int. Power Electronics Conf., Tokyo, Japan,
1983, pp. 1375-1386.
4. H. Akagi, E.Watanabe, M. Aredes, IEEE press, Instantaneous Power Theory and
Applications to power conditioning
5. Li Bin, Tong Minyong, Control Method of the Three-Phase Four-Leg Shunt Active
Power Filter, Energy Procedia , vol. 14, 2012, pp.18251830.