ADVANCED ANTENNA

THEORY

By: Dr. Sohail Khalid

 CHAPETR 4

Linear Wire Antennas

Monopole and Dipole Antennas

The dipole and the monopole are

arguably the two most widely used
antennas across the UHF, VHF and
lower-microwave bands. Arrays of
dipoles are commonly used as
base-station antennas in land
mobile systems. The monopole and
its variations are perhaps the most
common antennas for portable
equipment, such as cellular
telephones, cordless telephones,
automobiles, trains, etc. It has
attractive features such as simple
construction, sufficiently broadband
characteristics for voice
communication, small dimensions at
high frequencies. An alternative to
the monopole antenna for hand-held
units is the loop antenna, the
microstrip patch antenna, the spiral
antennas, inverted-L and inverted-F
antennas, and others.
INFINITESIMAL DIPOLE

An infinitesimal linear wire (l << ) (a << ) is

positioned symmetrically at the origin of the
coordinate system and oriented along the z axis,
as shown in Figure 4.1(a).

I(z) = az Io
ELECTRIC FIELD ORIENTATION
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR COMPUTING FIELDS RADIATED BY
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC SOURCES.
Far Field kr>>1
RADIATION DENSITY
EVALUATION OF DIRECTIVIY
POWER AND RADIATION RESISTANCE
CONT.
EFFECTIVE APPERTURE
SUMMARY
CONT...
CONT...
CONT...
Small Dipole
The current in a dipole is zero at the ends and varies as a sinusoidal function of the distance
from ends, If the length is small, but finite, say less then l/10, the sin wave variation is not fully
developed but can be treated as a linear variation. e.g (sin(x)=x when x is small.).
CONT...
CONT...
Finite Dipole (quarter wavelength, half wavelength )
Dipole Antenna

One of the most widely used antenna types is the half-wave dipole.
The half-wave dipole, also called a doublet, is formally known as the
Hertz antenna.
A dipole antenna is two pieces of wire, rod, or tubing that are one-
quarter wavelength long at the operating resonant frequency.

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Converting a Transmission Line into an Antenna

Bending at right angles

produces an efficient radiator

Magnetic fields now support each other

Optimum radiation occurs

when the length is 1/2 of a
wavelength

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Three-dimensional radiation pattern for a dipole.

Dipole Antenna
Vertically Mounted

This pattern is a donut shape with

the antenna passing thru the center.

There is no radiation from the end of the antenna.

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Antenna gain (G)
A dipole antenna gain is 1.64

10log10 (1.64) 2.15 dBi

A half-wave dipole antenna has a power gain of 1.64 (or 2.15 dB)
over an isotropic source.
Antenna gain relative to a dipole antenna can be expressed in
decibels as dBd.
Thus, an antenna with a gain of 3 dBd would have a gain of 5.15 dBi
(3 dB + 2.15 dB)

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Actual Antenna Lengths

A dipole resonates best when it is approx. 95% of the actual half-wavelength length
Shortcut:
Lfeet = 468/f MHz (This is in Feet)
1 ft = .3048 m
Dipole hung vertically is closest to an isotropic radiator
Bottom of dipole antenna should be at least a wavelength off the ground

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HALF WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA

The half-wave dipole antenna is just a special case of the dipole antenna.
Half-wave term means that the length of this dipole antenna is equal to a half-
wavelength at the frequency of operation.
The dipole antenna, is the basis for most antenna designs, is a balanced component,
with equal but opposite voltages and currents applied at its two terminals through a
balanced transmission line.

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HALF WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA

To make it crystal clear, if the antenna is to radiate at 600 MHz, what size should the
half-wavelength dipole be?
One wavelength at 600 MHz is = c / f = 0.5 meters. Hence, the half-wavelength dipole
antenna's length is 0.25 meters.
The half-wave dipole antenna is as you may expect, a simple half-wavelength wire fed
at the center.

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 Dipole

Dipoles have an radiation pattern,

doughnut symmetrical about the axis of the
dipole. The radiation is maximum at right
angles to the dipole, dropping off to zero
on the antenna's axis.

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FOLDED DIPOLE

Folded antenna is a single antenna but it consists

of two elements.
First element is fed directly while second one is
coupled inductively at its end.
Radiation pattern of folded dipole is same as that
of dipole antenna.

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Advantages

Input impedance of folded dipole is four times higher than that of straight dipole.
Typically the input impedance of half wavelength folded dipole antenna is 288 ohm.
Bandwidth of folded dipole is higher than that of straight dipole.

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Power density
Power
Directivity and Radiation Resistance
Input Impedance
Comparison
Pattern
Pattern
Pattern
Pattern
Monopole
Monopole
Monopole
Monopole
Use of linear Monopole
Monopole
Monopole and Dipole