RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS POWER SYSTEM DESIGN October 1994 Coppright © The Hrltish Petroleum Company 1... G225100210BP GROUP RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING Document Title Doc. . RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND issue Dace INSTALLATIONS October 1994 POWER SYSTEM DESIGN Latest Amenciment Date Replaces BP_CP 17 Pt. 3) APPLICABILITY - Regional Applicability: International SCOPE AND PURPOSE This document describes the basic approach to electrical power system design which is recommended for all BP operated sites. It provices guidance only and actual practices may vary to meet requirements of national or lecal regulations. However, in deviating from the approaches detailed in this document, security of supply factors may be created which will need to be assessed in order to ensure fit for purpose power system design. AMENDMENTS Amd Date Page(s) Description CUSTODIAN (See Quarterly Status List for Contact) Electrical Tested bye Standards Group, BP International Limited, Research and Engineering Cente Chertsey Road, Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. TW16 7LN. UNITED KINGDOM “Tels +44 932 764067 Fax: +44 932 764077 Telex: 296041 225100212CONTENTS Section FORWORD INTRODUCTION. SYSTEM PARAMETERS. Voltage, ~ 24 Frequency... 2.2 23 LOADS... Rating and Diversity Factors. 8.1 Types of Load.. + 3.2 POWFR SUPPLY SOURCE: 4 General . 41 Emergency Power 42 Reliability 43 Yrimary Subs +44 Frequency mad Voltage Regulation, $3 46 Power Supplies for Control Systems 47 POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. 5 General. 5.1 Single Ra 5.2 Double Radial, 5.3 Triple Radial. 5.4 Ring Fed Systems. 3.5 Interconnected or Mesh Systems. 3.6 Power System Control. 3.7 Electrical Disribution Substation. 5.8 POWER SYSTEM FAULT CONSIDERATIONS. Fault Considerations... 61 Equipment Fault Current Ratings 6.2 Methods of Limiting Fault Currents 63 Effects of Faults on Distribution Systems. 6.4 POWER SYSTEM EARTHING............ 7 : General. he 7 Un-Earth: 72 Solidly Earthed Neutrals (For systems 73 Impedance Earthed Neutrals (For systems rated 1000 V and above). 7A Generator E: 75 Earthing Resistors. 7.6 Page ee ou (BP) RP 12.3 . ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGES POWER SYSTEM DESIGN 225100113: CONTENTS Section Page |, POWER SYSTEM DESIGN PARAMETERS 26 | 4 Motor Starting 36 | Overvoltages. 38 \ 40 Power Factor a i - i 4% a | 4a | 4 | FIGURES FIGURE 12 - Double Radial Feed Distribution 49 FIGURE 1b - Closed Ring Main Distcibution 50 FIGURE te - Open Ring Main Distribution 51 | APPENDIX A - DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS 52 i APPENDIX B - LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 53 | | \ I | i | i | \ | | ea RP 12:3, | ENECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE di POWER SYSTEM DESIGN : - noogenarsaFOREWORD Introduction to BP Group Recommended Practices and Specifications for Engineering The Introductory Volume contains a series of documents that provide an introduction to the BP Group Recommended Practices and Specifications for Engineering (RPSEs). In particular, the ‘General Foreword! sets out the philosophy of the RPSEs, Other documents in the Introductory Volume provide general guidance on using the RPSEs and background information to Eagineesing Standards in BP. There are also recormendations for specific definitions and requirements. Value of this Recommended Practice ‘This document represents the accumulated practices of the BP Group for cnsuring a high degree of plant availability and electrical system integrity within the constrainss for cost effective engineering. Application Text in italics is Commentary. Commentary provides background information ‘which supports the requirements of the Recommended Practice, and may discuss alternative options, It also gives guidance on the implementation of any ‘Specification’ of ‘Approval’ actions; specific aciions are indicated by an asterisk © preceding a paragraph number, ‘This document may refer to certain local, national or intemational regulations but the responsibility to ensure compliance with legislation and any other stanutory requirements Kes with the user. The user should adapt or supplement this document to ensure compliance for the specific application Principal Changes from Previous Edition ‘This Recommended Practice is 2 major revision of BP CP 17 Part 3 Fower Systems Design which was last issued in April 1986, 1: has been updated in the Way Forward Style to reflect significant advances in power system design. Feedback and Further Information Deers are invited to feed back any comments and to detail experiences in the application of BP RPSE's, 10 assist in the process of their continuous linprovement, For feedback and further information, please contact Standards Group, ‘BP international or the Custodian. See Quarterly Status Tist for contacts. RP 12-3 a ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS - POWER SYSTEM DESIGN1, ENTRODUCTION ML 12 Scope ‘The EP Group RP 12 series of Recommended Practices specify general requirements for electrical systems, equipment, materials and installations. This document specifies those items which apply generally to power system design for systems with a highest nominal voltage of 36 KV. 4's considered that most of the installations within the spbere of BP operations would be 34.5 EV or below. However, it bas been found that won for voliages of I52kV, the same principles would tend to apply for industrial systems. Although the following items may form part of power systems in cestain activities of the BP Group, their designs are not covered by this document, Where accessary, the relevant international or national standard must be applied to these elements of electrical systems. @ Design of overhead line. Gi) Design of large power rectifier plant. Gi) Design aspects of electrical sysrems which are specia} to mine winding plant, earth-moving equipment, conveying, crushing and associated metalifferous weaunent plants. qv) Electrical systems in ships. () Electrical systems for subsea installations. Gi) Electrical design of installations in commercial, administrative, or domestic premises. The above exclusions are considered spectal in nature and/or can be andertaken more effictentiy by direchiy adopiing practice which ss commen in the orea where the installation is to be employed. 2. SYSTEM PARAMETERS 21 ‘Voltage ‘The most economical voltages shall be selected for 2 Power System. Jn general the voltages selected should accord with the cconomtcal voltage levels for machines which are included in BP Group RP 12-11, Jn any existing installation, the selection of veltage favels wit! be subject ako to site conditions. The requirement jor having the most economic RP 123 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 1 POWER SYSTEM DESIGN G2251001162.2 2.3 yste voltage (6 intended 0 ensure teat an economic appraisal of Tiernative courses of action s undertaken or bas keen considered, ‘The nominal phase to phase voltage for systems where voltages mesed 1000 V, should be sclected from those detailed in IBC 58. When the phase to phase voltage is below 1000 Y, the appropriate nominal voltage 10 meet the nations) standards of the site locatlon should be used, For tgreenfield! sites or offshore locations, where the possibility of interconnection with or ootside authonty is low, the use of non-standard voltages below 1000 V (e.g. 660 V) shall be based on economic considerations. ‘in the UE the nominal IV voliago would be either 415 V or £40 V, poese FF phave with a tolerance of & 5%. (Nowtibstanding current lepitiation 2 penny sugges: that nominal voltages will tn future be BBO VE 10% or the provisions of the Electricity Supply Regulations 1968 wirick cogtere Sobage tolerances to be wcithin + 6% for voltages Tess than 132 RV). See also 4.5.1 “Any deployment of non standard votage systems should be bated 4poh “peoifle economic studies which take full account of the need 10 bold » eit abled may be beyond normal sio¢k levels. Frequency The frequency selected Jor power systems will be either 50 or 60 Hz depending on the national standards of the size location. here a site is to be remotely located and powered only from oavsite generation, the frequency selected shcu'd be compatible Gath the frequency of supply of the nearest local electrical supply Source of public utility if it is envisaged that future inter- connection is desirable, ‘Where future inter-connection, with Sthee sources of electricity supply is not envisaged as being possible or where economic advantages outweigh the benefits Ln Rivate possible incerconnections, the frequency of supply shall be selecred on economic considerations and on ease of obtaining suitable equipment. North Sea experience indicates that selecting 60 Hz frequency tends 10 offer possible economic advantages and as Zurcpean equipment (e- Tides) available equipment) suppliers can gear their product range 40 this froquency and the ‘standard’ volages titbin Europe, such selection Becomes more likely. Rating @ Power systems with a voltage in excess of 1000 V should be so designed that the rms. value of the a.c. component Of the shon-circuit breaking current of circuit breakers desigaed to TEC $6 and/or BP Group GS 112-9 should be selected from values readily available from equipment manufacturers. RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 2 POWER SYSTEM DESIGN3. LOADS 3.1 3.1 Tne selection of 25 kA as @ symmetrical sbort circuit breaking capacity could be found to represent a general economic celling to the available faut levels for equipment. Where thore will be economic advantage in providing switchgear of higher ratings, €g, 40kd, then shis would be encouraged. in any case m a green field situation, the Short Circuit capability of the installation should be based upon economic grotinds, The capability of switchgear should always be proven by test before being accepted into fill duty service, Testing’ would be particularly important where ‘enbarced make’ fault teveis or enbanced dc. content at break levels are required. The requirements for testing is Contained within BP Group GS 112-9 however, at the design stage account should Le taken for any need for Type Testing. Ses abo 63.2 @ For power systems with 2 voltage less than 1000 V. the rms. value of the a.c, comporent of the short-circuit breaking current of circuit breakers designed to 18C 947 and/or BP Group GS 112-8 should not exceed 50 kA. See the commoniary for (D. above, Where economically olable the selection of 80kA of above rated switchgear 1 encouraged. BP Group GS 112-8 tnchedes resting requirements jor LV circuit breakers. Rating and Diversity Factors Electrical equipment shall be rated to carry continuously the maximum load associated with peak design production with an additional 10% contingency. The ambient conditions at which this rating applies shall be defined in equipment specifications, and shall not be less than 40°C maximum air temperature at an altinade not exceeding 1900 m, A toad Ist would normally idensify all process toads ant would further identify the fower to be absorbed by the mechanical drive. This would be adjusted for efficiency of the electrical drive 0 arrive at a value of power 10 be dtaum from ihe electrical system. Aggregated plant loading should be carried out in accordance with 3.12. Beyond this esitmate only one allowance of contingency sbould be taken on the thus identified ‘after diversity plant load’. Woere a total system toad 45 to be estimated, abich includes a number of tndluidual switebgear loads estimated in this mannar, caro should be taken 10 bo assured of only one overall estimate for contingency. The specification of maxtmum temperature and elevation ara ‘chosen in order to be assured that equipment has sufficient capactty Jor the most arduous of Hkaly conditions, albeit at a ‘Standard’ alevation. However, where the location 1s such ibat. # i clear that sbere ts no possibitity of reaching the ‘standard’ 40°C level ara there 1 economic advamage sn relaxing the temperature, the actual maximum and minimum temperatures should be specified. Similarly if the elevation 1 above 100m the actual elevation chould be specified. RP 123 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 3 POWER SYSTEM DESIGN 6225200118312% 3.2 3.21 322 Assessment of maximum load requirements of an installation shall allow for diversity between various loads, drives or plants. Approptlace factors shall consider the likelihood of loads, drives, production or process trains coincidentally requiring peak demands anc shall be based on similar installations wherever possible 18 $8 considered important that power’ system loading estimates be based upon absorbed demands for macbine loads wita appropriate allowances for efficiency and power factor. In addition the effect of diversity should be asseised preferably by using a concept of tntermitrence or akernauwely by sbe application of well proven diversity factors. In tbe absence of efter of these methods, an average maximum loading expectation may be assessed by adding 50% of the tntormtttent load (bat controlied by leval suiichos or by thermocouples or other control devices) 10 the continuously renning loads, In addition to this aggregated 10a, an assessment of tthely standby toad operating should be mods, A maxtratm of standby operation may be obtained by considering boiler outage (Insuffictent steam for steam turbine drivars) or by a masdimaim product throughput condition. Types of Load All loads shalt be presented with cléar definition of their types in accordance with the following:- Basic Information For each identified electrical load, a description of the service should be given together with an indication of whether the device is a machine or a static load. Dynamic ‘Those ate electric motors driving rotating equipment. 2 Static These are non-moving types of electrical equipment such as Npbting, beating, supplies t6 rectifiers, etc The bith of the Toads on the majority of BP installations comprise dynamic leads and the proportions of dynamic 10 static ioads ave generally in the ratio af 30:1 Where there are macbines supplied by Variable Speed Drives, these may exbibs properties similar to those of some static loads viz. consiant powsr demand despite voltage vanaitons. Their coninibusion to system fault evel '$ limited by the power electronic system, in some cases 10” cero contribution, Essential Loads These are loads which are important to the safety of the installation or the operational staff, and which require power to permit a reasonably controlled shutdown in emergency. They RP 123 4 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE POWER SYSTEM DESIGN3.23 shall have a second independent power source and be generally associated with no break supplies. In certain cases, a short supply break may be acceptable if this does aot sepresent a hazard to safety. BP Group RP 12-5 contains advice concerning the categorisaton of power supbites sedeable for control systems. The concept of essential loads used share ts fairly clote to the concept of Class A contained in that BP Group Recommended Practice. However, ibe loads would net require tbe level of duplicaiton required for Glass A systems. Included in the concept of essential power system Toads are such devices as Tub. off pumps for Gat Turbines, nentilation systems, helipad Ugbting some floodiighting ‘systems, navigational aids, radio systems etc. The term Essential used bere was chosen to align wih ibe term gssentia! as defined tm the IEE Recommendations for the Biectrical and Electronic Equipment of Mobile and Feed Offchore Instabiations. 24s noted that some loads whteb are essential by this definttion may require the provision of Emergency Power Supply Factlities tn order to meet Legislative Requirements, This is nat inconsistent with the definition of Essential Loads used bere which 4 aleied a? providing a conventent process for being aswured iat ell such crittcal loads are covered by the appropriate level of power supply. (Ser frtber Section 4.2.1) Process Sensitive Loads These are loads whose loss would affect continuity of plant operation resulting in loss of revenue but would not result in an unsafe situztion arising. Any decision to piovide an alternative source of supply for these types of load shall be based on economic considerations. Included in tis category are general lighting systems and process demands, It is sometimes posstble, pantoularly where process loadings are relatively Jou, to tactudé sufictent into an emergency generator capacity 10 allow some processes t0 continue on reduced capacity when main power eneraiors are nol available. There are no general rules for this type of Provision except 10 empbastie thas application of suich loads should not compromise any emergency senices. Each case would be project specific, Non-sensitive Loads Non-sensitive loads are those which do not form an important component of a production or process plant and their disconnection could be borne for relatively long periods with minimal or nuisance value. They usually form 2 small poportion of the toral connected load and may have 2 single power source. Typical exampies of these loads are the domestic part of accommoration, offices, Workshops, some water injection, some potable water systems ate, (P) RP 12-3, ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 5S ‘POWER SYSTEM DESIGN 02251001204 POWER SUPPLY SOURCES 41 General ‘The power supply system shall be designed to provide safe and economical operation, The safety aspecis should cover both plaat and personnel, Economic considerations shall cover capital, maintenance and sunning costs and include an assessment of the reliability and consequent availability of the system. The cost of improved power systems reliability should be weighed against the progressive potential savings due to decreased loss of production. 10 expected thai for any stgnificans power system design there wl bave been an economic comparison of alernative arrangements. Larger projects would be expected to tattiate a formal safery review and this ‘process would enstre that the baste safer needs of the project would be Satisfied. For smailer projects or plant extensions where such a formal review may not be arranged, the designer should nonetbeless consider safety aspects relating to ibe electrical system and produce an outline document which presents these tssues for the record. All negotiations with public utilities shall be the sole responsibility of BP. 1m as much as the arcangemants uth Public duabortiss wil form part of the long term operational encironment for the instatlation, it 45 considered necessary that the operator (assumed to be BP in the comaxt of thls document) is filly aware and has the sole responstbility for the longer term compliance with the requirements arising from any negotiations. Suc responsibility should not be delegated 10 a thind party unless the third Darly bos az ongoing oberational responsibility It is considered that Contractors may request Information from Public Uiutintes on bebalf of BP in pursuit of the determination of apitons relating to possthie instalianons or changes #0 ensting snstallaitens but that in doing so it is made clear that any formal agreement which arises from the information or investigation wit be with the operating company (EP.) ‘The principal source of electrical supply for any location, subject to the requirements of 4.1.1 to 4.1.3. shall be defined. The power supph arrangements are fandamenial 1 any operating site and need to feature strongly in the overall project concept. A power supply philosophy document which records the arrangements for power supply and ibe reasoning assoctated with any saleckion ss considered ighly desirable. A consractor may Dave pan of bis workswope asiociated with an evaluation and selection of power supply arrangements in which case such a presentation ts assured. The selection of the power supply arrangemenis may have formed part of a feastotiity Cor Statement of Requirements) study which may have been produced by BF in which care the defimision of the Dower supply arrangements would form part of a contractors specification. a) RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 6 POWER SXSTEM DESIGN GPP ns oFAL 41.2 Electrical Import from a Public Utility ‘Where the principal scurce of electrical power is selected to be from a public utility, the supply should be via duplicate feeders. An exception to this may be permitted for economic reasons where low power loads are to be supplied and where a single feeder may be employed. Jt would be expected that sbere could be a cost/benefit statement to justify the use of single feeds. Where the supply ts Jow pouer and not ‘essential for operations (ag. Cathodic Pretection supplies) the justification is trivial, however single supplies with on sie standby generation which will operate io supply full toad in the event of @ main power supply failure may be an economic alternative to @ duel supply arrangement. Essential loads should always be provided for by on-site power supply equipment. See 3.2.2 (commentary) Where economically viable, power generation on site may be arranged to peak-lop or otherwise supplement the external power supply. On-site Generation with no Public Utility Connection. ‘Where a site is offshore, or remote from a public utility network, ot has a surplus of fuel or process energy, on-site generation will normally be expected as the principal source of power. The on-site power generation arrangements shall be defined taking inte account the following factors:- ao ‘The fuel source. Gi) The nature of the process energy. (iD The process steam or other heat requirements, if any. (iv) The relationship between electric power requirements and the energy sources on any given site. ‘The number and arrangement of power generating sets should reflect the particular needs of the installation in terms of “Availability and Reliability, Where an availability of above 80% is required, a minimum of 2 generating sets, will be required on sites where there is no alternative electricity supply. : Under these circumstences, the following criteria should be satisfied- @ There should be sofficient generation to meet the Maximum Demand when the largest single source of electrical supply is out of service at peak demand umes due to maintenance or any other reason. RP 12-3 HLECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 7 POWER SYSTEM DESIGN 6225100122414 42 424 Where more than 2 generators are installed, those loads considered as Process Sensitive (Le, those loads which must operate t0 maintain either fullo: a reduced production) shall be supplied when the largest capacity generator is out of service and the second largest gencrator is coincidentally shut dowa due to unforeseen circumstances, All power generation facilities which cannot derive alternative power from another source shall be arranged with Black Start facilities, The Black Stat arrangements may involve use of Emergency of in-House diesel generators. For systems requiring bigh reliability, the probabitty of having sufficient power generation for 100% of the load (provided by the main power Supply system) int a 12 month period should be 99%. This would normally require an installation of at least 3 generators. Under some circumstances tht Chigh) reliadility requirement can be relaxed, particularly where the consequences of power supply failure are not Severe, IM such circumstances only Iwo (or even one) main power Benerators could be considered. Where multiple power gensraiors are. provided ihere needs 10 be a philosophy of supply related 10 normal operation, maintenance shutdown ‘and to fatture, Where 3 generators are installed ttf reasonable 19 expect that substantial production could be achiewed by a single set remaining available following fattare of the second set with the toird unavailable, On-site Generation Run in Parallel with a Public Utility Where on-site generation is selected to be the principal source of power and where a connection to a public utlity is available, considsration shall be given to the following options related to connection to the Public Uility:- @) Asa standby source of electric power. GA means of export of surplus electrical power. (dl) A combination of both, Gv) As a Black Start Facility Tt $s expected that the power generaiton pbilosophy would consider these options which would be contained ‘within a formal design record. See aio 4.1.1 where there may be economic benefit tn peak lopping of the Public Uitity supply aking aduantage of arf opponunittes. Emergency Power Supply Equipment Power supplies to Rssential loads should be achieved by one or more of the following:- @ — Providing an alternative source of energy, such as batteries. RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 8 POWER SYSTEM DESIGN > & ue wt o a te a:4.2.2 423 e Increasing the amount (or being assured of sufficient sheer numbers) of normal supply generation equipment with an acrngement for duplicate fuel supply which effectively avoids single contingency power outage. Gi) Ensuring 2 ‘number of alternative supply feeds are available to the loads and that the alternatives effectively provide duplication 10 2void single contingency power loss. Gv) Local Diesel Generation. In generat tt ss expected that Essential loads would recesve battery ‘supplies or would be associated with an emergency generator. However where this 1s impractical, leads to tow reltablihy or 43 probébiitvely expensive, the least cost of the Temaining alternaitues should normatty be adopted. The concept of increased power generation in (8) abvove is meant to allow for emergency power supplies 10 be designed as part of @ normal power ‘generation and dkstrloution systems. The criteria jor design would ve that the power source and the dtstribution system for the Essential loads wouid maintain suffictently bigh sectirlty for these safety critical sysioms. A similar concept 1s considered appropriate for the concept of having & suktable number of alternative supoly feeds detailed 1m (i) above In the application of 4.2.1 Gi, the power supply to Essential Joads shall be designed to remain available in the event of at least two of the installed main power generators being unavailable. ‘The probability of zero interruptions to the Essential load feed busbar over a 12 month period shall be 99% or better. Where necessary a loadshedding scheme shall be installed to secure the supply 10 the Essential loads. Essential loads shall not form part of the loadshedding arrangements The concept of additonal power generation being suitable for emergency Supply duty will clearly act be possible witbout there being at least 3 power generation seis avatiable. Where one power generator thus ‘installed 1 of lowsr capacity shan the systems maximum demand and/or the nature of the load car lead to instability, tt i expected tat a load shedding scheme would be employed to ensure that the Bssential loads would be maintained for any fault condition which could leave a single macbine on the busbar, ‘Where increased main generating plant or local standby plant is selected to provide power to Essential loads, it shall be cither diese! engine or gas turbine driven generator set(s). Local standby or emergeney generator prime movers shall have their own dedicated fuel supply. All prime movers, for main generators (where these are deemed to provide Essential supplies) shall be arranged for two fuel sources with automatic transfer, Power generation for Essential loads shall be rated to have a spare capacity of at feast 10%. RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PACED POWER SYSTEM DESIGN 6225100124ADA 425 43 Ad 441 ‘These provisions are designed to ensure that a single contingency fault (eg. fiiel supply faslure) will not cause power supply Foss. Emergency generator sets shall be capable of starting and running when no‘altemnative source of electrical ac. power is available i.e., a ‘black start capability, This may be achieved by compressed air starting with air réceivers being capable of six engine starts from one air charge, or by battecy starting with a similar capability or by both methods. ‘The requirements for emergency gertorators are contained tn BP Group GS 160-2, In general two starting metbads are required. It should be noved ibat the Tocation of emergency generators should normally be in. a non-clastified area with supply ait dertoed from a clean source. Far ‘afshore installations the Iocation of the emergency generator shotild be nan outside wall which can have louvers open 10 supply combustion ait, Care should be taken to ensure that the exhaust and air intakes are Tocated to avosd problems associated with other adjacent plant or systems, Emergency generators shall be provided with automatic starting and loading facilities. A simple and reliable method of ensuring that emergency generators can be immediately switched so their pre-defined load shall be arranged. ‘Manual facilities shall also be provided for regular testing purposes. Testing facilities should pecmit the loading of standby generator sets, bs proferred that the emergency generator should be capable of running kn parallel whth ibe masns supply Jor sesting purposes and for the purposes of transferring load unthout the teed for subply break. Reliability Foc each power supply arrangement a reliability assessment shall be carried out to determine the probability of failure of supply. In the early siages of design a relabttty study may be undeniaben as bart of the comparison of alternative methods of providing power Suppiles. Such studies wousid also he useful in determining tbe cost of material fottsres, The undartaking of these stwites may form part of toe Contrastors workscope. Where ibe Project Team is required to cary out such a sway, the terms of reference related 9 objectives, data gathering, Gnd evaluation shati be clearly specified. Primary Substation Generator circuits (other than local emergency generators) and public utiliy power intakes, should be connected together at a common primary substation, the busbars of which are used as the main load diswibution centre, Where generators and public utility power intakes may be located at different points throughout the site, these shall be interconnected. Thus there will be at least one and for larger sites more primary substations. RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS: PAGE 10 POWEE sverun DESIGN g225100225442 443 444 ‘The switchgear for primary substations shall comply with BP Group GS 112-9 Cor BP Group GS 112-8 where only LV supplies are involved). Daalled guidance for HV and LV sottchgear is contained im BP Group RP 12-6 and BP Group RP 12-7, Busbar arrangements shall be selected to be cost effective, operationally flexible and safe. The following technical points shall be taleen into account, @ — Operational flexibittyy to permit loads and power supplies to be effectively connected under scheduled and unscheduled outages Of chreuits and busbar sections, (4) Minimal seftchgear per circelt and simple contro! and protection. (ii) Unscheduled Joss of busbar sections shall not shut dowis the systens beyond ts level designed and provided for. (iu) Scheduled maintenance of busbars shall be possible without systema shuidouns beyond those designed and provided for. Le may often bs found necessary to locate the incoming circuts breakers Of & bushar 1 a tacation baif way along one side of a busbar tn order to be more assured that 10986 of the load is unitkely to flow in ene sector Of the bustars. The possibiltty of bus seciton circust breaker fault conditions tm metal enclosed swiichgear which may cause a full Switchboard shutdown for remedial repairs should be considered. However, unless there are ouerriding reasons for the comrary, BP do not dasign swhehboards to ator for this eventisatity. Single busbar arrangements for primary supply substations should be provided subject to the following c:iteria= ® The switchgear shall be indoor metalelad type. G The single busber shall be split izto a aumber of sections by using suitable switchgear. ‘The number of sections of busbars shall be consistent with the acceptable loss of incoming or outgoing circuits under both scheduled and unscheduled loss conditions. Gi) Routine busbar maintenance shall not be considered to be necessary or shall be an infrequent occurrence. Where there would be 3 incoming transformer feeders, the bushdr would normaily be expected to be in 3 parts with feadar circuit breakers arranged on each of the sections of busbar, Double busbar arrafgements shall be provided in installations where outdoor air insulated busbars are installed or where regular busbar maintenance is considered necessary for environmental or pollution reasons. They may also be supplied, RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 11 POWER SYSTEM DESIGN 6225100126448 449 4410 where the operational flexibility available from being able to connect incoming power circuits and outgoing load circuits in a variety of ways is considered to be particularly advantageous. Toe perceived need for double busbar arrangements for indoor metalslad HY Switchgear was strong in tarly Refinery designs but has virtually disappeared from modern Refinery and other industrial installations. Toerefore she use of double busbar arrangements needs to be carefully considered and advantages balanced against the considerable additional cosis of Building, Switchgear and Protective arrangements, One generally clear case for double busbar arrangemants lies {n outdoor installations bere maintenance work on busbars would be greater. Ringbars or mesh busbars arrangements shall not be used, Ring or mosh amangements are generally difficult to extend and therefore ane considered to have Kmited application. However, ibis type Of arrangement bas switchgear saving advantages where the sysiem is tonitkely to require modification. Where the power supply is obtained from 4 public utility via equipment such as transformers or feeders, the busbars shall be sectionalised to prevent total power system shutdown in the event of unscheduled outage of any busbar sectioa, Coincidental maintenance of a public utility intake transformer shall not be considered. Jt % considered that maintenance of incoming transformers and feeds would be low and would be quickly completed. Therefore high expense in order to reduce an already unlikely event ts not considered worttwbile, ‘The maximum number of busbar sections should not exceed the number of individual power sources. This requirement 2018 out to avoid over flextbiity in a power system which, akbough usefst 1m contemplasion, is of litle economic bengyit in practice, The outgoing load circuits shall be connected to busbar sections in such 2 way as 10 optimise power flow across busbar section switches commensurate with reliability and operating considerations and shall also permit unscheduled and scheduled busbar section outages with the minimum disturbance to the loads being supplied. See also the commentary to section 4.43 Generators may be connected either directly to the primasy power supply busbar or via generator tansformers. The type of connection shall be selected depending upon the economics associated with both the generation voliage and the primary supply busbar voltage. RP 12:3 ELECTRICAL S¥8TEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 12 Fownn aston psi . 022510012745 45. Typical amangements for pricary eubstations fora vadety of types of power supply are shown in Figure 1. Primary substations should be located in areas which are not classified as hazardous. The selected location within the site shall- @ Take account of the ability to distribute power to the onsite loads without unnecessarily high distribution equipment costs, (6) Be adjacent to the generation or public utility intake. © Be suitable for future expansion. Where it ss impossible to locate the prtmary substation onside of the Barardous areas, arvangemonts for forced vantliation of the substation shall be made, Air for the veniation shal! be taken from a remote and Safe area, the substation shalt be equipped with air lock doors, gas detectors (which shall cause immediate de-energisation of all electrical equipment in the substation which ts not suitable for a zone i environment) and loss of sufficient ventilation and pressunssation shal! inttiate an alares condition which, although not causing @ trip of ibe switchgear, shall be used as an operator based time dependent syste for the effect of repair. Shutdown shall be initiated should repairs not be fosslile within an operator defined time scate Frequency and Voltage Regulation. ‘The power system design shall be arranged to ensure that the voltage variation (between full load and lightly loaded conditions) experienced at any piece of equipment designated as a load (ie. not including distribution equipment) shall no: exceed + 5% of the declazed system nominal voltage. Further the power system shall bevarranged to be able to withstand without undue stress 4 transient voltage variation to 80% of nomindl for a 10 second period or such longer duration at specific points if necessary. Special consideration shall be given to power frequency ovesvoliage effects and the need for Power Sysiem equipment 10 ‘withstand higher overvoltages under some cixcurnstances. This requirement ensures that standard equipment perameiers would not be compromised. Where the systom coliage daviaies beyond the 59% Hatt, apart from aquipmont fe expectation boing erodad, there ts a dangor of exceeding the hazardous area certification kits for thas equipment installed im @ bazardous area. This may not actually yield failures or temperatures Hbely t0 cause ignttion of a vapour which may be present but will increase the Bbotthood of such occurrences and will infings tbe atte safety intention. ‘The Electricity Supply Regulations 1988 requires voltage variations io be within + 6%, However, standards for equipment state a & 5% iolerance for voliage. Hence the tower itmtt is specified here. Where power systems which have automatic voltage conirol can experierice sigaificant load rejection (eg. as may be the case of @ Power RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 13 POWER SYSTEM DESIGN 0225100128452 453 454 45.5 Sysiem supplied by generators must direct-on-line stari large machines which subsequeniiy exbiott rapid VAr decrease leaving mackinge in an ouerexcitad state), significant overvaltage levels may be predicted (120% f0 125% of nominal voltage can be predicied). This may require special specification of wansformers to avoid problems caused by overfluxing or tncreased current de to magnette excitation. Special attention should be paid to voliage ond frequency wlerance Shecifications for generaior iransformers which may need 10 match tbe 1UM up charatteritic of the generator, Tots cat require tbe transformer to be capable of wtibsianding full rated voliage at 80% of rated frequency. See 8.1. for motor sianiing requirements. This can give rise to @ oliage depression at motor terminals of 20% which therefore requtres that the Dower system should be able to nizcessfully accep! thts condition for she starting poriod, Typical starting periods can range from 1 10 10 seconds depending upon machine and sysiem ratings and macbine inersa, Starting dimes beyond 10 saconds are possible where particularly Ligh inertia toads need 10 be accelerated (egy fans) bouiver, these weed constitute a special appication and should be treated by exception. ‘Where the public utility inteke of a site is via tansformers, these transformers and their voltage regulation equipment shall comply with BP Group GS 112-5. Ditatied guidance on transformer construction and specification ‘s given In BP Group BP 12-9. Where necessary for voltage regulation purpeses, the incoming transformers chall be equipped with on oad and automatic tap change equipment Where there is on-site generation, the generators and their govemor and voltage regulation equipment shall comply with BP Group GS 112-6 or BP Group GS 160-1 Detailed guidance en generator application 18 not featured as a separate Dart of the BP Group RP 12 seriec of doctoments. Automatic voltage regulation equipment of power systems which have both on-site generation and public utiliry intakes via transformers shall be designed so thal there is no detrimental inter-action, There are a number of options wbicb can be considered for voltage control. in general the excitation of the power generaters can be arranged for zero Var imporvexport for the wbole site and at she same Hime ibe ‘intake transformer conivoller can be arranged to mamnsain voltage at a pre set level The excitation systems of synchronous motors shall be arranged to ensure no detrimental interactive effects with wansformer automatic tap change equipment. In the case of synchronous motors where tt is probable that the synchronous motor would be small tn relation to the supply intake Cabacity it is probable tbat she excitatton can be arranged to maintain RP 12.3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 14 POWER SYSTEM DESIGN 22810012945.6 45.7 46 461 constant power facior to the machine and the transformer tap change control would be arranged io maintain voltage within pre set levels, The controls associated with the governors of on-site generation where the site has no public utility connection shall be designed such that generator loading may be automatically shared between the operating sets and that the nominal supply frequency is maintained within the approved tolerance. Where governor areop conirel ts employed, there should be an oheratcr in attendance who could take action from time to time 10 ensure that the piste frequency rematned wieben reasonable timtis, Such Hints should be % 1% and the ouput sytem frequency tinie should be twitsin 30 seconds of *tandard" time, Statement of these Hentis jor design purpeses does no! indicate a need to supply an appropriate “standart” clock arrangement although power plants supplying tounsbips of camp areas are encouraged to bave thts faciliyy. The limit for frequency time may be relaxed for smati power plants, and those where frequency time 1s considered untmponant. Cog Where there are no time signals reliant upon mains frogoncy,) For unmanned power planis or for those where constant operator inienention would be’ undestrable, the system frequency may be controlled by an isochronous controller designed 10 provide overall frequency and genciator adings within prescrtoed mts, ‘The contro!s associated with the govemors of on-site generation ata site with a public utility connection shall be designed for parallel operation with the public utility and shall incorporate the protection arrangements which shall ensure that under public uuitty collapse (Or unacceptable major disturbance), the site will seuin a defined loading condition, ‘The arrangemen: shall also incorporate the means for independent operation. Whore a facilty {s tnterconnected wlth a Public Utitiy, the control of she power system frequency must be under the control of the Public Littity, Therefore only defined load governor settings or. droop load sharing contro! systems are possible. “However, stick interconnection #8 abveys subject 10 disconnection under autcmaite proteciion system operation which will leave she power generators supplying the site toad. Under hese conditions, whatever she original generator control arrangements, the fenevators must revert tc independent load sharing control. Synchronising Syachronising and/or check synchronising equipment shall be provided wherever more than one source of power may be operated in parallel with another. A synchronising philosophy shall be prepared. . See also sections 4.6.3 and 4.6.4. Because there can be many akemasive Ways of achieumng @ reasonable gmchronssing arrangement, it Js expected that there would be prepared @ syncbronising/check synchronising Dbilosophy Cor design document) for every tnstallaiion which will define the particular arrangements, RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 15 POWER SYSTEM DESIGN 6225100138046.25" $8.3, 464 47 Manval synchronising arrengements shell always be provided for the incoming power generator circuit breakers. This shall comprise voltmeters and a synchroscope to show the voltage and frequency diferences between the two systems that need to be patalieled. A check synchronising relay should be utilised to prevent operator maloperation but in order to allow closing a Dower source on to a dead system, as is required under black start conditions, the check synchronising relay shall have @ means of manmal or automatic override, Wherever possible and economically feasible, the manual synchtontsing system supplied shail also include automatic synchronising applied to the generator controls. Manual synchronising facilities should also be applied 10 any primary snuttchgear bus section étroutt Breaker and to circuit breaker: incoming io the primary switchboard wbich can make a parallel connection with other souerces. Synchronising or check synchronising facilities shall be fitted to busbar section and bus coupler circuit breakers where it is possible to sun the two systems feeding either section of a busbar completely segregated from the other. The number of circuit breakers provided with synchronising or check synchronising facilities should be kept to a minimuts. A similar logic shall be applied to public utility intake circuits. Alternatively, circuit breaker interlocking schemes shall be installed to preclude the possibility of paralleling two sources of power where synchronising facilities are excluded. Notwithstanding the provistons of 4.64, it is not expected tbat there would be a need i iuchute syncbronwing or check spncbronising facttiies on system voltage levels more than two levels removed from the ‘Power generation busbar where the power system: is operated with bus Sections normally ciosed. However, this is a general rule and should the system be commonly operated with open bus sections for significant Deriods and there ts ittle ceniral system conirol or informaiton dissemination, the arrangement should 2 reviewed. Synchronising facilities shall be provided at the primary power supply voltage and should be avoided at other voltages by use of appropriate circuit breaker interlocking, The form of interlocking should avoid the need for break-bejore-make action infers absolutely necessary. This may mead to bo asscciated «ith upstream bus saction circus: breakers and incoming circuit breakers 10 the upstream swhcbboard. See 45.3 Commentary) for provisions should duxances be %00 grent for the economic use of tntevoceing. Power Supplies for Control Systems Detailed guidance on this subject is given in BP Group RP 12-5: dic, power supplies for control systems shall comply with BP Group GS 112-11 and a.c. power supplies shall comply with BP Group GS 112-10. wy RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL $¥STEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 16 POWER SYSTEM DESIGN5. POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 5.1 5.11 $12 5.13 General ‘The distribution network shall be designed to carry continuously at least 110% of the Maximum Demand associated with peak design production at the mazimum ambient conditions, The requirement for 110% tapactty ts considered to be applicable to all components seitbin the disiribution system tncleding iransformer capacity, NM does not include capacity of equipment constdered 10 constittite a load to the power system eg. Induction Machines, which should be rated os close as posstble 10 actuai Process demands, Refer also t tbe commentary to Section 3.1.1 Switchboards should be supplied wht a degree of spares and room for expansion, Further detatis may be found sn BP Group RP 12-6 and 7. Where required the reliability associated with any part of the system shall be assessed and presented in qualitative and quantitative terms. in general the desion of the power system distribution sbould be based upon qualtattes requirements which include assessments for meciing Dower supply contuwtty i the event of matnienance and tm the event Of failure, “Since elecinical disiriouston Systems are Inberently reliable, the design requirements are commonly based upon the need 10 dfsconnact diurioutton electrical equipment to carry out routine maintenance and at the same ime heap power suppites available for operating plant, However, under some circumstances the need 1 assess the electrical reliability may arise (petbops as part of an overall assessment of plant faiture but posstely as part of a comparison af aliernative supplies for new plant), Under theie circumstances, the Mean Time Bewween Parker (MISE) and the Mean Time To Repate QATIR), concerning power sysiem fallure at any particular switchboard would be required. In addition it Tecommended that the quantitative statement indicate the probability of Jailure occurring aver a particular timeframe. (2g. Provide @ value and definition of the probability of zero fatheres over a 12 month period). See also sections 4.1.2 (commentary), 42.2 and 43, The distribution system shall be designed using one of the basic arrangements farther outlined in 5.2 through 5.6 and incorporating the contre] features of 5.7. The system designed shall be described in a design philosophy document It Is considered that the design features contained in sections 5.2 through 5.6 would be suitable for alt of the industrial power systems likely t0 be required by BP. However, should an alternative phtiosophy be available, tt should be compared with a "standard" double radial system in terms of operation, reliabiliz, matntatnability and cost The depictions in the drawings which Mustrate tbe teats of 3.2 and 5.5 are fairly conventional im that Contactors ate employed oniy for motor feeders, Under some circumstances Contactors can prove an economic choice for transformer oF Statichboard feeders. The depictions are for an RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 17 POWER SYSYEM DESIGN 62251001325.2 5.21 522 53 831 5.32 extensive installation wyptcal of Refinery or otber large system. OfSbore sosiems may be considered as sinilar but without the higher voltage level ‘and interconnections to Public Utvtty. Single Radial These should be used to provide power to aon essential electrical loads, those where alternative sources of energy are available such as standby generating plant or those process loads for which a lower availability can be accepted. Where minimum facthtles engineering is required and toe process plant Gan be (or will réguiarly be) switched off, sben single radial systems may be contemplated to satisfy process demands it ts considered that maintenance of elacivical systems could ke scheduled for vormal process Plant shutdown times and the reliablity of electrical Usertbution Sysiems 1 generally much better than required by the process syste. Fach component of the single sadial ciccuit shall be capable of supplying 110% of the required elecuical load. Transformers or other plant which includes forced cooling equipment shall not rely entirely on the forced cooling arrangements to obtain the necessary rating. Refer to ihe commentary 10 Section 3.1.1 for more detail on load estimation, Where the loading 1s of a cyclical nature and the forced cooling would not be expected 10 operate for more than 2 hours it any 12 bour period, then capacities bated upon forced cooling can be considered, However, there this is tbe case, @ cooling system failtere alarm shall be provided. Double Radial Essential and Process Sensitive loads should be supplied by wo or more identically rated radial systems, Figure 1a) details a double radial gyuem of jeed. In double radial systems, each circuit shall be capable of carrying a 110% of the Maximum Demand and all busbars shall include bus section switchgear. ‘They shall be a:ranged to ensure that unscheduled outage of any component of the circuit would not tesult in loss of power supply after the faulty equipment has been disconnected from the system. See section 3.1.2 for detail on load estimation, Exceptions to the requirement for ail supplies 19 be matntamed may be made 4 the foltousng cases:- (@) For bus section circult breaker faults. These may sometimes cause damage which may require complete switchboard Shutdown. However, toe occurrence of such faubs is sufficiently tare as t0 be neglected. RP 12.3 ELECTRIGAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 18 POWER SYSTEM DESIGN5.33 3.34 54 541 (2) Where ihere may ve some non-essential toads supplied from a double radial system, Toese may receive a single radial supply from a double radial system and therefore unuld net recelee a Supply tn the event of some forms of double radial sysiem outage. Double radially fed systems should generally be operated in parallel with all bas-section switches clesed. It ts considered that the advaniage of continuity of supply tn the event of relatively ght faut condistons which ts offered by closed bus seciton syotemis outweighs the disadvantages of increased faut disturbance for heavy jaul conditions. i ts also more snherenily safe since the swhichgear fault conditions are based upon the worst passible supply condition. “However, see also section 53.4 Where switchgear fauk levels are found to be above the values outlined in 2.3, attention shall be given to operating with bus-section brealers open as opposed to purchasing higher fault level switchgear, Where an open bus-section breaker philosophy is being given attention, the need to restore rapidly the supplies to drives shall determine whether automatic closure of bus section circuit breaicer(s} is to be employed, Switchgear fault levels could be readily reduced by increasing the impedance of incaming transformers. (Were now transformers will be purchased.) However, increasing the impedance of transformers increases the voltage regulation between Sighi and full load, ‘There is wherefore a wadte-off between fault duty and normal voltage regulation. See 5.7 for automatic transfer schemes. Triple Radial Gritical and essential icads may be alternatively sipplied by triple identically rated radial systems, ‘These systems are preferred to double radial systems wherever there is an overall total cost advantage. A iriple radial system comprises three feeders and three feeder transformers to provide supply to a distribution swhcbboard, Each Circuit of triple fed radial sysiems shall be capable of providing at least 55% of the Maximum Demand and all busbars shall be split into at least three sections with two bus-section switches, This will allow for the toss of any one of the three circuits leaving the nwo healthy circuits still capable of providing 110% of the’ Maximum Demand. Triple radial systems shall be provided where the power flow is selatively large. They shall generally be opecated with only two circuits in parallel to reduce switchgear fault levels. The incoming circuit breaker on the third identically rated feeder RP 12-3 1 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 17 POWER SYSIEM DESIGN 6225200134“35 S51 5.5.2 5.5.3 shall be left open and automatically reclosed in order to restore rapidly full supplies to the load. See 5.7 for automatic transfer schemes, Switchgear fault duty shall be based upon 2 of ibe 3 sransformer incomers connected. An electrical smteriock scbeme shail:be arranged 10 ensure that fault duties shail not be exceeded. Ring Fed Systems Power may be distributed from a primary of central substation to 2 number of subsidiary load centres by using two primary cable feeds connecied in a ting emerging from the source busbar and coatrolled by circuit breasers, Ring type distribution systems should be used only if the lower reliability of supply to the load supplied can be accepted. Figueres 106) ood (@) details ring systems of foe These systems have tower reliabtiity than double radiel systems bus can Offer @ cost optima! cacice where distances beiween substations 4 lange. ‘The cost benejtts should be welghed agains the lower reitabilisy for those cases where ving systems are contorplated. 4H fs expected shat there would be a design philosophy document wbich would provide the reasoning leading to acceptance of the ring system of feeding. Tels reasoning could be qualitative in nature or could contain a cost/benefit analyst: should the question of reduced teltabituy be of concer. Ring fed systems should normally duplicate only the primacy cables to the toad substation. They may however, duplicate the joad substation tansformers and the low voltage busbar by Providing a low-voltage or sccondary bus secion breaker. Duplication of downstream equipment would be dependent upon the need fo maintain electrical equipment and retain electrical feeds 10 the downstream substation. Where the ring feed is operated closed, intermediate primary circuit breakers, incding unit feeder protection, shall be provided at all vital or essential load centres on the fing, thereby ensuring fault clearance of only the unhealthy section of the ring. ‘The whole of the ring circuit shall be fally rated to be capable of supplying 110% of the Meximum Demand at all substations. 418 not proposed that economy should bo made by arranging tbat the ‘ing feeders be ‘tapered, Essential or critical loads may be supplied by ring systems if they are operated closed. Thetr chotce shall he based on the comparative rabiabiity and cost ax compared to the duplicate radial ystems. Refer to Section 3.1.1 jor deta'f on load estimation, RP 12-3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS PAGE 26 Powan SYSTEM Duster - G2251001355.5.4 5.6 Ring fed systems which are operated open need not include circuit breakers on the ring. Fault clearance would be achieved at the source subitation and in tbat event power wouid be lost to all ioads fed between. the source and the open point on the ring, In order that a faulty section’ of the primary ting may be disconnected and repaired without power loss during the whole of the repair period, the ring shall include isolating means at every load substation, These sing isolators. may be of the off-circuit or on-load type dependent on availability, cost, and the need for rapid reconnection of load. The need for fats location shalt be constdered in order to astist rapid re-conneciion of healthy companents and avoid possible re-application of she faut Open operated ring fed systems shall be permitted only to supply non-sensitive loads. The choice of an apen ring system shali consider the comparative reliability and cost of a single radially fed systems with 4 non automatic standby power supply backup. The rating of each section of open operated rings shall be capable of providing 110% of the Maximum Demand of the sing taken as a whole, 18-45 not proposed that economy should be made by arranging that ike ring feeders be ‘apered’ 11 fs recognised that manual initiated suticbing wil! be necessary before loads can be applied s0 cach of the normally operating legs of the ring, Therefore, wnder some circumstances % may be possible to ensure that only a known amount of load is transferred to a ring feeder. Where economically desirable and under such known and fiexible loading conditions, the requiremeni for the first sections of the ring to cary the Maximum Demand of the wbole ring may be relaxed. Interconnected or Mesh Systems The distribution of electrical power by solidly interconnected systems should be undertaken only upon specific desiga justification which confirms reliability, operation and safety. Mesh connecied schemes considered for HY systerss are permisstble providing protection arrangements ave suitable for the process plant needs and providing that the fault duties of switchgear are not compromised. Solidly interconnected mesh systems for LV are rarely found in indusirsal ‘settings and can be difficult to predict in terms of protection system ‘operaiton and level of disturbance during a fault condition. For this reason and because they would present @ point of non-standardisation ff used in bazardous areas they are 10 be avolded. BP 12.3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND LNSTAYLATIONS PAGE 21 POWER SYSTE DESIGN 00136 « 225 Q me