Vincent Fleury
ONERA, 92322 Chtillon, France
and
Christophe Bailly, Emmanuel Jondeau, Marc Michard, and Daniel Juv
Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69134 Ecully, France
DOI: 10.2514/1.35561
Dual particle image velocimetry (dual PIV) measurements have been performed to investigate the spacetime
correlations in two subsonic isothermal round jets at Mach numbers of 0.6 and 0.9. The correlation scales are
analyzed along the centerline and in the shear-layer center over the rst 11 jet diameters from the nozzle exit. To
provide robust results over a wide range of ow conditions, these correlation scales are given in terms of their
appropriate quantities, namely, the mean or rms velocity in reference to velocity and the momentum thickness or the
half-velocity diameter in reference to length in the shear layer and on the jet axis, respectively. From these results, a
discussion on the modeling of turbulence in jets is addressed. The self-similarity of some space correlation functions
in the shear layer and on the jet axis is shown. Furthermore, far enough downstream in the shear layer, some of the
ratios between the space and time scales are relatively close to the values expected in homogeneous and isotropic
turbulence. It is also found that the ratio between the integral length and the time scales in the xed frame is of the
order of the local mean ow velocity. In the convected frame, the appropriate scaling factor is the rms velocity.
where a is the retarded time. The problem then reduces to the of the integral scales L1
11 and T11 in the mixing-layer of a jet:
evaluation of the integration of the fourth-order velocity correlations
over the ow domain. Ribner [4] tackled this problem by considering
isotropic turbulence superimposed on a mean shear axisymmetric 1 5u1 3
L11 and Tc11
ow. The derivation of the model is not reproduced, but through jdU1 =dx2 j jdU1 =dx2 j
usual statistical assumptions, the integrand is expressed as a function
of second-order velocity correlations. To develop an engineering
Assuming a hyperbolic tangent prole for the mean ow (see also
tool, a reasonable idea is to rst introduce some numerical data
Eq. (4) in Sec. III), the mean velocity gradient can be estimated by
provided by a k turbulence model. Bchara et al. [5], Bailly et al.
jdU1 =dx2 j UJ =4 . By noting [18,19] that u1 =UJ 0:16, the
[6], and Khavaran [7], among others, developed such applications to
two following equivalent relations can then be derived:
subsonic and supersonic jet noise. Note that a connected and
interesting discussion has been proposed by Morris and Farassat [8].
Assuming a separation of variables, the spacetime second-order
velocity autocorrelation function L1
11 3:2 and Tc11 12 0:6c11 (3)
UJ
II. Experimental Setup 1280 1024 pixels). The laser beams are combined by a homemade
A. Facility optical system and then refracted by a cylindrical lens to form a light
sheet (2 mm of thickness) propagating across the jet axis. The two
The experiments were performed in a facility of the Ecole Centrale
cameras are mounted side by side and can be traversed in the axial
de Lyon (ECL) designed for acoustic testing of transonic single-
direction over more than 15D. A passive beam splitter allows the
stream hot jets. This jet facility is composed of a centrifugal
visualization of the same region of the jet with the two cameras. With
compressor (maximal power of 350 kW, mass-ow rate up to
a working distance of nearly 600 mm between light sheets and
1 kg s1 ), an air drier system (power of 12 kW), and of a set of
cameras, and using objectives with a focal length of 60 mm, a eld of
controllable electric resistances (power 64 kW, stagnation
view of 2:2D 1:8D is obtained. The calibration is performed
temperature <500 K). A nozzle of conical shape with an inlet
before operating the jet by recording with both cameras the image of
diameter of 90 mm, an exit diameter of D 38 mm, an inside face
the same calibration plate. Because of the long exposure time of the
angle of 18 deg, and a lip thickness of 2 mm is used. In this
second frame of CCD cameras (120 ms), a fast optical shutter is used
installation, Mach numbers up to 1.6 can be investigated and the
with the rst camera. Owing to the small closure delay of the shutter,
static temperature can be kept equal to the ambient temperature for
the ring of both cavities of the second laser is triggered when the
M < 1:1. The measurement of the near-eld and far-eld acoustic
shutter is closed, and the second frame of the rst camera is not
spectra over the whole Mach number range of 0:6 < M < 1 are found
contaminated by spurious diffused light during operation of the
in Bogey et al. [29].
second PIV system. With this device, the time lag has been lowered
In the present study, the aerodynamic characterization of the jet
to 20 s.
alone is concerned. Two Mach numbers are prescribed, M 0:6 and
The synchronization of the two PIV systems is carried out by a
0.9, corresponding to an exit velocity of UJ 202 and 303 m s1 ,
commercial PIV software (DaVis v7.1 from LaVision). The basic
respectively. The temperature is controlled to get isothermal
acquisition cycle breaks down as follows. Two conventional single
conditions. At the nozzle exit, the Mach number and the static
PIV acquisitions are operated successively at a time interval of .
temperature are, respectively, kept with less than 3% variation and
This time lag is controlled by the software and has been varied from
2 C according to the ambient temperature throughout the
20 s (minimal polarization time of the shutter) to 250 s at M
experiments.
0:9 and 330 s at M 0:6. To obtain 0, the data from one single
For the use of PIV, the jet is seeded with droplets of olive oil. Eight
PIV system are used. The time interval between the two images
injectors are located in the settling portion of the jet facility, at 3 m
required for each of the two conventional single PIV acquisitions is
upstream of the nozzle exit and spread out regularly over the
2:5 s for M 0:6 and 1:6 s for M 0:9. After postprocessing,
circumference of the round tunnel. The injection of the olive-oil
two instantaneous velocity elds time lagged of are then obtained.
spray is made through ush-mounted annular slots to reduce ow
This acquisition cycle is repeated at a frequency of 4 Hz to obtain
distortion. The olive-oil droplets are produced by a homemade
2000 velocity eld pairs.
generator. The droplet size has been estimated by particle dynamics
The postprocessing of the velocity maps is operated by the PIV
analysis (PDA) in nearly standard thermodynamic conditions and in
software after the acquisition is completed. A multipass algorithm is
the absence of ow and has been found to be less than 1 m. To
used, with three steps from the initial window size of 128 128
measure the velocity of the ambient ow entrained and mixed in the
pixels to the nal size of 32 32 pixels (0:052D 0:052D). Owing
jet core, the experimentation room is seeded with mineral oil droplets
to a 50% overlapping of the interrogation windows, around 38
produced by a commercial smoke generator. A similar PIV seeding
velocity vectors are measured over a distance of 1D.
for jet ows was used by Samimy et al. [30], for instance.
*
far enough downstream on the jet axis. The length of the potential
core Lc is 6:5D for M 0:6 and 7D for M 0:9 in the present
laser
sheet measurements. The two constants a and b have been adjusted by a
least-mean-square approximation, and the following values a
0:11 and b 0:95 are found for both Mach numbers.
For the discussion addressed herein, the distribution of the
PIV momentum thickness is plotted in Fig. 3. For both Mach numbers,
control system varies linearly and faster at M 0:6
Fig. 1 Sketch of the dual PIV system in the jet facility at the ECL (*: than at M 0:9
beam splitter and optical shutter, : two CCD cameras, crosshatch
region: recorded view). 0:0265x1 0:1140 103 m
FLEURY ET AL. 2501
1.6
1.0
1.5
0.8 1.4
U1 0.6 UJ 1.3
Ua U1 1.2
0.4
1.1
0.2 1.0
0.0 0.9
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 2 (x 2 ) 1/ 2 / (x 1 L c )/D
a) b)
Fig. 2 Axial mean velocity U1 : a) radial proles in the shear layer, from x1 D to x1 6D every x1 D=2; and b) axial proles on the jet axis. PIV (,
), LDA ( ), and pitot tube data () are superimposed for comparison. The triangle symbols ( ) refer to the M 0:6 jet and the squares (, )
refer to the M 0:9 jet. The hyperbolic tangent velocity prole (Eq. (4) with =D 0:1) and the velocity decay law on the jet axis (Eq. (5) with a 0:11
and b 0:95) are also plotted (---) in parts a and b, respectively.
0.20 2.0
0.16 1.6
0.12 D 1/ 2 1.2
D 0.08 D 0.8
0.04 0.4
0.00 0.0
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x 1 /D x 1 /D
a) b)
Fig. 3 Distribution of the momentum thickness and of the half-velocity diameter D1=2 : a) M 0:6 ( ) and 0.9 ( ), and b) () M 0:6 and (---) 0.9.
as expected. The distribution of the half-velocity diameter D1=2 turbulence obtained compared with the M 0:9 jet. The PIV results,
is also presented in Fig. 3. At the nozzle exit, D1=2 coincides with conversely, are comparable for the two Mach numbers. The
D, and it reaches a constant value slightly higher than D maximum is reached between 2.5 and 3:5D downstream of Lc , with
farther downstream over the potential domain x1 < Lc . Downstream roughly 14.5% and 10.5% for the axial and radial velocity
of the potential domain, D1=2 increases due to the breakdown of components, respectively.
the jet.
Second, the uctuating velocity PIV data are commented upon. In
Fig. 4, the radial proles of the uctuation of the axial and radial
velocities across the shear layer are compared with the LDV IV. Space Scales
measurements. The agreement between the data obtained by the two The space correlation functions Rii x; ; 0 have been
techniques is satisfying. The maximal rms velocity normalized by UJ estimated for a multitude of reference points x over the rst 11
is approximately 16% for the axial component and 11% for the radial diameters from the nozzle exit, in the shear-layer center (x2 0:5D),
one. and along the jet axis (x2 0) downstream of the potential core.
Fluctuating velocity components on the jet axis are shown in From this data set, the integral length scales Lj ii x have been
Fig. 5. The agreement between the PIV and LDV is pretty good, with calculated. Note that all the integral scales are determined by
the exception of the axial uctuating velocity at M 0:6 integration to the rst zero crossing instead of the theoretical full
downstream of the potential core, x1 Lc . In this case, the LDV integration as explicitly dened in the nomenclature. These results
measurements are questioned owing to the surprising low level of are presented in the following two subsections.
0.18 0.18
0.15 0.15
0.12 0.12
u1 u2
UJ 0.09 UJ 0.09
0.06 0.06
0.03 0.03
0.0 0.0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 2 (x 2 ) 1/ 2 / x 2 (x 2 ) 1/ 2 /
a) b)
Fig. 4 Radial proles from x1 2D to x1 5D every x1 D=2: a) uctuating longitudinal velocity, and b) radial velocity. The legend is the same as in
Fig. 2.
2502 FLEURY ET AL.
0.16 0.16
0.12 0.12
u1 u2
UJ 0.08 UJ 0.08
0.04 0.04
0.00 0.00
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
(x 1 L c )/D (x 1 L c )/D
a) b)
Fig. 5 Axial proles: a) of the longitudinal velocity, and b) radial velocities. The legend is the same as in Fig. 2.
A. Shear Layer pioneering results of Laurence [33] and Davies et al. [18] is
1
As an illustration, the space correlation functions R11 and R22 noticeable for L11 , whereas a satisfying agreement is found with the
obtained in the shear layer are shown in Fig. 6. This gure illustrates data of Liepmann and Laufer [34] concerning L2 11 . The more recent
the quality of the PIV acquisition and the statistical convergence of data of Lau [21], Jordan and Gervais [35], and Kerherv et al. [22]
the data. The complex pattern of the correlation functions R11 and R22 collapse better, with the notable exception of the scales Lj22 based on
is also noticeable. The contour plots of R11 present two directions the radial velocity.
along which the low-level and positive values of correlation are The inspection of these results shows the linear evolution of the
stretched and compressed.
length scales Liij according to the position along the shear layer. This
These principal directions are distinct from the axial and radial
directions and delimit four quadrants of negative correlation levels, suggests a linear relation between Liij and the local momentum
R11 < 0. The principal direction represented by the dashed line in the thickness of the shear layer , as supported by the results displayed
gure is approximately 18 deg from the axial direction. This in Fig. 9. Far enough downstream, remarkable relations are indeed
angle is roughly similar all over the shear layer at the two Mach obtained:
numbers. Other correlation patterns are available in Fleury [31]. Such
1 2
an inclination of the isocontours of R11 was also highlighted in L11 2 ; L11 ; and L1
22 (6)
circular pipe ows by Sabot and Comte-Bellot [32], for instance,
and is attributed to the turbulence anisotropy induced by the mean Such a simple relation cannot be provided for L22 2
. Note that Eq. (3),
shear ow. which is derived from Daviess measurements, is in agreement with
For R22 , the isocontours of positive values stretch out only in the the present results.
radial direction, and two areas of negative correlation level are The self-similarity of the correlation functions in the shear layer is
observed upstream and downstream of the reference point, rather analyzed in light of these results in Fig. 10. The two Mach numbers
than on the high-speed side of the shear layer. Further downstream, and two positions of the reference point x1 are considered. Using the
for x1 > 2D, the contour plots of R11 and R22 stretch around the
reference point x but the pattern is nearly the same.
To illustrate the calculation of the length scales L1 1.2
ii , the axial
distribution of the correlation functions Rii at x1 2D, where i 1 1.0
or 2, is plotted in Fig. 7. The integration of Rii is made by a classical
R 11 0.8
trapezoidal method from the experimental data alone, that is, without
any extrapolation, and over the domain of positive Rii values around 0.6
the origin 1 0. If Rii vanishes outside of the measurement domain, 0.4
1 1
the location of the rst zero crossing 0i or 0i is extrapolated R 22 0.2
linearly from the values in the neighborhood of the window 0.0
boundary. A similar data analysis is carried out for the radial length
-0.2
scales L2
ii . -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
The evolution of the correlation length scales Ljii in the shear layer 1 /D
is shown in Fig. 8. Several results found in the literature are also Fig. 7 Axial distribution (2 0) of the space correlation functions R11
superimposed for comparison. A rather poor agreement with the () and R22 () in the shear layer at x1 ; x2 2D; 0:5D for M 0:9.
0.50 0.50
0.25 0.25
2 2
0.00 0.00
D D
-0.25 -0.25
-0.50 -0.50
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
1 /D 1 /D
a) b)
Fig. 6 Isocontours of the space correlation functions in the shear layer, at x1 ; x2 2D; 0:5D for M 0:9: a) R11 x; ; 0, and b) R22 x; ; 0 .
The R11 -correlation levels are 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, and 0.05 in black and 0:05 and 0:1 in gray. The R22 -correlation levels are 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, and 0.1 in
black and 0:1 and 0:2 in gray.
FLEURY ET AL. 2503
0.5 0.5
(1)
L 11 0.4 (1)
L 22 0.4
D 0.3 D 0.3
0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x 1 /D x 1 /D
Fig. 8 Correlation length scales in the shear-layer center (x2 0:5D) for M 0:6 (, ) and 0.9 (, ). The following measurements are also
superimposed: (. . .) Laurence [33] and Davies et al. [18] (L1 2
11 0:13x1 ); () Liepmann and Laufer [34] (L11 0:028x1 ); () Jordan and Gervais [35]
(M 0:75); ( ) Lau [21] (M 0:5 and 0.9); () Kerherv [22] (perfectly expanded jet at M 1:2). The black symbols stand for the axial direction, L1
ii
and the open ones for the radial direction, L2
ii .
3.0 3.0
reduced variables 1 =D and 2 =D, the R11 plots do not collapse. core. At the end of the potential core, x1 Lc , the regions of negative
Conversely, with the reference length , a quasi self-similarity of the correlation levels of R11 are turned by 90 deg with regard to the
R11 function is obtained. The R22 function is also plotted in Fig. 10, present illustration and are thus on the 1 < 0 and 1 > 0 sides (see
and the conclusions are the same in the axial direction: R22 is self- Fleury [31]).
similar according to the reduced variable 1 = . The distribution of The integral length scales associated with R11 and R22 have been
R22 in the radial direction, however, is more subtle. In the low-speed calculated as earlier in Sec. IV.A. The results are plotted in Fig. 13.
side of the shear layer for 2 0 the appropriate reduced variable is They are presented in terms of the jet diameter D and the half-
2 = , but in the high-speed side for 2 < the appropriate reference velocity diameter D1=2 . As D1=2 is used to normalize the length scales
j
length is rather the diameter D. This explains why the length scale L11 associated with the axial uctuating velocity, a roughly constant
L2
22 is neither well scaled by D nor by alone. value is reached downstream of the potential core, the same for the
For isotropic turbulence, specic relations between the length two Mach numbers:
scales are expected (see Batchelor [15] and Townsend [16]):
L1
11 0:25D1=2 and L2
11 0:11D1=2 (9)
L1 2
11 =L22 1 and L2 1
11 =L22 1 (7)
j
For the length scales L22 associated with the radial velocity, the
results are too scattered to draw unambiguous conclusions. Owing to
L1 2
11 =L11 2 and L2 1
22 =L22 2 (8) 2
the data on L22 , it seems, however, that D should be the appropriate
These isotropic ratios are tested in Fig. 11. The relations (7) and (8), reference length, with
2
which do not involve the length scale L22 , are roughly well satised,
2 L1
22 0:17D (10)
in spite of the anisotropy of the turbulence in the shear layer. As L22
2
is involved, the isotropic ratios cannot be constant as L22 does not
far enough downstream.
scale according to , conversely to the other correlation scales.
1 2 The self-similarity of the correlation functions on the jet axis is
Surprisingly, the ratios L11 =L22 and L2 1
22 =L22 do not strongly analyzed in Fig. 14. The plots of the correlation function R11 obtained
deviate from the values expected in isotropic turbulence. at x1 7:5D and 10:5D for the two Mach numbers do collapse when
D1=2 is used as the reference length. This is in agreement with the
B. Jet Axis scaling of Lj
11 according to D1=2 . Unfortunately, a close insight into
An example of the space correlation functions R11 and R22 the distribution of the correlation function R22 does not provide a
obtained on the jet axis is shown in Fig. 12. The isocontours of R11 reliable indication as to the most appropriate reduced variable to use,
and R22 are aligned along orthogonal directions, in the axial direction i =D or i =D1=2 . The two locations of the reference point, x1 7:5D
for R11 and in the radial direction for R22 . Negative correlation and 10:5D, are too close to conclude and further measurements are
regions are also noticed on the two sides of the stretching directions, needed.
that is, in the 2 > 0 and 2 < 0 regions for R11 and in the 1 < 0 and The isotropic ratios of the integral length scales are investigated in
1 > 0 regions for R22 . This type of correlation pattern has been Fig. 15. Although the isotropic ratios are not constant, they do not
observed all over the jet axis, far enough downstream of the potential indicate a strong anisotropy of the integral length scales. Far enough
2504 FLEURY ET AL.
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
R 11 0.4 R 11 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
-0.2 -0.2
-1.0 -0.5 -0.0 0.5 1.0 -10 -5 0 5 10
1 /D 2 /D 1 / 2 /
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
R 22 0.4 R 22 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
-0.2 -0.2
-1.0 -0.5 -0.0 0.5 1.0 -10 -5 0 5 10
1 /D 2 /D 1 / 2 /
Fig. 10 Self-similarity of the space correlation functions in the center of the shear layer (x2 0:5D), in the longitudinal direction 1 (open symbols) and
in the radial direction 2 (black symbols). The two Mach numbers and two positions of the reference point, x1 4D and x1 6D, are considered. The
legend is the same as in Fig. 8.
2.5 3
(1) (1)
L 11 2.0 L 11
(2) (2)
L 22 L 11 2
1.5
0.0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x 1 /D x 1 /D
Fig. 11 Isotropic ratios between the correlation length scales in the shear layer for M 0:6 (, ) and 0.9 (, ). On the left-hand side, the black
symbols stand for L2 1 1 2 1 2
11 =L22 and the open symbols for L11 =L22 . On the right-hand side, the black symbols stand for L11 =L11 and the open symbols for
2 1
L22 =L22 .
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
2 2
0.0 0.0
D D
-0.4 -0.4
-0.8 -0.8
-1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 -1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2
1 /D 1 /D
a) b)
Fig. 12 Isocontour of the space correlation functions on the jet axis (x2 0) at x1 10D and M 0:9: a) R11 x; ; 0, and b) R22 x; ; 0. The
correlation levels are 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, and 0.1 in black and 0:05 and 0:1 in gray.
0.4 0.2
(1) (2)
L 11 0.3 L 11
D D
0.2 0.1
(1) (2)
L 11 L 11
D 1/ 2 0.1 D 1/ 2
0.0 0.0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x 1 /D x 1 /D
0.2 0.3
(1) (2)
L 22 L 22
D D 0.2
0.1
(1) (2)
L 22 L 22 0.1
D 1/ 2 D 1/ 2
0.0 0.0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x 1 /D x 1 /D
Fig. 13 Correlation length scales on the jet axis (x2 0) M 0:6 (, ) and 0.9 (, ). The black symbols stand for the normalization of integral length
scales by D and the open ones for the normalization by D1=2 .
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
R 11 0.4 R 11 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
-0.2 -0.2
-1.0 -0.5 -0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 -0.0 0.5 1.0
1 /D 2 /D 1 /D 1/ 2 2 /D1/ 2
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
R 22 0.4 R 22 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
-0.2 -0.2
-1.0 -0.5 -0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 -0.0 0.5 1.0
1 /D 2 /D 1 /D1/ 2 2 /D1/ 2
Fig. 14 Similarity of the space correlation functions on the jet axis (x2 0) in the longitudinal direction 1 (open symbols) and in the radial direction 2
(black symbols). Two positions are considered for the reference point, x1 7:5D and 10:5D (M 0:9).
displayed in Fig. 16 for different time lags . The convection and the between 0.6 and 0:7Ua x1 is obtained, as is classically found in
attenuation of the correlation patterns are clearly visible. axisymmetrical shear layers.
Furthermore, the inclination angle of the R11 correlation pattern Two integral time scales are usually associated with the time
does not vary with . attenuation of the correlation functions. The rst one, Tcii , is the
For the same reference point and condition, namely, x1 ; x2 reference time of the correlation function in the convected frame
6:5D; 0:5D and M 0:9, the location of the maximum correlation Rii x; Uc ; , that is, of the attenuation of the maximum
c has been followed with respect to the time lag . Both R11 and R22 correlation. The second one, Tii , is the characteristic time of the
have been considered. This separation vector c is taken along the correlation function at the reference point Rii x; 0; . By
axial direction, and c1 is provided in Fig. 17. As expected, the denition, it follows that Rii x; Uc ; Rii x; 0; , and
location of the maximum correlation c1 is identical for R11 and R22 thus Tcii Tii . To illustrate the calculation of these time scales, an
and moves linearly according to . From this curve, a convection example of correlation functions Rii x; 0; and Rii x;
velocity Uc c1 = of the correlation pattern can be deduced. The Uc ; measured in the shear layer at x1 ; x2 6:5D; 0:5D and
result is provided in Table 1 for the different reference points and for for M 0:9 is reported in Fig. 18. Because no data are available for
the two Mach numbers. In all the cases, a convection velocity time delays larger than 300 s corresponding roughly to a
2506 FLEURY ET AL.
2.0 3
(1) (1)
L 11 L 11
1.5
(2) (2)
L 22 L 11 2
1.0
(2) (2)
L 11 L 22 1
(1) 0.5 (1)
L 22 L 22
0.0 0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x 1 /D x 1 /D
Fig. 15 Isotropic ratios between the correlation length scales on the jet axis at M 0:6 and 0.9. The legend is the same as in Fig. 11.
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
2 2
0.0 0.0 =0
D D
-0.4 -0.4
-0.8 -0.8
-1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 -1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2
1 /D 1 /D
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
2 2
0.0 0.0 s = 50 s
D D
-0.4 -0.4
-0.8 -0.8
-1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 -1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2
1 /D 1 /D
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
2 2
0.0 0.0 s = 150 s
D D
-0.4 -0.4
-0.8 -0.8
-1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 -1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2
1 /D 1 /D
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
2 2
0.0 s = 250 s
D D 0.0
-0.4 -0.4
-0.8 -0.8
-1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 -1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2
1 /D 1 /D
Fig. 16 Space-time correlation functions for R11 x; ; along the left-hand side and R22 x; ; along the right-hand side in the shear-layer center
(x2 0:5D) at x1 6:5D and M 0:9. The correlation levels are 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, and 0.05 in black and 0:05 and 0:1 in gray for R11 and 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2,
and 0.1 in black and 0:1 and 0:2 in gray for R22 .
FLEURY ET AL. 2507
This function is actually a good approximation of the present which is in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. Our
measurements as also shown in Fig. 18a, and Tcii is estimated from data are also in fair agreement with the results found in Kerherv et al.
the best least-mean-square approximation. The evaluation of the time [22] (see their Table 2), T11 Tc11 =4:7 0:21Tc11 .
scale Tii is obtained by the integration of the data over the positive Moreover, in the case of isotropic turbulence, Eq. (14) implies the
correlation range Rii x; 0; > 0, with possibly linear following relationships between the time scales associated with the
extrapolation to the rst zero crossing, as performed for length radial and axial velocity components:
scales in the previous section. The results are provided in Table 2. It is 1
found that Tcii and Tii are linked to the local reference times cii and
Tc22 u1 L22 L1 1
22 (15)
ii , respectively, according to the remarkable relations Tc11 u2 L11 L1
1
11
2
The rst relation is in agreement with the dimensional analysis T22 L1 1
yielding Eq. (3). Such a simple relation between Tcii and cii , with a 22 (16)
T11 L1 2
scaling factor close to unity, also ts the results obtained for other 11
ows, such as the inner region of boundary layers and the circular The experimental value of these ratios is also provided in Table 4. As
pipe ows (see Kovasznay et al. [36] and Sabot et al. [37], noticed, the integral time scales closely satisfy the required relations
respectively). for isotropy or, at least, do not present a strong anisotropy.
From the convection velocity Uc and the correlation time scale in
the convected frame Tcii , one can dene a length Lcii Uc Tcii . This
length scale may be interpreted as the interval over which the VI. Conclusions
uctuation of velocity ui remains correlated during the convection of Dual PIV measurements have been carried out in Mach 0.6 and 0.9
turbulent structures. These data are reported in Table 3. Roughly, isotherm single-stream jets to characterize the spacetime correlation
Lc11 is between 1 and 2 diameters from x1 4:5 to 10:5D in the scales of the radial and axial velocity components. The shear-layer
shear-layer center, and Lc22 between 0.7 and 1:0D. Furthermore, center and the jet axis have been explored in detail. To provide robust
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
-0.2 -0.2
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Uj /D Uj /D
a) b)
Fig. 18 Attenuation of the correlation in the shear-layer center (x2 0:5D) at x1 6:5D and for M 0:9: a) in the convected frame Rii x; Uc ; ,
and b) in a xed frame Rii x; 0; . The black symbols stand for the axial velocity R11 , the open ones for the radial velocity R22 , and the solid lines for
the exponential extrapolation (13).
2508 FLEURY ET AL.
x1 Tc11 Tc11 =c11 Tc22 Tc22 =c22 T11 T11 =11 T22 T22 =22
4:5D 249 s 1.4 148 s 1.1 57:0 s 1.4 28.8 1.4
M 0:9 6:5D 329 s 1.3 168 s 0.99 77:2 s 1.2 33.6 1.1
10:5D 451 s 1.2 235 s 1.0 117 s 1.1 51.2 1.1
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