CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Introduction to Basic Definitions

1.0 Introduction . . . ..... . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . ... ... ... .. . . . 1.1
1.1 Types of Turbomachines .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . .. . 1.2
1.2 Stages of Turbomachines . . . . .. . . . .. ..... .. . . . . ... . . . 1.5
1.3 Specific Work . . ... . .... . . ..... . . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . 1.10
1.4 Estimation of Specific Work . Compressible flow . . . . . . 1.12
1.4.1 Expression for Specific Work - Compressible fl ow
1.5 Specifications of a Turbomachin e . ... . .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . 1.17
1.6 Losses in Turbomachine . . .. . .. . .. . .. ... .. .. . .. .. . . . . 1.18
1.6.1 Internal Losses - Hydraulic losses, Leakage
losses, Disc friction losses, Return flow losses.
1.6.2 Further consider ation on Hydra ulic losses, -
friction losses, profil e losses, secondary flow
losses, tip clearance losses, cavitation losses,
shock or incidence loss, annulus wall losses.
1.6.3 Further consideration on leakage losses in
pumps, in air/gas steam handling machines
,

1.6.4 Internal and Fluid Power

1.6.5 External Losses
1. 7 Efficiencies - Hydraulic Efficiency, Internal E'fficien cy,
Mechanical-Efficiency, Overall Efficiency. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. 1.40
1. 7.1 Estimation of Efficiencies

1.8 Small Stage or Polytropic Efficiency ... .. ... . . . .. . . . . . 1.42
1.8.1 Turbine Polytropic Efficiency
1.8.2 Compressor Polytropic Efficiency
1.9 Reheat Factor, Pre-heat Factor .. ... .. ....... ... ... .. 1.46
1.10 Questions ... ... ..... . . ... .. .. . .. . . .. .. . ... ... . . . ', . . 1.4 7
1.11 Problems.... . . .. .. . ...... . .... .. . . . . .. . .... . . . ... .. 1.49
Chapter 2 Energy Transfer
2.0 Velocity Triangles at (1) and (2) of impeller . . .. .... . 2.1
2.1 Energy Transfer EquationlEulers Equation .. . . ..... .. . 2.3
2.2 Discussions on Specific Work ...... . . .... . . .... ... . . . 2.4
2.3 Vane Congruent Flow .. ........ ... . .. . . . . .. .. .. ... . . 2.5
2.4 Actual Flow through an Impeller and Slip - PressurE:
difference effect, Relative circulation effect, Vane
thickness effect .... ....... ....... .. .. .............. . 2.6
2.5 Degree of Reaction . . . . ... ....... ... . . . ... . ...... . . . 2.13
,.
2.6 Blade Angles ..... . ................ .... . . . ... .... . . . 2.17
2.6.1 Impeller Blade Angle on the Pressure End, ~2b
 ...- - -
2.6.2 Impeller Blade Angle on th e S,, <:Uon End , II II"
2.6.3 Nozzle Blade Angle at EXIt, . . . . . . . . ....... . . .
2.7 Quest10ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ".22
z..

2.8 Problems ....... . 2.23

Dimensional Analysis, Shape Number and Other

Chaptet' 3
Design Parameters
3.0 Dimensional Analysis ........ . . .. . ... .. . . .... . .... . . 3.1
3.1 Siull]arity ........... . 3.2
3.2 Application to Incompressible Flow Turbomachin es . . .. 3.3
3.2.1 Law of Affinity
3.2.2 Shape Number and specific Speed
3.2.3 Impeller Shapes
3.2.4 Volume and Energy Coefficient
3.2.5 Speed Coefficient 0 and Specific Diamet er 0
3.2.6 General Dimensions of the Impeller
3.2.7 Dimensionless Coefficients of the Stage
3.2.8 Froude Number and Cavitation Param eter
3.3 Application to Compressible Flow Turbomachines
Compressors and Turbines ............. . . . . ... .. .. . 3.13
3.4 Principles of Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 3.15
3.5 Use of Gaseous Media ......... .. .. 3.15
3.6 Questions .......... . .......... . 3. 16
3.7 Problems ........................ . .. . .. . .... . ... .. . 3. 17
Chaptel' 4 Centrifugal Fans, Compressors and Pumps
4.0 Introduction ... . .... .. .............. .. 4 .1
4.1 Centrifugal fan . .. ......... . ........... .. 4.2
4.1.0 Introduction
4.1.1 Fan Impeller
4.1.2 Blade Shape and Blade Number
4.1.3 Volute
4.1.4 PeI'formance and Point of Operation
4.1.5 RegulatIOn : Throtlle valve, Speed change, Chap
Adjustable JOlet guide blades
4.1.6 Performance of Fans in Series & Parallel
4.2 Centnfugal Compressor 4 .12
4.2.1 SuctIOn Nozzle o~ 'i~t~k~ ... . . . . .. .. ..... .. . . .
4.2.2 Inducer
4.2.3 Impeller
4.2.4 DiffuseI'
4.2.5 Volute casing
4.2.6 Discharge Duct

,
 4.2.7 Slip in a Centrifugal Impe)ler
4.2.8 One-Dimensional considerations for through flow
4.2.9 Stage Temperature Rise
4.2.10 Stage Pressure Rise
4.2.11 Mach Number at Impeller Exit
4.2.12 Inlet Whirl
4.2.13 Flow Analysis for the Impeller - Meridional
pl.ane,. Vane to vane plane.
4.2.14 Dlffusmg System - Vaned Diffuser Vaneless
Diffuser '
4.2.15 Diffuser Efficiency
4.2.16 Volute
4.2.17 Compressor Performance, Stall and Surge
4.2.18 Compression Process with Cooling
4.2.19 Some Mechanical Considerations -Impeller
Construction
4.2.20 Some Details on multistage compressors
4.3 Centrifugal P ump . ... ........ .. .. . .......... . ..... . 4.42
4.3 .0 Introduction
-
4.3.1 Impeller -Vane Shape
4.3.2 Pump Casing
4.3 .3 Pump System Head
4.3.4 P ump Petformance
4.3.5 Operating P oint and Regulation
4.3.6 Priming of Pump ,
4.3 .7 Head at No Discharge and Minimum Speed for
Star ting Disch arge
4.3.8 Axial Thtust in Radial Flow Pumps
4. 3.9 J et Pump-Centrifugal Pump Combinations
4. 3.10 Pumps for special Applications
4.3. 11 Arrangement of Single and Multistage Units
4.3. 12 Centrifugal Pump Installations
. . , . .. .. . ... ... ... . . ... . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. .
4.57
4 .4 Questions 4.58

4.5 Problems

Chapter 5 Axial Flow Fans, Compressors and Pumps 5.1

5.0 Introdu ction Airfoil-lift and Dr ag Coeffi cients
5.8
5.1 Axial Flow fan
5.1.1 Isolated Airfoil Analysis
5.1.2 Fans with Closely Spaced Blades
5. 1.3 Blade Profiles-Airfoil, Sh eet Metal
5. 1.4 Blade Dimension s and Blade Numbet
5. 1.5 Fan Perfor m ance
5. 1.6 Fan Oper ating Point and Regulation

 /low compressors , . .. ........ .. . . . .... . ........ . 5.13 Chapt,

5,2 Axial
5,2,1 Two-dimensional cascade Analysis-potential flow,
viscous flow, and experimental flow, cascade
performance parameters.
5.2.2 Axial flow compressor stages with large hub to
tip diameter ratios
5.2.3 Axial [Jow compressors with small hub to tip
diameter ratios-radial equilibrium theory, free
vortex flow, forced vortex flow, actuator disc
approach
5.2.4 Design guide lines
5.2.5 Work Done factor
5.2,6 Compressor performance -stall & surge
5.2.7 Fan performance at reduced flow rates
5.3 Axial flow pumps ......... .. ........... .... . .. ... ... . 5.40
5.3.0 Introduction
5.3.1 Design considerations Chal
5.3.2 Guide vane diffuser
5.3.3 Construction details
5.3.4 Performance
5.4 Questions

5.43

5.5 Problems

5.44
Chapter 6 Hydraulic Turbines
-,- 6.0 Hydro-power ........... . 6.1
6.1 Classification . .. .............. . .............. .
6.2 The Pelton turbine......

. .......... .
6.2
6.3
6.3 The Francis turbine ................. .

6.4
6.4 The Kaplan turbine........... . ............... .
6.5 Pump-turbine unit ...... : ............... . 6.4

6.6 Design of Pelton buckets ............................ .

6.5
6.5
6.7 Regulation of the Pelton t~;bi~~':::::""'"'''''''''' eh:
6.8 Operation of Francis turbine ................ 6.8
6.9
6.9 FFranc~s ~urbine & impeller-M~~icii~~~i' ~h~p' ~~ .......... .
6 10 ran CIS Impeller contour ......... . 6.10
6.12
~ ' 1121 Axlm~eller and guide blade's' 'o'f' &;~l~~' 't~~bi~~ .......... .
Ial flow bulb d t b . . ........ . 6.13
6.13 The draft tube an u e type turbmes ...... ... ... .. . 6.14
~.1145 CQompt~rison of th~' f~~~ ~~~bi~~~' ........... .... .... .. . . 6.15
6.17
ues Ions .... .
6.16 Problems ........................ ........ . .. .... ... . 6.20


6.20
 Clt:lptt'l' 7 Cavi tati o n in P umps and ilydra uli c Turbin es
'1.0 C~l\'itntjon ....... .
7.1 Cnvitotion number.. . . .......................... . 7.1
7.2 Effects of cavita.tion .. , ................. . ........... . 7.2
7.2
7.3 Cnvlt.ntion in pumps:':'" .... : . : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : 7.2
71 Condition for cavitation and net posit.ive suction head . 7.3
7.5 OptImum II1let blade angles for centrifugal pump . .... . 7.5
7.6 SuctIon number and suction specific speed ........... . 7.6
7.7 TIP. clearance cavitatIOn m axial now pumps ......... . 7.7
7.8 CavItation at off-design conditions ................... . 7.7
7.0 l\Jethods to attenuate cavitation ..................... . 7.8
7.10 Effect of cavitation on pump characteristics .... . .. _.. . 7.9
7.11 Cavitation in tll1'bines .............................. . 7.10
7.12 Energy balance at the suction SIde of reaction
hydraulic Turbine .............. . ................... . 7.10
7.13 Tl loma's cavitation parameter ...... . ................. . 7.13
7.14 Questions... ............... . ..................... . 7.15
7 15 Problenls .. _..................... . .. .. ............. . 7.15

Ch a ple r 8 Axial Flow Turbine Stages

8.0 Introd uction . ......... .. ........ . ................... . 8.1
.1 T wo di.mensional poten tial now analysis, Stanitz
ApproxlInate meth od ....... . ............... . ........ . 8.1
8.2 Ex perimen ta l two-dim ensional cascade now-optimum
Blnd e s pacing, Outl et now a ngle, Loss estimation ..... . .7
8.3 Fluid Fl ow through a stage ..................... . ... . 8.17
8. 3.1 Losses and effi ciencies of a stage
8.3.2 Degr ee of reaction of a stage
8.3. 3 Design parameters
.4 N ozzles -n ozzle form s ..... . ......... . .. . 8.25
.5 Impul se impell er blad es-blade profil e ...... . ....... . .. . .29
.6 Rea ction blad e profil es . . .... . .... . ........... .. ..... . 8.32
.7 Blad e vibration .. .. ............. .. ....... . . .34
8. Qu estions . .... . .. . . .. .. .. .. . ... . .... . ..... . ........ . 8.35
8.9 Problenls . . .......... . ... . ... . ... . ... . ..... . .. . .... . 8.36
Chaptet' 9 Steam Tut'bines
9.0 Introdu ction .. . . ........ . .......... ... .............. . 9.1
of steam turbin es ..... . ......... . ........... . 9 .1
91 Types
91.1 Condensll1g and non-conden sing
9 .1.2 Gen erator or m echanical drive turbines
9.1. 3 Cla ssifications based on casing 01' shaft anangements
9.1.4 Impu lse or Rea ction 1mbines-single stage impulse
and reaction , Multistaglllg, pmtial admission stages,
multis tage impulse and reaction s tages
9.16
9.2 La rge Output s team tmbin es ..... . . . ..


Last stage of a large multistage steam turbine .. . . . . 9.18

9.3
Wet steam at the LP stages .... 9 .20
9.4
Blade erosion .. . .. . ........ . ..... . ...... .. .. .. . .. . 9 .22
9.5
Different methods of reducing. erosionh . 'd' ...... . ... .

9.25
9.6 9.27
9.7 Flow through the exhaust chasm g 1or on~ide;;t;~~~-' . . . .
9.8 Main components-Some mec amca c . l' 9.28
d f tening bearmg, sea mg
casing, Rotors, rotor b1 a e as ,
Governing and regulatio~ . . ... . .. ........ . ... . . . .. . 9.40
9.9 9.41
9.10 Operation of steam turbme ................. : :::::: 9.42
Questl ' ons ..................... . (
9.11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.43
9.12 P TO bl ems ........................ .
Chapter 10 Gas Turbine
10.1
10.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... ..... .. . . . . . 10.2
10.1 Aircraft gas tUI'bines . . . .. .... . .......... . ..... ... .
10.1.1 Tt'rbine blades
10.1. 2 C00rmg af t ur b'me blades-external and internal
10.1.3 Blade fixtures
10.1.4 Rotor discs
10.1.5 Turbine casing
10.2 Gas turbine for power ... . ......... . 10.11
10.3 Gas turbine in space applications .. . ......... .. .... 10.11
10.3.1 Types of turbines
10.3.2 Turbine construction and materials
10.4 Turbo-expanders in the field of Cryogenics ......... . 10.12
"
.' 10.5 Closed cycle gas turbines ... ..... . ................ . 10.12 ,
10.6 Radial inflow turbines . .. .... . ....... .. ... .. ...... . 10.13
10.6.1 Preliminary design of the rotor-Tip speed,
radius ratio, optimum incidence angle,
number of vanes
10.6.2 Rotor flow passages
10.6.3 Preliminary design of the stationary system,
volute, nozzle .., ~
10.7 Thermal and corrosion problems 10.22
10.8 Questions ....................... . 10.23
10.9 Problems

10.24

Chapter 11 Testing of Turbomachines

11.0 Introduction.. .. .... . ........ ....

11.1
11.1 Test on fans, blowers and compressors.............. 11.1
11.2 Test apparatus for centrifugal fan .. . .. . ........ .. .. 11.7
11.3 Test apparatus for axial fan ...................... 11.8
11.4 Test apparatus for pump .......... . ............ . .. 11.8
11.5 Flow measurement at a point and probes suitable ... 11.11
18
~O 11.5. 1 Static Pressure Measurement
!2 11.5.2 Total Press ure Measurement
11.5.3 Fl ow Direction
!5
:7 11.5.4 Temperature
11.5.5 Hot Wire anemometer
8 11.6 Tests on hydraulic t urbines ......... ,....... . .. . 11.18
o 11. 7 Tests on gas and steam turbines.cascade tests.... . 11.20
1 11.8 Questions . . . .. . .. ... .
11.25

2 Cha p ter 12 Compl'essors and TUl'bines with Supersonic Velocities

3 12.0 Introduction 12.1
12.1 Supersonic axial flow c~~;p'r~~~~~s' :: : ::::::::::::::: 12.2
l
)
12.1.1 Types of supersonic compressors
12.1.2 Blade Profiles
12.1.3 Experiments on supersonic compressors
12.2 Supersonic radial compressors .................. ... . 12.6
12.3 Supersonic A.x;al Flow turbin e stages ... .. .... ... .. . 12.7

12.3.1 Turbine stages with supersonic velocities
12.3.2 Influence of turbine blade speed
12.3.3 Rotor blade incidence
12.3.4 Design of supersonic nozzle
12.3.5 Design of supersonic impulse blades
12.3.6 Flow through blading with super critical condition
12.4 Questions .... ... . . .. ..... . . . . . ..... . .. ... ....... . 12.29
12.5 Problems . .. . . . . . . .. .... . .... .... . ...... . 12.30
Chapter 13 Hydrodynamic Energy Tran sfe r and Wind Tur bines
13.0 Introduction .. . ..... . .... .. .. . . .... . ... ...... . ... . 13.1
13.1 Hydraulic Coupling . .... .. . . .. . .... . .. .... ... . .. . 13.1
13.1.1 Flow conditions in the Pump and Turbine
impellers
13.1.2 Principle of oper ation
13.1.3 Con t rols for hydraulic coupling
13. 1.4 Variable speed coupling
13. 1.5 Performan ce of h ydraulic coupling
13.1.6 Advantages of h ydraulic coupling
13.2 Hydraulic torque converter . . . ... . . .. . . .. ... .. 13.11
13.2.1 Operating principle
13.2.2 Performance of a torque converter
13.2.3 Variable speed operation
13.15
13.3 Introduction to wind turbines
13.3.1 Horizontal axis wind t urbines
13.3.2 Vertical axis wind t urbines

13.20
13.4 Questions

13.20
13.5 Problems