A

PROJECT REPORT ON
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI STOREY(G+5)
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING USING STAAD PRO

SUBMITTED BY

D. Kavya 13011A0116

V. Manideep 13011A0120

G. Praveen 13011A0129

P. Srisailam 13011A0145

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

KUKATPALLY , HYDERBAD-85.
 A
PROJECT REPORT ON
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI STOREY(G+5)
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING USING STAAD PRO

SUBMITTED BY

D. Kavya 13011A0116

V. Manideep 13011A0120

G. Praveen 13011A0129

P. Srisailam 13011A0145

In the partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of, Bachelor of

Technology Degree of JNTUH during the year 2013-2017.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

(CIVIL ENGINEERING)
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATES

We, hereby declare that the project report entitled Analysis and
design of multistory(G+5) residential building using Staad Pro , Under the guidance of Prof.
Dr K Manjula Vani madam is submitted in the fulfillment of the requirements for the MAIN-
PROJECT. This is a bonafide work carried out by us and the results embodied in this project
report have not been reproduced/copied from any source. The results embodied in this project
report have not been submitted to any other university or institution for the award of any other
degree or diploma.

Date:

Place:

Civil Engineering Department

JNTUH Hyderabad
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to all the people behind the screen who helped us
to transform an idea into a real application.

We express our profound feeling of gratitude to our project guide Dr.K Manjula Vani, Professor
in Civil Engineering, JNTUCEH for their constant words of encouragement and suggestions which
helped us in completion of this project.

We take immense pleasure in thanking Dr.K Manjula Vani, Head of Department and Professor
in Civil Engineering, JNTUHCEH for permitting us to carry out the project.

5
 ABSTRACT

In order to compete in the ever growing competent market it is very important for a structural
engineer to save time as a sequel to this, an attempt is made to analyze and design a building
by using a software package staad pro.

For analyzing a building one has to consider all the possible loadings and see that the structure
is safe against all possible loading conditions.

The present project deals with the analysis of building using staad.pro. The dead loads, live loads
& wind loads are applied and the design for beams, columns, footing is obtained.

STAAD. pro is a very powerful tool which can save much time and is very accurate in Designs

6
CONTENTS PAGE.NO

1.Introduction

1.1 Classification of buildings 5

1.2 Methods of Analysis 9

1.3 Software 13

2. Modelling 15

2.1 Geometry 15

2.2 Property 18

2.3 Support 19

2.4 Load and Definition 19

2.5 Design 25

2.6 Analysis 25

3. Design of beam 27

3.1 Singly Reinforced Beams 27

3.2 Doubly Reinforced Beams 27

3.3 Design 28

3.4 Check 29

7
4. Design of column 32

4.1 Short and Long columns 32

4.2 Design 33

5. Design of slab 36

5.1 One way and two way slabs 36

5.2 Design 38

6. Design of footing 46

6.1 Types of footings 46

6.2 Design 48

7. Input

8. Output

9. References

8
 INTRODUCTION

Building:

Any structure for any purpose and constructed of any material and every part of that whether
used for human habitation or not, includes all the structural elements like foundation, masonry,
roof etc. with all the services like W. C., bath, stair etc. is called a building. The type of building
constructed and components in building vary with the purpose of the building. However, any
building mainly consists of three parts- foundation, superstructure and roof.

1. Foundation is the bottom most part of a structure taken into the ground to get good
anchorage and to form a stable base for the structural members to rest on.

2. The structure above the floor level in ground floor is known as superstructure.

3. Roof is the uppermost part of a structure shielding it from the weathering elements like sun,
snow and rain.

1.1 Classification of Buildings

The buildings are classified according to the use or the character of occupancy as:

(i) Residential Buildings

(ii) Educational Buildings

(iii) Institutional Buildings

(iv) Assembly Buildings

(v) Business Buildings

(vi) Mercantile Buildings

(vii) Industrial Buildings

(viii) Storage Buildings

(ix) Hazardous Buildings

9
Institutional Buildings: These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical or other
treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, disease or infirmity care
of infants or aged persons and for penal or correctional detention in which the liberty of the
inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the
occupants.

Residential Buildings: These buildings include any building in which sleeping accommodations
provided for normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities. It includes
single or multifamily dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses, restaurants,
hostels, dormitories and residential hotels.

(i) Educational Buildings: These buildings include any building used for school, college or
daycare purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not
covered by assembly buildings.

(ii) Assembly Buildings: These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for
amusement recreation, social, religious, political, civil, travel and similar purposes; such as
theaters, motion picture houses, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, town halls,
auditoriums, exhibition halls, museums, skating rinks, gymnasiums, restaurants, places of
worship, dance halls, club rooms, passenger stations and terminal of air, surface and other public
transportation services, recreation places etc.

(iii) Mercantile Buildings: These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display and sale
of merchandise either wholesale or retail, office, shops, and storage service facilities incidental
to the sale of merchandise and located in the same building.

Industrial Buildings: These are the buildings where products or materials of all kinds and
properties are fabricated, assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plants,
laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries, gas
plants, refineries, dairies and saw mills.

Storage Buildings: These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods,
wares or merchandise, vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage plants, freight

10
depots, transit sheds, store houses, truck and marine terminals, garages, hangars, grain elevators,
barns and stables.

(ix) Hazardous Buildings: These buildings are used of the storage, handling, manufacture or
processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with
extreme rapidity and/or which may produce poisonous elements of explosives; for storage
handling, manufacturing or processing of highly corrosive, toxic or noxious alkalis, acids or other
liquids or chemicals producing flame, fumes and explosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases;
and for the storage, handling or processing of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust
which result in the division of matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous ignition.

Various Steps in a Building Construction Project A building construction project has various steps
involved in it:

(i) Planning of the building

(ii) Analysis and Design of the building

(iii) Quantity and Cost estimation of the construction

(iv) Construction Management

Only after the above given steps are completed that the construction of the building commences.

(i)Planning of the Building:

Planning of a building is the assembling or grouping and arranging of its component parts in a
systematic manner and proper order so as to form a meaningful wholesome and homogeneous
body with a comprehensive look out to meet its functional purpose. Planning of the building
depends on the following factors:

- Its functional object and requirements

- Its component parts, their sizes and the relationship between the different rooms

- Shape and topography of the plot

- Location and climate of the place

- Rental Value and Bye-laws.

Minimum provisions designed from National Building code by Town planning authorities, Urban
development authorities and Municipalities, to protect the safety of the public with regarding to
structural sufficiency, fire hazards and health aspects are call Building Bye-laws. The building bye-
laws also cover aspects of administrative regulations, general building requirements, fire protection
11
requirements, material and structural design, rules

For design of electrical installation, lighting, air conditioning and lifts, for ventilation, acoustics and
plumbing, sanitation, measures to ensure safety of workers and public during construction,
requirements for greenbelts and landscaping and rules for erection of signs and outdoor display
structures.

The objectives of Building Bye-laws are:

- Building bye-laws allow disciplined and systematic growth of buildings and towns and prevent
haphazard development.

- Building bye-laws protect safety of public against fire, noise, health hazards and structural failure.

- They provide proper utilization of space. Hence, maximum efficiency in planning can be derived
from these bye-laws.

- They provide health, safety and comfort to the people who lives in buildings.

- Due to these bye-laws, each building will have proper approaches, light, air and ventilation which
are essential for health, safety and comfort.

12
1.2 Methods of analysis :

1. Method of flexibility coefficients

2. Moment distribution method

3. Kanis method

4. Approximate methods

Substitute Frame Method

Portal Method

Cantilever Method

5. Matrix methods

Stiffness Method

Flexibility Method

Method of flexibility coefficients:

The method of analysis comprises reducing the hyper static structure to a determinate structure
form by:

Removing the redundant support (or) introducing adequate cuts (or) hinges.

Limitations:

It is not applicable for degree of redundancy>3

13
Moment Distribution Method:

Moment distribution Method is basically a displacement method of analysis. But this method
sidesteps the calculation of the displacement and makes it possible to apply a series of
converging corrections that allow direst calculation of the end momets.

Limitations:

This method is eminently suited to analyse continuous beams including non-prismatic members
but it presents some difficulties when applied to rigid frames, especially when frames are
subjected to side sway.
Unsymmetrical frames have to be analysed more than once to obtain fixed moments in the
structures.
This method cannot be applied to structures with intermediate hinges.

Kanis method:

Kanis approach involves repeated distribution of moments at successive joints in

frames and continues beams.

The most significant feature of kanis method is that process of iteration is self corrective.Any
error at any stage of iterations corrected in subsequent steps consequently skipping a few steps
error at any stage of iteration is corrected in subsequent consequently skipping a few steps of
iterations either by over sight of by intention does not lead to error in final end moments.

14
Advantages:
It is used for side way of frames.

Limitations:

The rotational of columns of any storey should be function a single rotation value of same
storey.

The beams of storey should not undergo rotation when the column undergoes translation. That
is the column should be parallel.

Frames with intermediate hinges cannot be analysis.

Applicable

15
 Not applicable

Approximate method:

Approximate analysis of hyper static structure provides a simple means of obtaining a quick
solution for preliminary design. It makes some simplifying assumptions regarding Structural
behavior so to obtain a rapid solution to complex structures.

The usual process comprises reducing the given indeterminate configuration to determine
structural system by introducing adequate no of hinges. It is possible to sketch the deflected
profile of the structure for the given loading and hence by locate the print inflection. Since each
point of inflection corresponds to the location of zero moment in the structures. The inflection
points can be visualized as hinges for the purpose of analysis. The solution of structures is
sundered simple once the inflection points are located.

16
 Matrix methods:

For the solution of simultaneous equations matrix approach can be employed and such
method is called matrix method of analysis.

It is catagorised in two ways:

Displacement or Stiffness Method

Force or Flexibility Method

Stiffness Method:

It consists of series of simultaneous equations, each expressing the relation between the
moments acting at the ends of the members is written in terms of slope and deflection.The
solution of slope deflection equations along wuth equilibrium equations gives the values of
unknown rotation of the joints. Knowing these rotations, the end moments are calculated using
slope deflection methods.

Flexibility Method:

In this method redundant forces are choosen as unknowns. Additional equations are
obtained by considering the geometrical conditions imposed on the formation of structures.
This method is used for analysing frames of lower degree of redundancy.

1.3 SOFTWARE:

Stadd.Pro V8i is the most popular structural engineering software product for 3D model
generation, analysis and multi-material design.It is a general purpose program for performing the
analysis and design of a wide variety of types of structures. The basic three activities which are
to be carried out to achieve that goal - a) model generation b) the calculations to obtain the
analytical results c) result verification - are all facilitated by tools contained in the program's
graphical environment. STAAD pro uses stiffness method.

17
In staad.pro we have Modeling, Building planner, Piping, Bridge deck, Post processing,
Foundation design, Steel design, RAM connection, Concrete design, Advanced slab design,
Earthquake.

STATEMENT OF PROJECT:

Building : Lecture Gallery & Central Library Building at Gandhi Medical College

Number of floors : Basement+Ground+ 3 floors

Type of structure: R.C.C Framed Structure

Type of walls: Brick walls

Geometry of building:

Ground floor: 3.6 m

Floor to Floor height: 4.5m and 6m for third floor

Depth of foundation: 3m

Materials:

Concrete grade: M30

Steel grade: Fe415

Safe bearing capacity of soil: 450 kN/m

18
 2. MODELING

In modeling we generate the model. The procedure is as follows:

2.1 Geometry

In Geometry we create nodes with the help of nodes cursor in XZ plane either by using grid or
by giving the coordinates from the given dimensions of the plan. We get the layout of the floor.
Now we can paste the nodes to as many levels as the number of floors and then add the
beams. (staad considers every line as a beam) This is done by using translational repeat option.
Here we give number of steps (i.e number of floors required) and in which direction we need
the floors. Now select all the nodes, go to geometry (at the top) --> connect beams along -->
X,Y and Z. We get the required model.

Or firstly we can complete the whole floor and later on we can do translational repeat to get
the other floors. This can be done with the help of add beams. Once nodes are created we join
them using add beams option and this gives us the layout of one floor. Now using translational
repeat we generate other floors. In translational repeat we have to select link steps inorder to
get columns.

There is also another way to generate a model in staad. We can import the DXF format file of
the floor layout drawing done in autocad.

19
Fig 1 floor layout

Fig 2 model

20
Fig3 Space frame of the building

21
2.2 PROPERTY:

In property we have section and beta angle. Under section we define the required shape and
dimension. We choose concrete under material. Beta angle is used to give column orientation.

Inorder to assign section for beams go to select (at top) --> beams parallel to--> X --> Z. The
property will be assigned to all beams. If there are different sections for beams then select the
floor which has the required beams using beams cursor. Now go to view --> view selected objects
only and then assign the property.

To assign section for columns go to select (at top)-->beams parallel to--> Y. The property will
be assigned to all columns. If there are different sections for columns then select the columns
using beam cursor and go to view-->view selected objects only and then assign the property.

Fig4 Property

2.3 SUPPORT:
22
 In order to add support to the structure go to support

-->Create

Under create we have fixed, pinned, fixed but etc. Select the required support and add. In
order to assign we can select either use cursor to assign or assign to selected beams.

2.4 LOAD AND DEFINITION:

Types of loads:

1. Seismic load(EL)
2. Dead load(DL)
3. Live load(LL)
4. Wind load(WL)

1.Seismic load:

Seismic load is due to earthquake and it is a lateral load. Seismic load is calculated as per
IS:1893-2002.

In STAAD go to General load and definition-->DefinitionsSeismic definitions

In seismic definitions

Hyderabad zone2 -Z = 0.10

Special moment resisting frame R= 5

Importance factor I = 1

Medium and stiff soil Rock and soil site factor = 2

Type of structure (ST) = 1

Damping ratio (DM) = 0.05

23
After entering the above values click add and close. The parameters will be defined. Next go to
Load Case Details Add

Number 1 Loading type: seismic Title: EL+X

Number 2 Loading type: seismic Title: EL-X

Number 3 Loading type: seismic Title: EL+Z

Number 4 Loading type: seismic Title: EL-Z

Go to 1. EL+X seismic loads. We will get as below:

Factor = 1 for 1,3 for directions X and Z respectively

24
 Factor = -1 for 2,4 for directions X and Z respectively

After entering the values click add and close. The loads will be automatically assigned.

2.Dead load:

This is permanent load which includes self weight, floor finishes, partitions and walls.
Dead load is a gravity load. Dead load is calculated as per IS:875 ( part 1)-1987 .

Unit weight of concrete (RCC) 25 kN/m

Unit weight of concrete (PCC) 24 kN/m
Unit weight of brick masonry-20 kN/m

Dead load of wall = Unit weight*thickness* height of wall

Thickness of exterior wall = 230mm
Thickness of interior wall = 115mm

In the structure we have three different floor heights, 3.6m, 4.5m, 6m. Let the height of
parapet wall be 1.2m. Thickness of slab is taken as 150mm.

Exterior walls:

For h = 3m DL = 20*0.23*3= 14 kN/m

Interior walls:

For h = 3.m DL = 20*0.115*3= 7 kN/m

Parapet wall:

DL = 20*0.23*1.2= 5.52 kN/m

Slab:

25
 DL = 25*0.15= 3.75 kN/m

To assign first create the load, go to load case details add

Number 5 Loading Type: Dead Title: DL

Now in DL addselfweightfactor-1

Member LoadUniform force: Here enter the above data (exterior and interior walls
selfweight)

Floor load: Here enter the self weight of slab

Now assign the loads to the respective beams by selecting them.

26
Fig 5 dead load

3. Live load:

Live loads are imposed loads and may vary with time. Live load is calculated as per IS:875
(part 2)-1987. As the given building is a lecture gallery and central library take a live load of 4
kN/m.

Create live load case detail same as the dead load. Live load is assigned to all the floors except
the roof.

27
Fig6 live load

4.Wind load:

Wind load is calculated as per IS 875 (part 3)-1987.

Basic wind speed in Hyderabad = 44m/s

Building height = 26.1m

Length of building normal to the wind = 23.1m

Length of building along the wind = 54.43m

The building is an enclosed structure.

Go to wind definitions and fill the above data. Create the wind load cases detail as

Number 7 Loading Type: wind Title: WL X

28
Number 8 Loading Type: wind Title: WL Z

The wind load is assigned automatically.

Fig7 Wind load

2.3 Design:

29
 Design consists of steel, concrete, timber, aluminium, shear wall.As we are designing a
concrete structure select concrete and specify the code (IS 456:2000). We can select the
required parameters and define them. Now select commandDesign beamAdd,
Design columnAdd,Take offAdd.

2.4 Analysis:

Select Analysis/print we get the below one:

Click add and run analysis

3. Design of beams:

30
 Beam:

A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting

bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external
loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment.

A reinforced concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive and shear
stresses induced in it due to loads on the beam. Concrete is fairly strong in compression but very
weak in tension. Plain concrete beams are thus limited in carrying capacity by the low tensile
strength. Steel is very strong in tension. Thus the tensile weakness of concrete is overcome by
the provisions of reinforcing steel in the tension zone around the concrete to make a reinforced
concrete beam.

Beams are classified as 1. Singly Reinforced beam 2. Doubly Reinforced Beam

3.1 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS:

A singly reinforced beam is one in which the concrete element is only reinforced near
the tensile face and the reinforcement, called tension steel, is designed to resist the tension.

3.2 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS:

A doubly reinforced beam is one in which besides the tensile reinforcement the
concrete element is also reinforced near the compressive face to help the concrete resist
compression. The latter reinforcement is called compression steel. When the
compression zone of a concrete is inadequate to resist the compressive moment (positive
moment), extra reinforcement has to be provided if the architect limits the dimensions of
the section.

31
3.3 Design

Consider a beam: Reinforcement details are as follows:

3.4 Check for design:

32
From IS 456: 2000

Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1-Astfy/bdfck)

Substituting value of Mu=74.626 kNm

33
 74.626*10^6 = 0.87*415*Ast*575*(1-Ast/300*575*30)

Ast=374.067mm

The value is same as the staad output value.

Check for shear:

Cross section of the beam b*d= 300*600 mm

Vertica shear force =Vu=122.69 kN

tc=0.29 N/mm (from table 19 of IS 456-2000)

Minimum Shear Reinforcement:

When v is less than c , given in Table 19, minimum shear reinforcement shall -be provided

Design of Shear Reinforcement:

When v exceeds c, given in Table 19, shear reinforcement shall be provided in any of the
following forms:

a) Vertical stirrups,

b) Bent-up bars along with stirrups,

and c) Inclined stirrups,

v = vu/(b x d) (As per clause 40.1 of IS 456-2000)

3
=122.69 x 10 /(600x300)

=0.681 N/mm

v c

34
design reinforcement Vus = Vu- c*b*d (As per clause 40.4 of IS 456-2000)

= 72665 N

For vertical stirrups:

Vus = 0.87 fy Asv d/Sv (As per clause 40.4 of IS 456-2000)

Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent-up bars within a distance Sv. Sv =
spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars along the length of the member,

v = nominal shear stress

c = design shear strength of the concrete,

b = breadth of the member which for flanged beams, shall be taken as the breadth of the web

bw,

fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement which shall not be

taken greater than 415 N/mm2,

= angle between the inclined stirrup or bent- up bar and the axis of the member, not less
than

45, and

d = effective depth.

72665 N= 0.87x415x2xx82x600/4*Sv

Sv = 200mm

Provided 2 legged 8mm @ 200mm c/c .

Sv should not be more than the following

35
 1. 0.75xd = 0.75 x 400 = 300 mm

2. 300 mm

3. Minimum shear reinforcement spacing = Svmin

Minimum shear reinforcement:

Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that:
Asv/bSv > 0.4/0.87fy ( as per clause 26.5.1.6 of IS 456-2000)
Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the member,

b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam, and

fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm^2 which shall not be

taken greater than 415 N/mm2

4.COLUMNS:

Column or strut is a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three times
the least lateral dimension. The principal stress in a compression member is the normal stress.

4.1 Short and long columns:

A compression member may be considered as short when both the slenderness ratios
lex/D and ley/b are less than 12. It shall otherwise be considered as a compression
member.

lex= effective length in respect of the major axis

D = depth in respect of the major axis

ley= effective length in respect of the minor axis

b= depth in respect of the minor axis

4.2 DESIGN:

36
 Beam no: 963

Column design:

Column size : 1.2m*1.2m

M30 grade concrete , Fe415 steel

Let d= 60mm

d/D = 60/1200 = 0.05

Pu/(fck*b*D) = 1930.02*103/(30*1200*1200)

= 0.045 N/mm2

Mu/(fck*b*D2) =1521.79*106/(30*1200*12002)

= 0.029 N/mm2

From chart 45 of SP: 16 i.e for equal reinforcement on each side

P/fck = 0.01

P =30*0.01 = 0.3

Area of steel required = 0.3*1200*1200/100 = 4320mm2

Therefore provide 22 numbers of 16mm dia bars .

Area provided= 22**16/4=4423.36 mm

Pprovided = 0.307

Pprovided/fck = 0.307/30 = 0.0102

d/D = 0.05

Pu/fck*b*D =0.045

Mu/(fck*b*D2) = 0.025

Mux1 = 1296 kNm

Pu/fck*b*D = 0.045

37
 Muy1 = 1296 kNm

Puz = (0.45*30*12002)+(0.75*415*4423.36)

=20784 kN

Pu/Puz = 1930.02/20784 = 0.093

Check:

From clause 39.6 of IS456:2000

(342.09/1296) + (1521.79/1296) 1

Design of main reinforcement:

From clause 26.5.3.1 of IS 456-2000

1. The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0.8%,
not more than 4% of the gross cross sectional area of the column.
2. The bars shall not be less than 12mm in diameter.
3. Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed 300mm.

Provide main reinforcement: 22 number-16 dia bars

Transverse Reinforcement:

As per clause 26.5.3.2 of IS 456-2000

Pitch:

Shall not be more than the least of the following.

1. Least lateral dimendion of the compression member(350 mm)

2. 16*diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar

=16*12=192mm

3. 300 mm

38
Diameter:

1. Shall not be less than one fourth of diameter of main reinforcement

2. Not less than 6mm

PROVIDED TIE REINFORCEMENT:

Provide 8mm dia rectangular ties @ 255mm c/c

Design of column from staad

5.SLABS:

39
Slab is plate elements forming floor and roofs of buildings carrying distributed loads

primarily by flexure.

a.One way slab:

One way slabs are those which are supported on the two opposite sides and loads are
carried in one direction only. The direction in which the load is carried in one way slab is called
the span. Generally one way slabs are made to span in shorter length because the corresponding
bending moment and shear force are least. The main reinforcement is provided in the span
direction. Steel is also provided in the transverse direction to take care of temperature and
shrinkage effects. This steel is called as distribution steel or secondary reinforcement.

b. Two way slab:

Two way slabs are supported continuous on all four sides and the loads are carried to
the supports to the supports in both directions.

c. Flat slabs:

Flat slabs and flat plates are multi span slabs which directly rest on columns without
beams. Flat slabs differ from flat plates, because they have either drop panels or column capital
in the region of column.

d. Flat plates;

Flat plates have uniform slab thickness and the high shear resistance around the
columns is established by providing special reinforcement or shear head reinforcement.

40
Loads on slabs:

41
 According to IS:875 the load on the slabs is taken as

Self weight for RCC = 25 kN/m

Finishes and partitions = 1.5 kN/m

Characteristic imposed loads depending on the usage of building.

DESIGN OF SLAB:

Two Adjacent Edges Continuous:

Effective Spans:

Lx = 5.43 m ; Ly = 5.925 m

As per IS 456:2000

Effective Span = (Clear Span + Effective depth of slab) or

(Clear Span + Width of Support) whichever is lesser.

Effective short span = 5430+ (750/2) = 5805m

Assume modification factor = 1.5

Span to effective depth ratios for span up to 10 m (clause: 23.2.1)

For continuous: (effective span) / (effective depth) = 26

Assume an effective depth = lx / (26*1.5) =5805/(26*1.5) =148.85mm

Effective depth (d) = 150mm

With a clear cover 20mm and assume a bar of diameter 10mm we get

Total depth (D) = 150+cover+/2 =150+20+5 =175mm

Total depth provided(D) = 175 mm

= 5430 + 150 = 5580

Effective spans {
= 5925 + 150 = 6075

42
Aspect ratio = 6075/5580 =1.09

1.09 < 2 Hence slab is a two way slab

Grade of materials:

Concrete = M30 ; Steel = Fe415

LOADS:

Consider 1m width of slab

1. Live load = 4 KN /m

2. Dead Load = 0.175 * 25 = 4.375 KN/m

3. Floor Finishers = 1.0 KN/m

FACTORED LOAD = 1.5 * 9.375 = w =14.06 KN/m

Calculations of Design Moments:

For aspect ratio of 1.72 the moment coefficients are

From table 26 of IS 456 : 2000

For two adjacent edges discontinuous

-x = 0.08328 -y = 0.047
+x = 0.06244 +y = 0.035

43
Moments per unit width are given by the following equation :

Mx = x*w*lx2

My = y*w*ly2

Short span moments M-ux 36.46 KN-m

M+ux 27.33 KN-m

Long span moments M-uy 24.39 KN-m

M+uy 18.16 KN-m

Check for Depth:

Max. Moment is at continuous edge of short span ( Mux-) = 36.46 KN-m

Asper IS 456:2000, For Fe415, Mu limit is (Mulim) = 0.138fck bd

d = 0.1336

36.4610^6
d =0.138301000

d = 93.84 mm< 150 mm

So, Depth provided for the slab is sufficient.

Calculation of Reinforcement:

SHORT SPAN:

0.5 4.6
Negative steel Ast = *(1-1 ^2 ) *b*d

4.636.4610^6
= (0.5*30)/415*(1-1 ) *1000*150=721.6mm2
301000150^2

Using 10 bars Ast =78.53 mm2

44
Spacing = (78.53*1000)/721.6 = 108.83 mm c/c

Check for spacing =3*d or 300 mm whichever is less

= 3*150 = 450 mm

Provide 10 mm bars at spacing of 110mm c/c.

Ast provided = 713.99 mm / m length of slab

Placement &Curtailment:

1. These rods are placed at bottom over long span continuous edge parallel to short span.

2. These rods provided to a distance of 0.15lx on either side from face of support.

3.50% of these rods are extended to a distance of 0.3lx on either side from face of support.

Positive steel at mid span:

4.627.3310^6
Ast = (0.5*30)/415*(1- 1 301000150^2 )*1000*150

=530.88 mm

Use 10 mm bars Ast= 78.53mm

Spacing =78.53/530.88 *1000 =147.92 mm c/c

Check for Spacing:

Maximum spacing= 3*d or 300 mm whichever is less

= 3*150 = 450 mm

Provide 10mm bar at 150 mm spacing.

Ast provided = 523.6 mm / m length of slab.

Placement and Curtailment:

45
1. These rods are placed at bottom parallel to short span

2.50% of these bars are curtailed at 0.15lx from centre of the discontinuous edge and 0.25lx
from centre of the continuous edge

0.15lx= 0.15*5580 =837 mm; 0.25lx = 1395 mm

3. Remaining 50% of the bars are taken to the end of the discontinuous edge bent up, taken to
top and extent to distance of 0.1lxfrom the face of the support.

0.1lx =0.1*5580 =558mm

LONG SPAN:

4.6
Negative steel Ast = (0.5*fck)/fy *(1-1 ^2 )* b*d

4.624.39106
= (0.5*30)/415 *(1-1 3010001502 )*1000*150 =471.04mm2

Using 10 bars Ast =78.53 mm

Spacing =(78.53*1000)/471.04 = 166.71mm c/c

Check for spacing =3*d or 300 mm whichever is less

= 3*150 = 450 mm

Provide spacing @ 170 mm c/c

Ast provided = 462 mm / m length of slab

Placement &Curtailment:

1. These rods are placed at top over short span continuous edge parallel to long span.

2. These rods provided to a distance of 0.15lx on either side from face of support.

3.50% of these rods are extended to a distance of 0.3lx on either side from face of support.

Positive steel at Mid span:

46
 4.618.16106
Ast=(0.5*30)/415* (1-1 3010001502 ) 1000 150

=346.56 mm

Use 10 mm bars Ast= 78.53mm

Spacing =78.53/346.56 *1000 = 226.6 mm c/c

Check for Spacing

Maximum spacing= 3*d or 300 mm whichever is less

= 3*150 = 450 mm

Provide 10mm bar at 230mm spacing.

Ast provided =341.48 mm / m length of slab.

Placement and Curtailment

1. These rods are placed at top parallel to long span

2.50% of these bars are curtailed at 0.15ly from centre of the discontinuous edge and 0.25ly
from centre of the continuous edge

0.15ly= 0.15*6075 = 911.25mm; 0.25ly =0.25*6075= 1518.75mm

3. Remaining 50% of the bars are taken to the end of the discontinuous edge bent up, taken to
top and extent to distance of 0.1ly from the face of the support.

0.1ly =0.1*6075 =607.5mm

Check for Shear:

The critical section for shear is at a distance of d from the face of the supports. However
because of complication in computing the exact shear force at the section in the case of two
way slab, it is usual to provide this check at the centre of the support.

Vu(b)=(Wu*Lx)/3 =(14.06*5.580)/3 =26.15 KN

Side Ratio (r) = ly/lx

47
 = 6.075/5.580 =1.088

Vu(l) = wu * lu *r/2r

= 14.06 * 5.580 * 0.5

= 39.23 KN

v(b) = Vu(b)/(b*d)= (39.23*1000)/(1000*150)= 0.262 N/mm2

As per IS 456: 2000, Cl:B5.2.1.1

K value =1.30 (for slab thickness 150 or less)

(Ast)p = (78.53 * 1000)/200 = 392.65mm

Assuming 50% bars only continued to support

(Ast)p =392.65/2 =196.325

% of steel(p) = (Ast)p/(b*d) = 196.325/(1000*15) *100 =0.157%

For p=0.157% c= 0.29N/mm( from table 19 of IS 456:2000)

Max. allowable shear stress (cmax) =3.5 N/mm (for M30)

K c= 1.30 * 0.29 =0.3777 N/mm

v< K* c<cmax

Hence the slab is safe against shear.

Check For Deflection:

Shorter span is sufficient

% Area of steel at mid span (p)req= (Ast /bd)*100

=(261.7*100)/(1000*150)

= 0.174%

fs = 0.58 fy [(Ast)req /(Ast)prov]

48
(Ast)req= 493.95 mm ; (Ast)prov = 523.6 mm

Steel Stress

fs = 0.58 fy[(Ast)req /(Ast)prov]

= 0.58 * 415 * [(493.95)/(523.6)]

= 227.06 N/mm

Modification Factor corresponding to pt = 0.174% and fs =227.06 N/mm2 , k=1.65

Minimum l/d required to stiffness =Span / (effecive depth)

= B.V * M.F

= 42.9

Provided l/d required = 5430/150 = 36.2<42.9

Provided l/d is less than minimum l/d required to stiffness.

Hence, Slab is safe under deflection.

Check For Cracking:

1. Steel provided minimum steel i.e.; 0.12% of Ag

2. Spacing of bars 3d

3. Diameter of steel < 1/8 th the thickness of slab i.e.; 21.25 mm

4. Hence the slab is safe against Cracking.

49
6. FOOTINGS:
Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and to transmit and
distribute their loads to the soil in such a way that the load bearing capacity of the soil is not
exceeded, excessive settlement, differential settlement ,or rotation are prevented and adequate
safety against overturning or sliding is maintained.

Types of Foundation:

Shallows Foundations
Deep Foundations

Shallow foundations:

Shallow foundations are those founded near to the finished ground surface; generally
where the depth of foundation (Do) is less than the width of the foundation (B) and less
than 3m.Types in shallow foundations are:

a.Isolated footing:

This are used to support single columns. This is one of the most economical types of
footings and is used when columns are spaced at relatively long distances

b. Combined footing:

This usually supports two columns, or three columns not in a row. Combined footings are
used when two columns are so close that single footings cannot be used or when one column is
located at or near a property.

50
c. Strap footing:

This consists of two single footings connected with a beam or a strap and support two
single columns. This type replaces a combined footing and is more economical.

d. Continuous footing:

Support a row of three or more columns. They have limited width and continue under
all columns.

e. Wall Footings:

They are used to support structural walls that carry loads for other floors or to support
nonstructural walls.

f. Mat (Raft) footings (Thickened slabs):

They consist of one footing usually placed under the entire building area. A raft
foundation normally consists of a concrete slab which extends over the entire loaded area. It
may be stiffened by ribs or beams incorporated into the foundation.

Deep Foundations:

Deep foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished ground surface for
their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is usually at depths >3 m
below finished ground level. Types of deep foundations are:

51
 a. Pile foundations

This are relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation loads through soil
strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity.In
addition to supporting structures, piles are also used to anchor structures against uplift forces
and to assist structures in resisting lateral and overturning forces.

b. Piers:

This is foundations for carrying a heavy structural load which is constructed inside in a
deep excavation.

c. Caissons:

This are a form of deep foundation which are constructed above ground level, then sunk
to the required level by excavating or dredging material from within the caisson.

d. Compensated foundations:

This is deep foundations in which the relief of stress due to excavation is approximately
balanced by the applied stress due to the foundation. The net stress applied is therefore very
small. A compensated foundation normally comprises a deep basement.

DESIGN OF FOOTING:

Take a column of size 1200mm*1200mm

The safe bearing capacity of soil is 450kN/m at a depth of 2.5m below the ground

Let the service load be 6358.483kN

Assume weight of footing +backfill as 10% of the load = 6358.483*(10/100) = 635.85 kN

(P+P)/A M/z 1.5 qa

(6358.453+635.85)/L + 43.795*6/L 1.5*450

L= 3.8m

52
Assume a 4m*4m footing

Thickness of footing slab based on shear:

Net soil pressure = qu,max

=P/A + M/Z

6358/4 + 43.795*6/4

= 401.5 kN/m

qu,min = P/A M/Z

= 393.29 kN/m

a) One way shear:

The critical section is at a distance d from the face of the column
Factored shear force Vu1=0.596*B*(1400-d)
=0.596*4000*(1400-d)
Assume for M30 concrete Pu=0.25%

From table 19 of IS: 456-2000

Tc=0.36 N/mm
Therefore one way shear resistance Vc1=0.36*B*d
=0.36*4000*d

But Vu1Vc1

Therefore d>925mm

b) Two way shear:

The critical section is at a distance d/2 from the periphery of the column

Factored shear force =Vu2=0.596*(4000-(1200+d))

Let us assume d=925mm

Therefore Vu2=6844.69kN

53
 Two way shear resistance Vc2=ks*Tc*(4*(1200+d)*d)

From clause 31.6.3.1

Ks = 0.5 +c

=(short side/ong side)=(3/3) = 1

Tc=0.25*(fck^0.5) =0.25*(30^0.5)=1.369

Vc2=1*1.369*(4*d*(1200+d))

But Vu2Vc2

6844.69*(10) 1.369*(4*d*(1200+d))

D= 668.83 mm

Hence it can be seen that one way shear governs

Assume a clear cover of 75mm and 16mm dia bars in both the directions

D 925+75+16 =1006mm

Therefore provide D= 1010mm

Assume unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m

Assume unit weight of soil = 16 kN/m

Actual gross pressure at footing base

q= (6358.48/(4*4))+(25*1.01)+(16*1.01)

=437.8 kN/m< 450 kN/m

54
Design of flexural reinforcement:

Factored moment at column face Mu= 0.596*4000*(1400/2)

=2336.32 kNm

Ptreq = (fck*2fy)*[1-(1-(4.598Mu/fck*b*d))]

Ptreq = 0.146

Ast minimum = 0.12%Bd

=(0.12*100)*4000*925= 4440mm

Pt minimum = (102*4440)/(4150*925) = 0.116<0.207

But this reinforcement is less than that is assumed for one way shear that is Pt= 0.25

Area of steel required = (0.25/100)*4000*925=9250mm

Use 16mm dia bars , Number of bars =48

Spacing =s ={4000-75-75-16}/(48-1) =82mm

Provide 48 number of 16mm dia bars in both directions

As per clause 26.2.1

Required development length

Ld = (*0.87*fy)/(4Tbd)

=(*0.87*415)/(4*1.2*1.6)

=47*

For 16mm diameter bars in footing

Ld = 47*16 = 752mm

Length available = 1400-75=1325>752 .

Therefore OK.

55
9.References:
Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete by P.C. Vargheese

Reinforced Concrete Design by Pillai & Menon

Code Books

1. IS 456-2000

2. IS 875-1987 part1, part2, part3

3. IS 1893-2002

56