http://www.bakker.org
Andr Bakker (2002-2006)
Fluent Inc. (2002)
Contents
Overview.
Description of granular flow.
Momentum equation and constitutive laws.
Interphase exchange models.
Granular temperature equation.
Solution algorithms for multiphase flows.
Examples.
Overview
The fluid phase must be assigned as the primary phase.
Multiple solid phases can be used to represent size distribution.
Can calculate granular temperature (solids fluctuating energy) for
each solid phase.
Calculates a solids pressure field for each solid phase.
All phases share fluid pressure field.
Solids pressure controls the solids packing limit.
Granular flow regimes
Kinetic
KineticTransport
Transport Collisional
CollisionalTransport
Transport
Granular multiphase model: description
Application of the kinetic theory of granular flow
Jenkins and Savage (1983), Lun et al. (1984), Ding and
Gidaspow (1990).
Collisional particle interaction follows Chapman-Enskog approach
for dense gases (Chapman and Cowling, 1970).
Velocity fluctuation of solids is much smaller than their mean
velocity.
Dissipation of fluctuating energy due to inelastic deformation.
Dissipation also due to friction of particles with the fluid.
Granular multiphase model: description (2)
r
Particle velocity is decomposed into a mean rC local velocity and
a superimposed fluctuating random velocity u s.
A granular temperature is associated with the random
fluctuation velocity:
3 1v r
= C C
2 2
Gas molecules and particle differences
Solid particles are a few orders of magnitude larger.
Velocity fluctuations of solids are much smaller than their mean
velocity.
The kinetic part of solids fluctuation is anisotropic.
Velocity fluctuations of solids dissipates into heat rather fast as a
result of inter particle collision.
Granular temperature is a byproduct of flow.
Analogy to kinetic theory of gases
r rr n r r r
( s s u s ) + ( s s u s u s ) = s p f + s + ( R fs + m& fs u fs ) + Fs
t s =1
r
s = Ps I + 2 s s S + s (s 23 s ) u s I
where,
S = 12 (u s + (u s )T )
r r
Strain rate
Ps Solids Pressure
go Radial distribution function
s , s Solids bulk and shear viscosity
Constitutive equations: solids pressure
Pressure exerted on the containing wall due to the presence of
particles.
Measure of the momentum transfer due to streaming motion of
the particles:
Ps = s s s ( + 2(1 + es ) s g os )
Sinclair model:
1
5d s s ( s ) 2 8 s 8 768
s ,col = 1 + (3 2) s g os + s g os
2
5(2 ) 5
96 s 25
Constitutive equations: solids viscosity
Kinetic part: 1
Syamlal model: s d s s ( s ) 2
8
= 1
5+ (3 2 ) g
12(2 )
s , kin s os
Gidaspow model: 1
5d ( ) 2
8
s ,kin = s s s 1 + g
5 os s
96g os
Sinclair model:
5d s s ( s ) 2
1
1 + (3 2) s g os
8
s ,kin =
96 s (2 ) g os 5
Constitutive equations: bulk viscosity
Bulk viscosity accounts for resistance of solid body to dilatation:
1
4 s 2
s = s s d s g os (1 + es )
3
14 300
Syamlal-O'Brien Syamlal-O'Brien
12 250 Schuh
Schuh
W en-Yu
10 W en-Yu
200 Di Felice
Di Felice
8 Arastopoor
f Arastopoor
f 150
6
4 100
2 50
0
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Granular volume fraction Granular Volume Fraction
Particle-particle drag law
Solid-solid momentum interaction.
Drag function derived from kinetic theory (Syamlal et al, 1993).
2
3(1 + elm )( + Clm ) l l m m (d l + d m ) 2 g olm
2 8 r r
K lm = | u um |
2 ( l d l3 + m d m3 )
l
1 3d m d l M
k
g olm = + 2
f f (d l + d m ) k =1 d k
Momentum: interphase exchange models
Virtual mass effect: caused by relative acceleration between
phases Drew and Lahey (1990).
r r
u r r u r r
K vm , fs = Cvm s f ( f + u f u f ) ( s + u s u s )
t t
Lift force: caused by the shearing effect of the fluid onto the
particle Drew and Lahey (1990).
r r r
K k , fs = C L s f (u f u s ) ( u f )
Other interphase forces are: Basset Force, Magnus Force,
Thermophoretic Force, Density Gradient Force.
Granular multiphase model: mass transfer
Unidirectional mass transfer: m& fs
Production term
3 r r
{ ( s s s ) + ( s s u s s )} = s : u s + ...
2 t
Diffusion term
+ ( s s ) s + lm + fs
Dissipation term due
to inelastic collisions
Exchange terms
Constitutive equations: granular temperature
Granular temperature for the solid phase is proportional to the
kinetic energy of the random motion of the particles.
Sinclair: 12 2
25 s d s s 1 + ( 4 3) g
s os
= ( ) syamlal + 5
s s
16g os 41 33
Constitutive equations: granular temperature
represents the dissipation of energy due to inelastic
s
collisions. 4 r
Gidaspow: s = 3(1 e ) s g os s u s
2 2
s s
12(1 es ) g os
Syamlal and Sinclair: = s s s 2
3
Lun et al (1984)
s
ds
Other models:
fs = K fs (2k f < u 'pi , u 'fi >)
Test case for Eulerian granular model
Contours of solid
stream function and U=7 m/s
solid volume fraction Solids=1%
when solving with
Eulerian-Eulerian
model.
Contours of solid
stream function and
solid volume fraction
when solving with
Eulerian-Granular
model.
Solution guidelines
All multiphase calculations:
Start with a single-phase calculation to establish broad flow patterns.
Eulerian multiphase calculations:
Copy primary phase velocities to secondary phases.
Patch secondary volume fraction(s) as an initial condition.
For a single outflow, use OUTLET rather than PRESSURE-INLET;
for multiple outflow boundaries, must use PRESSURE-INLET.
For circulating fluidized beds, avoid symmetry planes (they promote
unphysical cluster formation).
Set the false time step for underrelaxation to 0.001.
Set normalizing density equal to physical density.
Compute a transient solution.
Summary
The Eulerian-granular multiphase model has been described in
the section.
Separate flow fields for each phase are solved and the interaction
between the phases modeled through drag and other terms.
The Eulerian-granular multiphase model is applicable to all
particle relaxation time scales and Includes heat and mass
exchange between phases.
Several kinetic theory formulations available:
Gidaspow: good for dense fluidized bed applications.
Syamlal: good for a wide range of applications.
Sinclair: good for dilute and dense pneumatic transport lines and risers.