1. What is the purpose of the different section in a turbine engine?

1 Convert pressure to velocity.

2 Reduce pressure and increase velocity.
3 Speed up the airflow in the turbine section.
4 Increase pressure and reduce velocity.

2. What is the purpose of the sector blades in the compressor section of a turbine
engine?
1 Stabilize pressure.
2 Prevent compressor surge.
3 Control direction of the airflow.

3. An advantage of the axial-flow compressor is its?

1 Low weight.
2 High peak efficiency.
3 High frontal area.
4 Low starting power requirements.

4. Carooprop powerplant propeller is?

1 is governed at the same speed as the turbine.
2 controls the speed of the engine in the beta range.
3 accounts for 75 to 85 percent of the total thrust output.
4 accounts for 13 to 29 percent of the total thrust output.

5. Two basic types of turbine blades are

1 reaction and impulse.
2 reaction and converging.
3 tangential and reaction.
4 impulse and vector.

6. How does a dual axial-flow compressor impulse the efficiency of a turbojet engine?
1 higher compression ration can be obtained
2 more turbine wheels can be used.
3 combustion chamber temperatures are reduced.
4 the velocity of the air entering the combustion chamber is increased.

7. If the rpm of an axial-flow compressor remains constant, the angle of attack of the
blades can be changed by.
1 changing the compressor diameter.
2 changing the velocity of the air-flow.
3 increasing the pressure ratio.
4 decreasing the pressure ratio.

8. Continued and/or excessive heat and centrifugal force on turbine engine compressor
blades usually cause
1 profile.
2 gouging.
3 galling.
4 growth.
9. Where is water injected into a turbojet engine for cooling pressure?
1 Burner can.
2 Fuel control.
3 Compressor air inlet or diffuser.
4 Second-stage compressor or turbine.

10. The Brayton cycle is known as the constant

1 volume cycle.
2 temperature cycle.
3 pressure cycle.
4 mass cycle.

11. A turbojet engine having high exhaust gas temperature at desired engine pressure
ratio for takeoff indicates
1 that the engine is old of
2 that the fuel control should be replaced.
3 compressor section damage.
4 drain value transformation.

12. Which of the following influences the operation of an automatic fuel control unit on
a turbojet engine?
1 Throttle position and fuel temperature.
2 Burner pressure and exhaust gas temperature.
3 Engine speed and mixture control position.
4 Compressor inlet temperature and aircraft speed.

13. Severe rubbing of turbine engine compressor blades will usually cause
1 bowing.
2 cracking.
3 galling.
4 burning.

14. Dirt particles in the air being introduced into the compressor of a turbine engine will
form a coating on all but which of the following
1 Casings.
2 Inlet guide vanes.
3 Compressor blades.
4 Turbine blades.

15. A turbine engine hot section is particularly susceptible to which of the following
kinds of damage?
1 Casings.
2 Scoring.
3 Pitting.
4 Galling.
16. Newtons First law of Motion, generally termed the Law of Inertia, States:
1 Every body persists in its state of rest, or of motion in a straight line, unless acted
upon by some outside force.
2 To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
3 Force is proportional to the product of mass and acceleration.
4 Force applied to an object at any point is transmitted in every direction without
loss.

17. Which of the following is NOT a factor in the operation of an accumulator fuel
control unit used on a turbojet engine.
1 Mixture control position.
2 Compressor inlet air density.
3 Compressor rpm.
4 Throttle position.

18. What is the possible cause when a turbojet engine indicates no change in power
setting parameters, but oil temperature is high?
1 Usual scavenge pump oil flow.
2 Engine main bearing distress.
3 Gearbox seal leakage.
4 High oil sump pressure.

19. What are the main sections of a turbojet engine?

1 Compressor, combustion, and diffuser.
2 Inlet, combustion, and turbine.
3 Fan, combustion, and exhaust.
4 Compressor, combustion, and turbine.

20. The fan rotational speed of a dual axial compressor forward fan engine is the same as
the:
1 low-pressure compressor.
2 accessory drive shaft.
3 forward turbine wheel.
4 high-pressure compressor.

21. What is the profile of a turbine engine compressor blade?

1 The shape of the blade root at the disk attachment.
2 A cutout that reduces blade tip thickness.
3 The leading edge of the blade.
4 The curvature of the blade root.

22. Identity a function of the nozzle diaphragm in a turbojet engine?

1 Direct the flow of gases to strike the turbine buckets at a desired angle.
2 Decrease the velocity of exhaust gases.
3 Center the fuel spray in the combustion chambers.
4 Direct the flow of gases into the combustion chambers.
23. At what point in an axial-flow turbojet engine will the highest gas pressure occur?
1 At the turbine entrance.
2 Within the burner section.
3 At the compressor outlet.
4 Immediately after the turbine section.

24. When aircraft turbine blades are subject to excessive temperature, what types of
failures would you expect?
1 Stress return.
2 Compressor and torsion.
3 Bending and torslen.
4 Turbine and

25. Using standard atmospheric conditions. The standard

1 Zero degrees Fahrenheit.
2 Zero degrees Centigrade.
3 15 degrees Centigrade.
4 40 degrees Fahrenheit.

26. Standard sea level pressure is:

1 29.92 inches of mercury.
2 30.92 inches of mercury.
3 32.174 inches of mercury.
4 56.2 inches of mercury.

27. Between each row of rotating blades in a turbine engine compressor there is a row of
stationery blades which are to diffuse the air. These stationery blades are called:
1 buckets.
2 expanders.
3 stators.
4 diffuser blades.

28. The two types of centrifugal compressors are:

1 single stage and two stage.
2 radial and roots.
3 single entry and electric entry.
4 impeller and diffuser.

29. The highest heat-to-metal in the jet engine is the:

1 burner cans.
2 compressor blades.
3 turbine blades.
4 turbine inlet guide .

30. An advantage of the centrifugal-flow compressor is its high:

1 frontal area.
2 ram efficiency.
3 pressure rise per stage.
4 peak efficiency.
31. Turbojet engine turbine blades removal for detailed inspection must be reinstalled in:
1 a slot 180 degrees away.
2 the same slot.
3 a slot 90 degrees clockwise.
4 a slot 90 degrees counter clockwise.

32. Which of the following turbojet engine compressor offers the greatest advantages for
both starting flexibility and improved high-altitude performance:
1 Single-stage, centrifugal-flow.
2 Dual-stage, centrifugal-flow.
3 single-spool, axial-flow.
4 split-spool, axial-flow.

33. Which of the following engine variable is the most critical during turbine engine
operation?
1 Compressor rpm.
2 - Turbine inlet temperature.
3 Burner-can pressure.
4 Compressor inlet air temperature.

34. How is the turbine shaft usually joined to the compressor rotor of a centrifugal
compressor turbine engine?
1 Bolted coupling.
2 keyed coupling.
3 welded coupling.
4 splined coupling.

35. Which of the following is the ultimate limiting factor of turbojet engine operation?
1 Compressor outlet air temperature.
2 Burner-can pressure.
3 Compressor inlet air temperature.
4 Turbine inlet temperature.

36. Damage to turbine vanes is apt. to be greater than damage to compressor vanes
because the former are subjected to touch greater.
1 Heat stress.
2 Stress in the combustor.
3 Thrust clearance.
4 Vibration and other stresses.

37. When the leading edge of a first-stage turbine blade is found to have stress rupture
cracks, which of the following should be suspected?
1 Airseal wear.
2 Overtemperature condition.
3 Overspeed condition.
4 Faulty cooling shield.
38. Which of the following are the most common types of thrust reversers used on
turbine engine powered aircraft.
1 Cascade vane and blocked door.
2 Mechanical-blockage and aerodynamic blockage.
3 Convergent and divergent.
4 Rotary air vane and stationary sir vane.

39. The diffuser section of a jet aircraft engine is located between:

1 the compressor section and the burner section.
2 the burner section and the turbine section.
3 the N1 section and N2 section.
4 station number 7 and station number 8.

40. In which types of turbine engine combustion chamber is the case and liner removed
and installed as one unit during routine maintenance?
1 Annular.
2 Can annular.
3 Variable.
4 Can.

41. Where do stress cracks usually appeared on turbine blades of turbojet engines?
1 Across the blade root, parallel to the fir tree.
2 Along the training edge, parallel to the edge.
3 Along the leading edge, parallel to the edge.
4 Across the leading or trailing edge at a right angle to the edge length.

42. How does detonation differ from preignition?

1 Detonation usually occurs in only a few cylinders at one time.
2 Preignition will cause a loss of power, but will not damage an engine.
3 Detonation cannot is detected in an engine as easily as preignition.
4 Preignition occurs in only a few cylinders at one time.

43. When of the following engine servicing operation generally required engine pre-
oiling prior to startup the engine?
1 engine in a .
2 oil filter change.
3 engine on change.
4 replacement of oil dines.

44. Decreased water vapor (higher relative humidity) at the incoming air to a
reciprocating engine will normally result in which of the following.
1 Decreased engine power at a and manifold pressure.
2 Increased power output due to increased volumetric efficiency.
3 Reduced fuel flow requirements at high power settings due to reduced detonation
tendencies.
4 A leading effect on engine which use non-automatic carburetors.
45. What effect will an increase in manifold pressure with a constant have on the
bearing load between and master rod bearing in a single row radial engine?
1 The load will increase.
2 The load will decrease.
3 The load will remain the same.
4 The effect on the bearing load cannot be determined from the information given.

TURBINE ENGINE

46. What is the function of the stator vane assembly at the discharge end of a typical
axial-flow compressor?
1 Straighten air flow to eliminate turbulence.
2 Reduce drag on the first stage rotor blades.
3 Direct the flow of gates into the combustion chambers.
4 Increase air swirling motion in the direction of engine rotation.

47. Where is the highest gas pressure in a turbojet engine?

1 At the entrance to the turbine section.
2 In the entrance to the burner section.
3 In the outlet of the burner section.
4 At the outlet of the tailpipe section.

48. Gas turbine engines use a nozzle diaphragm which is located on the upstream side of
the turbine wheel. One of the functions of this unit is to:
1 increase the velocity of the heated gases flowing past this point.
2 decrease the velocity of the heated gases flowing past this point.
3 direct the flow of gases parallel to the chord line of the turbine buckets.
4 increase the pressure of the exhaust mass.

49. Some high volume turbo-prop and turbo-jet engines are equipped with two-spool or
split compressor. When these engines are operated at high altitudes, the:
1 throttle must be RETARDED to prevent over-speeding of the two compressor
rotors due to the lower density air.
2 throttle must be RETARDED to prevent over-speeding of the high pressure rotor
due to the lower density air.
3 low pressure rotor will decrease in speed as the compressor load decreases in the
lower density air.
4 low pressure rotor will increase the speed as the compressor load decreases in the
lower density air.

50. Which of the following statements is true regarding gas turbine engines?
1 At the lower engine speeds, thrust increase rapidly with small increase in rpm.
2 Gas turbine engines operate less efficiently at high altitudes due to the lower
temperatures encountered.
3 At the higher engine speeds, thrust increase rapidly with small increase in rpm.
4 The thrust delivered per pound of air consumed is less at high altitude than at low
altitude.
51. What is the function of the nozzle diaphragm (gas turbine engine) located on the
upstream side of the turbine wheel?
1 To increase the pressure of the exhaust mass.
2 To direct the flow of gases parallel to the chord line of the turbine buckets.
3 To increase the velocity of the heated gases flowing past the nozzle diaphragm.
4 To decrease the velocity of the heated gases flowing past the nozzle diaphragm.

52. What turbine engine section provides for proper mixing of the fuel and air?
1 Compressor section.
2 Turbine section.
3 Combustion section.
4 Accessory section.

53. The abbreviation P with subscript 17 used in jet engine terminology means:
1 pressure and temperature at section number.
2 seven times the temperature divided by the total pressure.
3 the total pressure at station 7.
4 the total inlet pressure.

ENGINE INSPECTION

54. Straightening nitride crankshafts is

1 not recommended.
2 recommended.
3 approved by repair stations.
4 approved by the manufacturer.

55. During a 100-hour inspection of an R1830-02 engine installed on a DC-3, a

mechanic finds CAA Spec 5E4 stamped on the data plate. Where would he find the
meaning of this stamp?
1 Aircraft Specification and Type Certification Data Sheets.
2 Aircraft listings.
3 Aircraft Engine Type Certification Handbook.
4 Aircraft Engine Specifications.

SECTION 2 Powerplant Systems and Components.

Engine Instrument Systems

56. The fuel flow transmitter converts the fuel flow into an electrical signal which
represents the rate of fuel flow in pounds per hour. It the trans..
1 the fuel gases.
2 the fuel control regulator.
3 a receiver on the instrument panel.
4 the bypass valve solenoid of the fuel control regulator.
57. Fuel flow transmitters designed to transmit data:
1 electrically.
2 mechanically.
3 visually.
4 fluid power.

58. Which unit most accurately indicate fuel consumption of a reciprocating engine?
1 BMEP indicator.
2 Fuel flow meter.
3 Fuel pressure gage.
4 Electronic fuel quantity indicator.

59. Which of the following instrument conditions is acceptable and would not require
immediate correction?
A. Red line missing.
B. Case leaking.
C. Glass cracked.
D. Mounting screws loose.
E. Case paint chipped.
F. Leaking at line B nut.
G. Will not zero out.
H. Fogged
1D
2A
3E
4 None

60. Which of the following instrument discrepancies could be correct by an mechanic.

A. Red line missing.
B. Case leaking.
C. Glass cracked.
D. Mounting screws loose.
E. Case paint chipped.
F. Leaking at line B nut.
G. Will not zero out.
H. Fogged
1ACE
2ADE F
3ADF
4CDEF

61. A bourdon tube instrument may be used to transmit

A. Pressure.
B. Temperature.
C. Position.
D. Quantity.
1AB
2CD
3AC
 4BD

62. Which of the following instrument discrepancies would require replacement of the
instrument?
A. Red line missing.
B. Case leaking.
C. Glass cracked.
D. Mounting screws loose.
E. Case paint chipped.
F. Leaking at line B nut.
G. Will not zero out.
H. Fogged
1BFHG
2HGCB
3GHCF
4BGH

63. An electronic tachometer used in some of the modern twins get its signal from?
1 A special three-phase generator.
2 A pick-up coil attached to one of the magnetos.
3 The d.c. voltage output of the magnetos.
4 The a.c. output of the magnetos primary circuit.

64. Jet engine thermocouples are usually constructed of:

1 iron-chromel.
2 chromel-alumel.
3 iron-constantan.
4 alumel-constantan.

65. Engine pressure ratio is determined by

1 multiplying engine inlet total pressure by turbine outlet total pressure.
2 multiplying turbine outlet total pressure by engine inlet total pressure.
3 dividing engine inlet total pressure by turbine outlet total pressure.
4 dividing turbine outlet total pressure by engine inlet total pressure.

66. Which instrument on a jet engine is used to determine engine power?

1 Turbine inlet temperature page.
2 Compressor rpm gage.
3 Engine pressure ratio gage.
4 Exhaust gas temperature gage.

67. What unit in a tachometer system sends information to the indicator?

1 The synchronous motor.
2 The miniature d.c. motor.
3 The three phase a.c. generator.
4 The two phase a.c. generator.
68. (1) Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR) is a ratio of the engine inlet air pressure to the
exhaust gas pressure, and indicate the thrust produced.
(2) Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR) is a ratio of the engine inlet air pressure to the
exhaust gas pressure, and indicate volumetric efficiency.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
1 Only #1 is true.
2 Only # 2 is true.
3 Both #1 and #2 are true.
4 Neither #1 nor #2 is true.

69. Thermocouple leads

1 may be adjusted in length to fit any installation.
2 are designed for a specific installation and may not be altered.
3 may be installed with either lead cost of indicator.
4 may be repaired using connectors.

70. (1) Engine instruments are color-coded to direct attention to approaching operating
difficulties.
(2) Engine instruments are color-coded to pictorially preset operating data.
Regarding the above statements, which of the following is true?
1 Only #1 is true.
2 Only # 2 is true.
3 Both #1 and #2 are true.
4 Neither #1 nor #2 is true.

71. Cylinder head temperature are measured by the use of a thermocouple circuit which
measures the
1 resistance in a metal gasket.
2 difference in the voltage between 2 metal gaskets.
3 difference in the voltage between dissimilar metal gaskets.
4 difference in the resistance between 2 dissimilar metals used in the circuit
between the hot and cold junctions.

72. The instrument used to check heat sensitive elements and heat sensitive bulb
resistance is
1 thermocouple-type meter.
2 meggermeter.
3 wheatstone-bridge meter.
4 ohmmeter.

73. It the thermocouple leads were inadvertently crossed at installation, what would the
cylinder temperature gage pointed indicate?
1 Oscillating pointed.
2 Peg out at zero scale reading.
3 Peg out at highest scale reading.
4 Normal temperature for prevailing conditions.
74. Why do helicopter require a minimum of two synchronous tachometer systems?
1 One indicates engine rpm and the other tail rotor rpm.
2 One indicates main rotor rpm and the other tail rpm.
3 One indicates engine rpm and the other main rotor rpm.
4 Only helicopter with turbine engines employing a dual compressor require two
systems.

75. What type of sensing device is used in a manifold pressure indicator?

1 Bellows.
2 Bimetal yoke.
3 Diaphragm.
4 Bourdon-tube.

76. Engine oil temperature gages indicate the temperature of the oil.
1 entering the oil cooler.
2 in the oil storage tank.
3 in the return lines to the oil storage tank.
4 entering the engine.

77. A complete break in the line between the manifold pressure gage and the induction
system will be indicated by the gage resistering.
1 Zero.
2 Prevailing atmospheric pressure.
3 Higher than normal conditions prevailing.
4 Lower than normal for conditions prevailing.

78. Which of the following is a primary engine instrument?

1 Torque meter.
2 Fuel flow meter.
3 Airspeed indicator.
4 Tachometer.

79. What basic meter is used to indicate cylinder head temperature in must aircraft?
1 Electrodynamometer.
2 Galvanometer.
3 Thermocouple type meter.
4 Iron-vanemeter.

80. The purpose of an exhaust gas analyzer is to indicate the

1 brake specific fuel consumption.
2 fuel-air being burned in the cylinders.
3 horsepower output at the crank-shaft.
4 temperature of the exhaust gases in the exhaust manifold.

81. Which statement is correct concerning a thermocouple-type temperature indicating

instrument system?
1 It requires no external power source.
2 It is a balances-type, variable resistor circuit.
 3 It usually contains a balancing circuit in the instrument case in prevent
fluctuations of the system voltage from affecting the temperature reading.
4 It will not indicate a true reading if the system voltage varies beyond the range
for which it is calibrated.

82. Basically, the indicator of a tachometer system is responsive to change in

1 frequency.
2 current flow.
3 voltage polarity.
4 voltage amplitude.

83. Where are the hot and cold junctions located in an engine cylinder temperature
indicating system?
1 Both junctions are located at the instrument.
2 Both junctions are located at the cylinder.
3 The hot junction is located at the cylinder, and the cold junction is located, at the
instrument.
4 The cold junction is located at the cylinder, and the hot junction is located at the
instrument.

84. Which of the following types of electric motors are commonly used in electric
tachometers?
1 Synchronous motors.
2 Direct current series-wound motors.
3 Direct current shunt-wound motors.
4 Direct current compound-wound motors.

85. Turbojet engine temperature are measured by

1 Using iron/constantan thermocouples.
2 using chromal/alumel thermocouples.
3 using electrical resistance thermometers.
4 using ratiometer electrical resistance thermometers.

86. The purposr of an exhaust gas analyzer is to indicate the

1 brake specific fuel consumption.
2 temperature of the exhaust gases in the exhaust manifold.
3 grade of fuel being used.
4 fuel/air ratio being burned in the cylinders.

87. A complete break in the line between the manifold pressure gage and the induction
system of a highly supercharged engine will be indicated by the gage registering.
88. 1 ambient pressure at all engine speeds.
89. 2 lower than ambient pressure at idling rpm and higher than ambient pressure at
cruising rpm.
90. 3 higher than ambient pressure at all engine speeds.
91. 4 lower than ambient pressure at cruising rpm, and higher than ambient pressure at
idling rpm.
SHORT NOTES:

Materials and methods of construction

1. Greep strength: Define ability of metal to resent shoe deformation due to stress but stress
less than that needed to reach the yield point.

2. Yield strength: The point is reached when the metal exhibits a permanent set under lead.

3. Reptior strength: The point when metal is will break under a centimeter that applied for
portion of 100 & 1000h.

4. Ultimate tensile strength: The load under which the metal will brake in a short time.

5. Ductility: The ability of metal to deform without breaking.

6. Coefficient of expansion: A measure of how much a metal will expand on grows with
application of heat.

7. Thermal Conductivity: The measure of the ability of a metal to transfer heat.

8. Thermal shock resistance: The ability of metal to with stand extreme changes in temperature
in short periods of time.

9. Hardness: An important character in that it influences ease if money cost.

Metal working terms

1. Casting: A process whereby metal in a molten state, solidifies in a mold.

2. Forging: A process of plastic deformation under a pressure that may be slowly or quickly
applied.

3. Electrochemical machining (ECM): Is control by high-speed depleting using a shaped tool

of electricity- conducting solution and work-piece.

4. Machining: Any process whereby metal is formed by cutting, hit and cold rolling, pinching,
punching.

5. Extrusion: Metal is pushed through a die to face various cross-sectioned shopes.

Types of ignition

1. Hot streak ignition: In the system an extra quant of fuel is injected into one of the
combustion chamber. The resulting streak of hot gases ignites the afterburner fuel.

2. Torah ignition: A pitot light located in the area of the spraptors is fed fuel and ignited with
its ignition system.
3. Electric spark ignition: A device similar to spark plug.

Note: (1) These systems used because spentanens ignition of the afterburner fuel cant be
depended on, especially at high altitudes where almost pressure is low.

Note: (2) Search on anti-howl line:

(i) Dt fits into the inner wall of the duct.
(ii) The liner is corrugated or perforated with thousands of small holes.
(iii) The liner prevents extreme high frequency of amplitude pressure, fluctuations
resulting from high combustion instability or unsteady released of heat energy.
(iv) Search result in excession, noise, vibration, heat transfer rates and temperature that
cause rapid physical destruction of the afterburner components.
(v) The screech liner tends to absorb and damper these pressure fluctuations.

Thrust Increase

1. Constant pressure: Ratio and amount and thrust increase %

= exhaust gas temperature before
exhaust gas temperature after

Note: Since the velocity of Jet stream increase as the square root of the temperature.

Afterburner
i) Afterburner of turbo fan engine without having to use a larger engine with its
concurrent penalties of increased frontal area, wt. and fuel consumption.
ii) The resultant increase in temperature rise the velocity of the exiting gases and
therefore boosts engine thrust.
iii) Most afterburner will produce an approx 50% thrust increase and increase fuel flow.
iv) Reheating is used only for the time-limited operation such as take-off, climb and max
test of speed.
v) The desirability of using the Re-heating method in combination with turbo fan engine
by heating the duct fan air to higher temperature.
vi) Afterburning engine equipped with variable area nozzle exhaust this prevent any
increase imback pressure from occurring that would slow the airflow through the
engine and effect the combustion stall character.
Specific requirements for augmentation device are as follows:
1. Long temperature rise: The temperature rise limited by the amount of air than is
available.
2. Low dry loss: Restriction cause by flow holder/fuel spray gun.
3. Wide temperature modulation: Retain degree of afterburning for better control of
thrust.

Operation of afterburner

1. The duct area to the rows of the turbine is larger than a normal exhaust just would be in
order to obtain a reduced-velocity gas stream and thus reduce gas friction lesser.
2. This reduce velocity is still too high for stable combustion take place, since the flame
propagation rate of presence is only a few feet pet second.
 3. It become necessary to use a form of flame stabilizer or holder located downstream of
the fuel spray-bar to provide a region in which turbulent eddies are formed and when
local gas velocity further reduces.
4. The fuel is feed into afterburner through a series of nozzles or spray-bars.

Disadvantage of water injection system:

(i) Water and injection system are very heavy.
(ii) There is a thermal shock of the engine.
(iii) Comp. erosion can occur.
(iv) Important limiting factor.
(v) Comp. stall can occur.
Note: Any water not used during take-off is trained overhead.

Operation of water-injection type.

(i) When throttle is advanced to approx 86% rpm, a micros/w in the fuel control unit is
actuated.
(ii) Approx 1/3 of the water passes through the low-pressure regulator into the inter spray
ring.
(iii) And 2/3 of water passes through the high pressure regulator into the diffuses as
nozzle rings.
(iv) When the water-pressure-regulator receives water from water pump-the low pressure
warning lights go out indicating engine are receiving water.
(v) When water pressure is lowered by depletion or by placing the system control s/w in
the off portion-the water draws valves open automatically and permit water
remaining in the system of drain overhead.
(vi) To ensure proper drainage of water tank, the 8 amber low-pressure warning lights
will remain illuminated until drain w/w is moved open pention-system unit m/w off
and system is depleted.

Thrust Augmentation
1 The power output of any gas turbine is the airflow passing through the engine.

2 Power under these circumstances can be restored on over boosted as much as 10 to 30% for
take off by the use of water and water alcohol injection.

3 Engine power ratings during the period water injection is used in water thrust and when
water injection is off-dry thrust.

Advantages of water injection over water-alcohol

1. Water above would provide more thrust per pound than of water-alcohol mixture due to
high latent heat of vaporization and overall decrease in temperature.
2. The addition of alcohol has two effects:-
i. If only water injected, it would reduce turbine inlet temperature, but addition of
alcohol, turbine temperature is restored.
ii. Alcohol also serves lower freezing temperature point of water.

The water provides additional thrust in one of two ways:

(i) The coolant sprayed directly into the compressor inlet
(ii) Or fluid added to diffuse.
When water added to the front of compressed the power augmentation is detained:
Vaporization liquid cooling the air, thus increasing density and mass airflow. If water only used,
the water, increased airflow to the combustion chamber permit more fuel to burned before
temperature limit is reached. Thus higher turbine temperature result in increase thrust.

When water added to the diffuses:

Increase mass flow through the turbine relative to that through the compressor. This relative
increase result in a decreased temperature and presence trop across the turbine that leads to on
increased pressure at nozzle.