NIGERIAN DEFENCE ACADEMY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT

MEC 633: ENGINEERING DESIGN I

BY

HAMID TUKUR (NDA/PGS/FE/PGDME/025/15)

17TH JULY, 2017

Contents
CHAPTER 1; JOINTS ....................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1
TYPES OF JOINTS ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1. NON-PERMANENT JOINTS ............................................................................................................ 1
2. PERMANENT JOINTS ..................................................................................................................... 1
JOINTS MOST COMMONLY USED IN ENGINEERING DESIGN .................................................................... 1
RIVETED JOINTS......................................................................................................................................... 2
METHODS OF RIVETING ............................................................................................................................ 2
MATERIAL OF RIVETS ................................................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER 2: PRESSURE VESSELS .................................................................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 5
CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS ................................................................................................... 5
1. ACCORDING TO THE DIMENSIONS .................................................................................................... 5
2. ACCORDING TO THE END CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................... 6
SOLVED EXAMPLES ................................................................................................................................... 6

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CHAPTER 1; JOINTS
INTRODUCTION
A mechanical joint is a section of a machine which is used to connect one mechanical
part to another. Mechanical joints may be temporary or permanent, most types are
designed to be disassembled. Most mechanical joints are designed to allow relative
movement of these mechanical parts of the machine in one degree of freedom, and
restrict movement in one or more others. Mechanical joints are much cheaper and
are usually bought ready assembled.

TYPES OF JOINTS
Mechanical joints are broadly classified into two classes viz., non-permanent joints
and permanent joints.

1. NON-PERMANENT JOINTS: These can be assembled and dissembled

without damaging the components. Examples of such joints are threaded
fasteners (like screw-joints), keys and couplings etc.
2. PERMANENT JOINTS: These cannot be dissembled without damaging the
components. These joints can be of two kinds depending upon the nature of
force that holds the two parts. The force can be of mechanical origin, for
example, riveted joints, joints formed by press or interference fit etc., where
two components are joined by applying mechanical force. The components
can also be joined by molecular force, for example, welded joints, brazed
joints, joints with adhesives etc.

JOINTS MOST COMMONLY USED IN ENGINEERING DESIGN

1. Pipe joints
2. Riveted joints
3. Welded joints
4. Screwed joints
5. Cotter and Knuckle joints
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RIVETED JOINTS
A rivet is a short cylindrical bar with a head integral to it. The cylindrical portion of
the rivet is called shank or body and lower portion of shank is known as tail, as
shown in. The rivets are used to make permanent fastening between the plates such
as in structural work, ship building, bridges, tanks and boiler shells. The riveted
joints are widely used for joining light metals.

Figure 1: Diagram of a Rivet showing major parts

METHODS OF RIVETING
The function of rivets in a joint is to make a connection that has strength and
tightness. The strength is necessary to prevent failure of the joint. The tightness is
necessary in order to contribute to strength and to prevent leakage as in a boiler or
in a ship hull.

The plates are drilled together and then separated to remove any burrs or chips so as
to have a tight flush joint between the plates. A cold rivet or a red hot rivet is

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introduced into the plates and the point (i.e. second head) is then formed. When a
cold rivet is used, the process is known as cold riveting and when a hot rivet is used,
the process is known as hot riveting. The cold riveting process is used for structural
joints while hot riveting is used to make leak proof joints.

Figure 2:Methods of Riveting

The riveting may be done by hand or by a riveting machine. In hand riveting, the
original rivet head is backed up by a hammer or heavy bar and then the die or set, as
shown in Fig.2 (a), is placed against the end to be headed and the blows are applied
by a hammer. This causes the shank to expand thus filling the hole and the tail is
converted into a point as shown in Fig.2 (b). As the rivet cools, it tends to contract.
The lateral contraction will be slight, but there will be a longitudinal tension
introduced in the rivet which holds the plates firmly together.

In machine riveting, the die is a part of the hammer which is operated by air,
hydraulic or steam pressure.

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MATERIAL OF RIVETS
The material of the rivets must be tough and ductile. They are usually made of

Steel (Low Carbon Steel or Nickel Steel),

Brass,
Aluminium,
Copper,

But when strength and a fluid tight joint is the main consideration, then the steel
rivets are used.

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CHAPTER 2: PRESSURE VESSELS
INTRODUCTION
pressure vessels (i.e. cylinders or tanks) are used to store fluids under pressure. The
fluid being stored may undergo a change of state inside the pressure vessel as in case
of steam boilers or it may combine with other reagents as in a chemical plant. The
pressure vessels are designed with great care because rupture of a pressure vessel
means an explosion which may cause loss of life and property. The material of
pressure vessels may be brittle such as cast iron, or ductile such as mild steel.

Figure 3:Pressure Vessel

CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS

The pressure vessels may be classified as follows:

1. ACCORDING TO THE DIMENSIONS: The pressure vessels, according to

their dimensions, may be classified as thin shell or thick shell. If the wall
thickness of the shell (t) is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell (d), then it
is called a thin shell. On the other hand, if the wall thickness of the shell is
greater than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell, then it is said to be a thick shell.

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 Thin shells are used in boilers, tanks and pipes, whereas thick shells are used in
high pressure cylinders, tanks, gun barrels etc.

Note: Another criterion to classify the pressure vessels as thin shell or thick
shell is the internal fluid pressure (p) and the allowable stress (t). If the internal
fluid pressure (p) is less than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then it is called a thin
shell. On the other hand, if the internal fluid pressure is greater than 1/6 of the
allowable stress, then it is said to be a thick shell.

2. ACCORDING TO THE END CONSTRUCTION:

The pressure vessels, according to the end construction, may be classified as open
end or closed end. A simple cylinder with a piston, such as cylinder of a press is an
example of an open-end vessel, whereas a tank is an example of a closed end vessel.
In case of vessels having open ends, the circumferential or hoop stresses are induced
by the fluid pressure, whereas in case of closed ends, longitudinal stresses in addition
to circumferential stresses are induced.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A thin cylindrical pressure vessel of 1.2 m diameter generates steam at a
pressure of 1.75 N/mm2. Find the minimum wall thickness, if (a) the
longitudinal stress does not exceed 28 MPa; and (b) the circumferential stress
does not exceed 42 MPa.
SOLUTION
Given: d = 1.2 m = 1200 mm; p = 1.75 N/mm2; t2 = 28 MPa = 28 N/mm2; t1
= 42 MPa = 42 N/mm2
(a) When longitudinal stress (t2) does not exceed 28 MPa

. 1.75 1200
= = = 18.75 20
4 2 4 28

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 (b) When circumferential stress (t1) does not exceed 42 MPa

We know that minimum wall thickness,

. 1.75 1200
= = = 25
2 1 2 42

2. A thin cylindrical pressure vessel of 500 mm diameter is subjected to an

internal pressure of 2 N/mm2. If the thickness of the vessel is 20 mm, find the
hoop stress, longitudinal stress and the maximum shear stress.

SOLUTION

Given: d = 500 mm; p = 2 N/mm2; t = 20 mm

Hoop stress

. 2 500
1 = = = 25 /2 = 25
2 2 20

Longitudinal stress

We know that longitudinal stress,

. 2 500
2 = = = 12.5 /2 = 12.5
4 4 20

Maximum shear stress

We know that according to maximum shear stress theory, the maximum shear
stress is one-half the algebraic difference of the maximum and minimum
principal stress. Since the maximum principal stress is the hoop stress (t1)
and minimum principal stress is the longitudinal stress (t2), therefore
maximum shear stress,

1 2 25 12.5
= = = 6.25/2 = 6.25
2 2
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