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PROJECT TITLE

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON LATENT HEAT THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE


SYSTEM FOR STATIONARY C.I. ENGINE EXHAUST.

MID TERM PROJECT REPORT

Under the Supervision of: Submitted by:


DR. RAHUL GOYAL 1) RAVI KUMAR DEEPAK
PROFESSOR REG.NO. : 139109204
2) ANKIT JAIN
REG.NO. : 139109160
3) SURAJ KUMAR
REG NO. : 139109074

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
MANIPAL UNIVERSITY JAIPUR
JAIPUR-303007 RAJASTHAN,
INDIA

APRIL/2017
Project Details
Student Details
Student Name RAVI KUMAR DEEPAK
Register Number 139109204 Section / Roll No A / 39
Email Address deepak.ravideepak.ravi@gmail.com Phone No (M) 7728991621

Project Details
Project Title EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON LATENT HEAT THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
SYSTEM FOR STATIONARY C.I. ENGINE EXHAUST.
Project Duration 5 Months Date of reporting 11th JANUARY 2017

Organization Details
Organization Name MANIPAL UNIVERSITY JAIPUR
Full postal address Dehmi Kalan , Near GVK Toll Plaza , Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway , Jaipur , Rajasthan
with pin code PIN CODE:303007
Website address https://jaipur.manipal.edu

Supervisor Details
Supervisor Name Dr RAHUL GOYAL
Designation Professor
Email address rahul.goyal@jaipur.manipal.edu Phone No (M) 9460763566

Internal Guide Details


Faculty Name Dr RAHUL GOYAL
Full contact address Dehmi Kalan , Near GVK Toll Plaza , Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway , Jaipur , Rajasthan
with pin code PIN CODE:303007
Email address rahul.goyal@jaipur.manipal.edu Phone No (M) 9460763566

This is to certify that the above project is being carried out under my supervision and guidance

Place: JAIPUR ___________________

Date: 10th APRIL (Supervisor signature with Seal)

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Student Details
Student Name SURAJ KUMAR
Register Number 139109074 Section / Roll No A/13
Email Address suraj.kumar2626@gmail.com Phone No (M) 9521187042

Project Details
Project Title EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON LATENT HEAT THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
SYSTEM FOR STATIONARY C.I. ENGINE EXHAUST.
Project Duration 5 Months Date of reporting 11th JANUARY 2017

Organization Details
Organization Name MANIPAL UNIVERSITY JAIPUR
Full postal address Dehmi Kalan , Near GVK Toll Plaza , Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway , Jaipur ,
with pin code Rajasthan PIN CODE:303007
Website address https://jaipur.manipal.edu

Supervisor Details
Supervisor Name Dr RAHUL GOYAL
Designation Professor
Email address rahul.goyal@jaipur.manipal.edu Phone No (M) 9460763566

Internal Guide Details


Faculty Name Dr RAHUL GOYAL
Full contact address Dehmi Kalan , Near GVK Toll Plaza , Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway , Jaipur ,
with pin code Rajasthan PIN CODE:303007
Email address rahul.goyal@jaipur.manipal.edu Phone No (M) 9460763566

This is to certify that the above project is being carried out under my supervision and guidance

Place: JAIPUR ___________________

Date: 10th APRIL (Supervisor signature with Seal)

3
Student Details
Student Name ANKIT JAIN
Register Number 139109160 Section / Roll No A/26
Email Address jainankit995@gmail.com Phone No (M) 9001177557

Project Details
Project Title EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON LATENT HEAT THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
SYSTEM FOR STATIONARY C.I. ENGINE EXHAUST.
Project Duration 5 Months Date of reporting 11th JANUARY 2017

Organization Details
Organization Name MANIPAL UNIVERSITY JAIPUR
Full postal address Dehmi Kalan , Near GVK Toll Plaza , Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway , Jaipur ,
with pin code Rajasthan PIN CODE:303007
Website address https://jaipur.manipal.edu

Supervisor Details
Supervisor Name Dr RAHUL GOYAL
Designation Professor
Email address rahul.goyal@jaipur.manipal.edu Phone No (M) 9460763566

Internal Guide Details


Faculty Name Dr RAHUL GOYAL
Full contact address Dehmi Kalan , Near GVK Toll Plaza , Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway , Jaipur ,
with pin code Rajasthan PIN CODE:303007
Email address rahul.goyal@jaipur.manipal.edu Phone No (M) 9460763566

This is to certify that the above project is being carried out under my supervision and guidance

Place: JAIPUR _______________

Date: 10th APRIL (Supervisor signature with Seal)

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1. INTRODUCTION
The diesel engine is also known as compression-ignition engine or C.I engine, which is an internal
combustion engine, In which ignition of the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber
is caused by the high temperature and during the process of burning large amount of unused heat
from the exhaust can be recovered so our aim is to develop a latent heat storage system for stationary
C.I engine exhaust and to analyze the performance of the engine, amount of heat stored, charging
efficiency and percentage of energy saved from the developed system.

2. MOTIVATION

A lot of work has been carried out in the department of thermal energy storage. The basic idea of
thermal energy storage is a device which can transfer heat to the storing media (Phase Change
Material) while charging period and then releases it in the later stage while discharging happens as
needed. At first, Iten and Liu presented a review on procedure to design a short term thermal energy
storage system. Hatami et al conducted experiments to obtain an optimal design of finned type heat
exchangers to recover waste heat from the exhaust of a diesel engine. This project is specifically
concerned with latent heat energy storage for a stationary C.I Engine. This work will give the brief
idea about the change in efficiency and fuel consumption rate in a stationary C.I Engine.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

According to the previous published research papers and experiments done it has been found that upto
30% of the combustion heat is carried out by the exhaust gases in the combustion process of an internal
combustion engine. The energy available in the exit steam of many energy conversion devices goes in
waste if not utilized properly. To find a cure for this problem we need to focus on the proper utilization
of the energy being wasted. Waste heat from the prime mover can be recovered by many means and the
most efficient is by using a Thermal Energy Storage System.

Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage
medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications and
power generation. A lot of work has been carried out in the field of thermal energy storage. Iten and
Liu[1] presented a review on procedure to design an effective short term thermal energy storage (TES)
system using phase change materials. Striti h[2] experimentally studied heat transfer characteristics of
a latent-heat storage unit with a finned surface in terms of the solidification and melting processes by
comparing them with those of a heat-storage unit with a plain surface. Paraffin with a melting point of
30C was used in the investigations. Nallusamya et al.[3] experimentally investigated the thermal
behavior of a packed bed thermal energy storage unit of combined sensible and latent heat storage. Felix

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Regin et al.[4] presented a review on heat transfer characteristics of thermal energy storage system using
PCM capsules. It was proposed that to achieve the objective of high storage density with higher
efficiency, use of phase change material (PCM) capsules assembled as a packed bed is one of the
important methods. Developments of available latent heat thermal energy storage technologies, different
aspects of storage such as material, encapsulation, heat transfer, applications and new PCM technology
was also studied. Butala and Stritih[5] presented an experimental study on buildings cooling using night
time cold accumulation in a phase change material. PCMs suitable for summer cooling were also listed.
Agyenim et al.[6] presented a review on the development of latent heat thermal energy storage systems
(LHTESS) with various phase change materials (PCMs) investigated over the last three decades, the
heat transfer and enhancement techniques employed in PCMs to effectively charge and discharge latent
heat energy and the formulation of the phase change problem.

The review also included the geometry and configurations of PCM containers and a series of numerical
and experimental tests undertaken to assess the effects of parameters such as the inlet temperature and
the mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid (HTF). It was concluded that most of the research on phase
change problems has been carried out within the temperature range of 060C suitable for domestic
heating-cooling.

Medved et al.[7] presented a review on various Phase Change Materials, to find a suitable PCM for
various purposes, suitable heat exchanger with ways to enhance the heat transfer and it will show a
variety of designs to store the heat using PCMs for different applications, i.e. space heating and cooling,
solar cooking, greenhouses, solar water heating and waste heat recovery systems. Pandiyarajan et al.[8]
integrated a shell and finned tube heat exchanger with an IC engine setup to extract heat from the exhaust
gas and a thermal energy storage tank used to store the excess energy available. Combined sensible and
latent heat storage system for thermal energy storage using cylindrical phase change material (PCM)
capsules was designed. Nomura et al.[9] described heat release performance of a direct contact heat
exchanger using erythritol as a PCM. Hatami et al.[10] presented numerical study of finned type heat
exchangers for ICEs exhaust waste heat recovery.

Dubovsky et al.[11] analyzed a tubular heat exchanger which utilizes the latent heat of a phase change
material with an assumption that sensible heat capacity of the liquid PCM and the tubes material is
considered small in comparison with the latent heat of melting of the PCM. Hatami et al.[12] presented
a review of different heat exchangers designs for increasing the diesel exhaust waste heat recovery and
concluded that using fins is more applicable and appropriate than foam sand porous materials due to the
lower pressure drop and higher heat transfer rate. Tay et al.[13] investigated useful latent energy that
can be stored within a tube-in-tank phase change thermal energy storage system with particular reference
to off peak thermal storage applications for cooling buildings. Tay et al.[14] experimentally studied the
effectiveness of a tube-in-tank design filled with PCM (salt hydrate) for cold storage applications.
Hatami et al.[15] presented a comparative study of different exhaust heat exchangers effect on the
performance of a diesel engine. Hatami et al.[16] experimentally and thermodynamically analyzed
diesel exhaust vortex generator heat exchanger for optimizing its operating condition. Wang et al.[17]
experimentally studied charging process of a direct contact erythritol/ HTO energy storage system. In
this system erythritol was used as energy storage media. Hatami et al.[18] carried out experimental
investigations on diesel exhaust exergy recovery using delta winglet vortex generator heat exchanger.
Hatami et al. obtained an optimized design of finned type heat exchangers (HEX) to recover waste heat
from the exhaust of a diesel engine using CFD and CCD techniques. A lot of researches have been
carried out in the field of thermal energy storage but very few studies related to latent heat energy storage
are available for stationary C.I. engine exhaust. This study aims to develop a latent heat engine storage
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system for stationary C.I. engine exhaust and to integrate this system with stationary C.I. engine for
carrying out experimental investigation related to engine performance, amount of heat stored, charging
efficiency and percentage energy saved.

4. OBJECTIVE OF WORK
There are mainly two aims:-
(1) To develop a latent heat engine storage system for stationary C.I. engine exhaust.
(2) To analyze engine performance, amount of heat stored, charging efficiency and percentage
energy saved from the system developed.

5. TARGET SPECIFICATION

The main target we want to achieve with this project is to increase the overall efficiency of the
Internal Combustion Engine by using the heat which gets drained in the exhaust pipe.
The overall efficiency that can be achieved by using the waste heat can be upto 10-15% of the
engines work.
The waste heat recovered then can be used in different operations like refrigeration of a small
cubicle, starting of a motor pump.
This heat recovery system can be very much useful for the farming equipments like the
generators used to pull the underground water from the tube wells and much more.

6. FUNCTIONAL PARTITIONING OF THE PROJECT

To research and study the previous documents and research done in the same field and under the
similar projects, about their goals, research, and their achievements.
Specification of an I.C Engine (in this case 4 Stroke 1 Cylinder Diesel Engine with DC
Generator) to carry out the further experimentation and the required data to proceed to the next
step.
To analyze the data achieved by experiments and to formulate it into required results.
To design and fabricate the Thermal Energy Storage unit to use the waste heat running down the
exhaust pipe and then combine the Compact Heat Exchanger unit with the previously
experimented I.C engine.
The final step of the project will be to check the results and to see the change in the overall
efficiency of the combination.

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7. METHETOLOGY

The methodology of this project is to recover the waste heat from the exhaust section of an internal
combustion engine to increase the overall efficiency and to ultimately use the waste heat for a better
usage. For this it is needed to perform and calculate to get an idea of heat energy wasted at various loads
by performing experiments on the 4 stroke 1 cylinder Diesel engine with DC generator. After performing
the experiments we will get the mass flow rate, RPM of engine, Inlet and Outlet temperature of engine.
Based on this results we will find the Brake specific fuel consumption (B.S.F.C) and Brake thermal
efficiency (B.T.E) .Based on experiment results we will fabricate the compact type heat exchanger using
mild steel for charging of LHTESS and discharging of LHTESS and using phase change material for
thermal energy storage, reduction of air pollution and environmental conservation .Initially the inlet
valve to the LHTESS was closed to obtain steady state, and on the accomplishment of the same, inlet
valve to the LHTESS was opened and the bypass valve was closed. Hence, the exhaust was passed
through the LHTESS and various parameters (BTE, BSFC and temperatures) were observed/calculated.
To estimate the performance of LHTESS, the engine was operated at different loads. Measurements
were taken for fuel consumption and various temperatures.

Amount of heat supplied = Mass flow rate of exhaust gas*specific heat of exhaust gas*(Ti-To) kW

Where,
Ti = Temperature inlet to LHTESS,
To = Temperature outlet to LHTESS.

To find the amount of heat supplied in kJ, engine run time is multiplied to above Equation

Amount of heat stored = Sensible heat + Latent heat (kJ)


Percentage energy saved = Amount of heat stored*100/(mf *CV)

The results gained with the help of the about equations are mentioned in the graphs shown below,
First one shows the curve between the Break Thermal Efficiency and the Load Variation
Second one shows the curve between the B.S.F.C and Load.

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B.T.E CURVE
35

30 30.94
28.98
Break Thermal Efficiency

26.29
25
22.95
20
18.31
15
14.03

10
7.5
5

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Load Variation

(Table 1. Curve between Break Thermal Efficiency and Load)

B.S.F.C. CURVE
1.2

0.8
B.S.F.C

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
LOAD VARIATION

(Table 2. Curve between Break Specific Fuel Consumption and Load)

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8. TOOLS REQUIRED
a. Prime mover
b. Thermal energy storage
TES
LTHSS (Latent thermal het storage system)
MILD STEEL
GLASS WOOL, P.O.P.
THEMOCOUPLES
TEMP. INDICATORS
c. Phase Change material(PCM)

A. Prime mover
A prime mover for this project is IC engine. The I.C engine we are using is a 4 Stroke 1
Cylinder Diesel Engine with DC. Generator. A CI Engine will be required to conduct the
experiments and to attach an external unit of thermal energy storage.

Further Specifications:
BHP: 5HP
SPEED: 1500 PRM
NO. OF CYLINDER: SINGLE
COMPRESSION RATIO: 16:5:1
BORE: 80mm
STROKE: 110mm
ORIFICE DIAMETER: 14mm
TYPE OF IGNITION: COMPRESSION IGNITION
METHOD OF STARTING: CRANK START
METHOD OF COOLING: WATER COOLED
METHOD OF LOADING: DC GENERATOR 3.5 KVA

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(Figure 1: 4 Stroke 1 Cylinder Diesel Engine with DC Generator)

B. Thermal energy storage:


a. Thermal energy storage (TES)

Thermal energy storage (TES) is achieved with greatly differing technologies that
collectively accommodate a wide range of needs. It allows excess thermal
energy to be collected for later use, hours, days or many months later, at
individual building, multiuser building, district, town, or even regional scale
depending on the specific technology. Other sources of thermal energy for storage
include heat or cold produced with heat pumps from off-peak, lower cost electric
power, a practice called peak shaving; heat from combined heat and power (CHP)
power plants; heat produced by renewable electrical energy that exceeds grid
demand and waste heat from industrial processes. Heat storage, both seasonal and
short term, is considered an important means for cheaply balancing high shares
of variable renewable electricity production and integration of electricity and
heating sectors in energy systems almost or completely fed by renewable energy

b. LTHSS (Latent thermal het storage system):


The basic idea of thermal energy storage is a device which can transfer thermal
hear to the storage media in this case phase change material while charging period
and then releases it the later stage while discharging happens as required

MILD STEEL: The whole latent heat thermal storage system was
designed using the material mild steel.
GLASS WOOL, P.O.P. it acts as an insulation medium

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THEMOCOUPLE: A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of
two dissimilar conductors forming electrical junctions at different
temperatures.
TEMP. INDICATORS: For temperature controlling and monitoring.

C. Phase Change material(PCM):


A phase-change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and
solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of
energy. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice
versa; thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat storage (LHS) units.
List of some of the commercially used PCMs:

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The two PCMs which fall into the required category are:

Sl. no. Name of compound Melting point (C) Latent heat (kJ/kg) Specific heat
(kJ/kg K)
1 Magnesium chloride 116.7 168.6 2.61 (liquid) 2.25
hexahydrate (solid)
(MgCl26H2O)
2 Erythritol (C4H10O4) 117.7 339.8 2.61 (liquid)
2.25 (solid)

9. CONCLUSION
According to the results obtained we can see that about 27% of the heat is wasted by the exhaust
of the engine which can be utilized for a much greater purpose in a long run. We found that the heat can
be used to liquefy the selected Phase Change Material (PCM) UPTO 10-15kg and that latent heat can
be further utilized in various ways. It is performed on stationary engine for increasing efficiency. It can
be used for agricultural agitation like for increasing efficiency of pumps, turbines, etc.

10. PROJECT WORK SCHEDULE

a) January 2017
Study of Key points of project-
I.C Engine
Efficiency of Engines
Ways to conserve exhaust heat and various researches done in this field.

b) February 2017
Conduct the various experiments on the chosen I.C Engine regarding the heat output from the
exhaust pipe and the overall efficiency of the engine on the various loads.

c) March 2017
With the help of the results of the experiments conducted design and fabricate the compact type
heat exchanger.

d) April 2017
Attaching the fabricated heat exchanger with the engine and conducting the various experiments
to find the final results and to get the end result of the project.
Some other changes can also be done by changing the existing fuel (i.e. diesel)
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With bio-gas can see the changes in the end result, weather it is a good choice for an alternative
fuel or not.

e) May 2017
Approximately 15-20 days will be required to make the final project report and for final
submission.

11. TECHNICAL REFERNCES

GW Swift, A Migliori, JC Wheatley - US Patent 4,516,632, 1985- Microchannel crossflow fluid


Heat Exchanger.
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrefrig
Phase change material based cold thermal storage- Research paper.
Composite PCMs with enhanced thermal conductivity as novel thermal storage building
materials.
SG Kandlikar, WJ Grande - Heat transfer engineering, 2003 - Taylor & Francis
JE Hesselgreaves, R Law, D Reay - 2016 - books.google.com

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[5] Vincenc Butala, Uros Stritih, Experimental investigation of PCM cold storage,
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Tomohiro Akiyama, Heat release performance of direct-contact heat
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exchangers for ICEs exhaust waste heat recovery, Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 4

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