Shear force and bending

moment lecture
[Part of Theory of
structures,TST271Z]
Mrs BD Ikotun
Civil Engineering
D
Department
t t
22 April 2010
General Information
Contact details:
Room 574C
574C, block C
University of South Africa,
Florida Campus
Campus.
Phone no:0114712145
Email: ikotubd@unisa.ac.za
 Introduction
Shear force and bending moment help to
understand the analysis
y of internal forces and
moments that may develop in beams.

References:
(1) Strength of materials for technicians, Third edition 2005
J.G
J G Drotsky,
Drotsky ISBN 079621 037 3 3, ISBN 978 079621 0371
Published by the Butterworth Group South Africa

(2) Structural analysis

analysis, Fourth edition
Aslam Kassimali, ISBN-13:978-0-495-29567-9, ISBN-10:0-495-
29567-1
Pre-requisite knowledge
Before you begin you should be familiar with the
following :

Moment of forces about any given point

A statically determinate beam
Quadratic equation calculation: ((-bb
bb2- 4ac)
2a
Free body diagram
Application of static equilibrium equations:
Fy =0,
=0 Fx = 0 and M =0
Learning Outcomes
After completing this lesson you should be able to:
Identify different types of beams and loading
Obtain
Obtain shear force and bending moment values at
any given point on a beam.
Plot
Plot shear force and bending moment diagrams
for statically determinate beams
Understand the relationship p between load, shear
force and bending moment.
Obtain the values and positions of the maximum
shear
h fforce anddbbending
di momentt ffor statically
t ti ll
determinate beams.
Obtain the point of contraflexure on a beam
beam.
 Structure
BEAMS
TYPES OF SUPPORT
TYPES OF BEAMS
TYPES OF LOADS
EFFECT OF LOADS ON BEAMS
SHEAR FORCE
BENDING MOMENT
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
DIAGRAMS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR
FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
Beams
Beams are horizontal structural members which
carry loads from roof and slab to the columns,
walls or girders.

Beams are members subjected

j to loads
transverse to the axis.
Beams are classified according to the way they
are supported.
Beams
Types of Support
a) Pinned or hinged support

b) Roller support

c) Fixed support
Types of Support
(a) Pinned or Hinged support

When loaded, the support:

can resist vertical &horizontal movement,
therefore having vertical and horizontal
resisting forces.
can undergo rotation
Types of Support
(b) Roller support

When loaded, the support:

can resist only vertical movement, but
can be displaced horizontally
horizontally, therefore
having only vertical resisting force.
can undergo rotation
Types of Support
(c) Fixed support

When loaded, the support:

can resist vertical, horizontal and
rotational movement, therefore having
vertical and horizontal resisting forces,
also a moment that resist the rotational
displacement.
Types of Beams
( ) Simply
(a) Si l supported
t dbbeam

ends, pin
It is supported at the two ends
support at one end and roller support at
the other end
end.
It resists applied load by reacting forces
at the supports, no resisting moment at
the support.
It is a statically determinate beam.
Types of Beams
(b) Cantilever beam

It is rigidly fixed at one end

It resists applied load by reacting forces
at the supports and a moment
moment.
It is a statically determinate beam.
Types of Beams
(b) Overhanging beam

One or both ends of the beam extend

y
beyond the support.
pp
It resists applied load by reacting forces
at the supports
supports, no resisting moment at
the support.
It is a statically determinate beam
Types of Beams
Others like continuous beam, built-in beam
and beam fixed at one end and simply
supported at the other end are classified
under statically indeterminate beams. This
means that they have more than three
reactions at the support and cannot be
analysed using static equilibrium equations.
Statically indeterminate beams will not be
considered in this lesson.
 Review Questions
(1) Which of the following supports can resist
rotational movement.
(a) Roller (b) Fixed (c) Pinned

(2) A beam that is rigidly fixed at one end is called:

(a) Cantilever (b) simply supported (c)continuous

(3)
Thi ttype off supportt is
This i the
th mostt stable
t bl support.
t
(a) True (b) False (c) May be
Types of loads
Concentrated load
Load acting on small
area of beam.

Uniformly distributed load (UDL)

Load being distributed
over the entire length of
the beam.
Linear varying loading
Load that varies linearly
over the beam
beam.
Types of loads
A beam can be subjected to any of the above
loads or their combination. For example:
p
This beam is
subjected to both
concentrated load
and UDL.
UDL
This beam is subjected
t both
to b th UDL and d
linearly varying loading
Effect of load on beam
Loading of beam tends to cause failure in two
ways:
y
By shearing the beam across its cross section
+ve shear when external forces tend to push
the portion of the member on the left of the
section upward with respect to the portion on
the right of the section.

By bending the beam to an excessive amount

+ve bending when the external forces and
couples tend to bend the beam concave
upward, causing compression in the upper
fibres and tension in the lower fibre of the
beam at a section..
Shear Force

A shear force value at a section

of the beam is numerically equal
to the algebraic sum of the lateral
components of the forces to one
side of the section.
Shear Force example (a)
o P1 P2

MA
H1

Fx=0, H1 = 0
R1 o

o Fy=0,
Fy=0 R1 = P1 +P2
V
MA M
Left of section o-o:
V = R1 =Shear force at
section o-o
R1 o
o
V P1 P2

Right off section o-o: V = P1 +P2

=Shear force at
M
section o-o
o
 o W/unit length

Shear Force example (b)

HA

L
RA RB
Fx = 0, HA = 0 o
Total load over length L = WL, acting at the centroid of the beam
Fy, WL = RA + RB
being a symmetrical beam, RA = RB = WL/2
o
W/unit length V
Left of section o-o: V = RA Wx = SF at o-o
M = WL/2-Wx
x

RA
o
Right of section o-o: o V = W(L-x) oo
W(L x) RB = SF at o-o
W/unit length = WL Wx WL/2
M = WL/2 - Wx
V

L-x RB
o
Bending Moment

A bendingg moment at anyy section

of a beam is equal to the
algebraic sum of the moment of
the forces to one side of the
section.
Bending Moment example (a)
P1 P2
o

MA
H1
x
R1 o L
Fx=0,
F 0 H1 = 0
Fy=0, R1 = P1 + P2
MA = -P
P1x P2L
MA = - (P1x + P2L)
Bending Moment example (a)
Left of section o-o: o
V M M = R1a MA
MA = Bending moment at
section o-o
o
R1

M = -P1(x-a) P2(L-a) =
Right of section o-o:
o P1 P2 -P1x + P1a- P2L + P2a
V
(P1 + P2)a (P1x + P2L)
M = R1a MA
M
o = bending moment at
section o-o
Bending Moment example (b)
o W/unit length

HA

RA L
RB
o
HA = 0, no other horizontal force
Total load over length L = WL, acting at the centroid of the beam
WL = RA + RB
being a symmetrical beam, RA = RB = WL
2
Bending Moment example (b)
Left of section o-o: o W 2/2
M = RAx Wx
V M = WLx Wx2
W/unit length M
2 2
= bending moment at
x
section o-o
RA
o
M = RB(L-x) W(L-x)2
Right of section o-o:
o 2
= RB(L-x) W(L2 2Lx + x2)
W/unit length 2
M
= WL(L-x) WL2 + 2WLx Wx2
V 2 2 2 2
= WL2 WLx WL2 + WLx Wx2
2 2 2 2
L-x RB = WLx Wx2
2 2
o
= bending
b di moment at section
i o-o
Shear Force and bending moment
diagrams
A shear force diagram is the distribution or
variation
i ti off the
th shear
h fforce values
l along
l th
the
beam.
A bending
b di momentt di diagram isi th
the
distribution or variation of the bending
momentt values
l along
l th
the b
beam.
These diagrams are obtained by plotting
points
i t calculated
l l t d att a numberb off sections
ti off
the beam.
Shear Force and bending moment
diagrams - examples

P1 P2
a) P1 P2

MA
A B
A B C H1 x C
R1 L
 Calculations for example (a)
Calculate reactive forces and moment at support:
From FX = 0, H1 = 0 P1 P2
FY= 0, R1 = P1 + P2
M = 0, MA = - P1x P2L MA
= - (P1x + P2L)
H1 A B C
Shear force values: x
At A: V = R1 = P1 + P2 R1 L
To the left of B: V = R1 = P1 + P2
To the right of B: V = R1 P1 = P1 + P2 P1 = P2
To the left of C: V = R1 P1 = P1 + P2 P1 = P2
To the right of C: V = R1 P1 P2 = P1 + P2 P1 P
P2 = 0

Bending moment values:

At A: M = - MA = - (P1x + P2L)
At B: M = R1x MA = (P1 + P2)x (P1x + P2L) = P1x + P2x P1x P2L = P2x P2L =
- (P2L P2x)
AT C: M = R1L MA P1(L-x) = (P1 + P2)L (P1x + P2L) P1(L-x) =
P1L +P2L P1x P2L P1L + P1x=
P1L P1L + P2L P2L + P1x P1x = 0
Diagrams for example (a) P1 P2

MA

H1
x
L

R1

Shear force diagram (SFD)

P1 + P2
P2
A B C

Bending moment diagram (BMD)

P1x + P2L
P2L P2x
Shear Force and bending moment
diagrams - examples

W/unit length
b)

A C
HA B
L
RA L/2 RC
 Calculations for example (b)
Calculate reactive forces at the support:
From FX = 0, H1 = 0 W/unit length
FY= 0, RA + RC = WL
Symmetrical beam, RA = RC = WL
2 A C
HA B
Shear force values: L
At A: V = RA = WL
2 RA L/2 RC
At B: V = RA W(L/2) = WL WL = 0
2 2
At C: V = RA WL = WL WL = -WL
2 2

Bending moment values:

Att A: M = 0
At B: M = RA(L/2) W(L/2)(L/2)/2 = WL(L/2) WL2 = WL2 WL2 = WL2
2 8 4 8 8
At C: M = RAL WL(L/2) = WL2 WL2 = 0
2 2
Diagrams for example (b)
W/unit length

HA A C
B
L

L/2 RC
RA

WL
2

WL SFD
2

WL2
8 BMD
 Review Questions
(1) What is the total load in kN acting on this beam?
q kN/m

A L(m) B

(a) qL (b) q/L (c) qL/2

(2) What will be the shear force value at section o-o of this beam when
considering from left? P o
W/unit length

A B
HA
x
RA L RC

o
(a) RA-P (b) P+Wx+RA (c) RA-P-Wx

(3) Shear force value at a point on the beam has effect on the bending
moment at that point.
(a) True (b) False (c) May be
Relationship between Load, Shear Force and
Bending Moment.
Consider
C id a simply
i l supportedt d beam
b shown
h b l
below, carrying
i a
uniformly distributed load, W per unit length. Taking a small
section AB from the beam with distance dx, let V and M be the
shear force and bending moment at point A respectively, and V+
dV and M + dM be the shear force and bending moment at point
B
B. W/unit length
g

A B

dx

W/unit length

A B
dx
V V+dV
M M+dM
Relationship between Load, Shear Force and
Bending Moment.
Applying static equilibrium equations:
Fy = 0 W/unit length
g
V Wdx (V +dV) = 0
A B
V Wdx V dV = 0
dx
V V+dV
-Wdx = dV M M+dM
-W = dV
dx

This represents the slope of the shear force

diagram (SFD)
Relationship between Load, Shear Force and
Bending Moment.
M = 0 W/ it length
W/unit l th
M + Vdx Wdx2 (M + dM) = 0
2 A B
M + Vdx
Vd Wdx
Wd 2 M dM = 0
dx
2 V V+dV
M M+dM
Vdx Wdx2 dM = 0
2
By ignoring the squares of small values, the equation becomes:
Vdx dM = 0
Vdx = dM
V = dM This represents the slope of the bending moment
dx diagram (BMD)

Also by integration:
L
M = Vdx + C
0
Relationship between Load, Shear Force and
Bending Moment.
NOTE: It can be deduced from the above
p that:
relationships
Bending moment becomes maximum when
shear force is zero
ero (0)
(0).
g
Bendingg moment at a ppoint is the algebraic
sum of all the external applied moments and
g
the areas of the shear force diagram to one
side of the point.
Summary- Analysis Procedure
1. Compute the support reactions and moment (in
case of cantilever beam).
2 Draw the free body diagram of the beam
2. beam.
3. Calculate the shear force and bending moment
values at different sections on the beam. Either side
of each section can be used.
4. Plots these values to draw the shear force and
bending moment diagrams.
5. Determine the values and positions of maximum
shear
h fforce and
dbbending
di moment. t
6. Determine the point of contraflexure or the inflexion
point This is where bending moment changes sign
point.
(M= 0).
Problems
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beams
shown below. Determine the values and positions of maximum
shear force and bending moment. Determine position/s of
contraflexure
contraflexure.
3 kN 3 kN

15 kN/m

A B C D

1m 3m 0.5m 0.5m

265 kN

245 kNm 30 kN/m

A
B C D E

3m 3m 3m 3m