INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

d
f ( x) F ( x)
If dx

Then F ( x)dx f ( x) c
Prop. of integration:
(1) kf ( x)dx k f ( x)dx (3) { f ( x) g ( x)}dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
F (ax b)
(2) If f ( x)dx F ( x) c then f (ax b)dx a
c

Std formulae :
x n 1 dx
(1) x dx n
c (2) ln x c
n 1 x

ax
e dx e c a dx c
x x x
(3) (4)
ln a

(5) sin xdx cos x c (6) cos xdx sin x c

sec xdx tan x c cos ec xdx cot x c
2 2
(7) (8)

(9) sec x tan xdx sec x c (10) cos ecx cot xdx cos ecx c

(11) tan xdx ln sec x c (12) cot xdx ln sin x c

(13) sec xdx ln sec x tan x c (14) cos ecxdx ln cos ecx cot x c

dx x dx 1 x
(15) a x2 2
sin 1
a
c (16) a 2
x 2
tan 1 c
a a

dx 1 xa dx
(17) x 2
a 2
ln
2a x a
c (18) x a2 2
ln( x x 2 a 2 ) c

dx dx 1 x
(19) x a
2 2
ln( x x 2 a 2 ) c (20) x sec1
x2 a2 a a

Methods of integration:
1. Substitution method: In case of f ( x)dx , if we substitute x=F(t) then
(I) F(t) must take all values of x
(II) x F (t ) dx F '(t )dt
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 (III) Everywhere, x must be replaced by t
(IV) F(t) must be cont &differentiable &invertible f F (t ) .F '(t )dt F ( x)dx
Integration by parts:

f ( x).g ( x)dx f ( x). g ( x)dx f '( x) g ( x)dx dx

Usually we take 1st function &2nd function according to ILATE rule.
Sometimes there is only one function , then we have to take 1 as 2nd function

Ex- log xdx log x.1dx

Sometimes there is only one function, then we have to split that function into two function one is
integrable & other is differentiable
Ex- sec3 xdx sec x.sec 2 xdx

Std:

e f ( x) f '( x) dx e f ( x) c
x x

f ( x) xf '( x) dx x. f ( x) c
f '( x)
f ( x)
dx ln f ( x) c

f '( x)
f ( x)
dx 2 f ( x) c

eax
e sin bxdx (a sin bx b cos bx) c
ax

a 2 b2

eax
e cos bxdx a2 b2 (b sin bx a cos bx) c
ax

f ( x)
n 1

f ( x) f '( x)dx c
n

n 1

Std. types of integration:

dx dx 1 x dx 1 xa
TYPE-1: quad use x 2
a 2
tan 1 c &
a a
x 2
a 2
ln
2a x a
c

linear d
TYPE-2: quad . dx use linear A dx (quad .) B where, A and B are constant.

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 dx dx dx x
TYPE-3: use ln( x x 2 a 2 ) c , sin 1 c
quad . x a
2 2
a x
2 2 a

dx(linear ) d
TYPE-4: quad .
use linear A (quad . B
dx

x 2 a2
TYPE-5: quad .dx. use x 2 a 2 dx
2
x a 2 ln x x 2 a 2 c
2

x 2 a2 x
a 2 x 2 dx
2
a x 2 sin 1 c
2 a

d
TYPE-6: linear quad .dx use l A quad B
dx

dx dx n1
TYPE-7: 1
1
substitute 1 xn t nx dx dt
x (1 x )
n n n
x n 1
1 x n n

1
x2 1 1 2
TYPE-8: 4 dx divide the N r & D r by x 2 such that x dx
x kx 1
2
x k 2
2 1
x

1 1
Consider x t 1 2 dx dt
x x
2
1 1 1
x2 x 2 1 2
And use x
2
x when numerator is x or

2
1 1 1
x2 x 2 1 2
x
2
x When numerator is x .

dx
L substitute L2 t
2
TYPE-9
1 L2

dx
Q substitute L t
2
TYPE-10:
L

dx 1
TYPE-11: L Q
substitute L
t

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 dx 1 tdt
Q substitute x quad .1
2
TYPE-12: & then & then substitute quad.(2)= u
Q t quad . 2

x
x x dx substitute x sin cos2
2
TYPE-13: dx or
x

x
x x dx substitute x sec tan
2 2
TYPE-14: dx or
x

Method of partial fraction:

f ( x)
If f(x) & g(x) are two polynomials then is known as rational function.
g ( x)

Improper fraction when deg.( f ( x)) deg.( g ( x))

Proper fraction when deg.( f ( x)) deg.( g ( x))
Improper fraction can be converted into proper fraction by using division of polynomials.
Proper fractions of different forms can be converted into partial fractions by the methods given as:

Form-1:

px 2 qx r A B C

x x x x x x
px2 qx r A( x )( x ) B( x )( x ) C ( x )( x ) & then compare the co- efficient of x 2 , x & x0

Form-2:
r

N A1 A2 An B
.....
( x a ) ( x b) ( x a ) ( x a )
n 2
( x a ) ( x b)
n

Cross multiply & then compare the co-efficient.

Form-3:

Nr Ax B C D
2
( x a)( x b)( x c) x a ( x b) ( x c)
2

Cross multiply & compare the co-efficient.

Integration of trig. Function:

dx
TYPE-1: a b cos 2
x c sin 2 x d sin x cos x
r r 2
Multiply N & D .by sec x and then substitute tanx=t.

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 x x
1 tan 2 2 tan
dx x
TYPE-2:
2 2
use cos x & sin x & then substitute tan t .
a b cos x c sin x x x 2
1 tan 2 1 tan 2
2 2

a cos x b sin x d r
l cos x m sin x ndx convert N A.D B D c .
r r
TYPE-3:
dx

sin
n
TYPE-4: x.cos m xdx.

Case-1: If m, n are ve even integers. Then reduce the degree of sin x & cos x & convert them into multiple
angles.

Case-2: At least one of m, n is odd int. If n odd then subs. Cos x = t, m odd then subs. Sin x = t.

Case=3: If m+n = -ve even int., subs. tan x =t or cot x = t.

sin x cos x
N t , N r dx dt & (sin x cos x) 2 1 sin 2 x
r
TYPE-5: dx use
f (sin 2 x)

TYPE-6: sin mx.cos nxdx, sin mx.sin nxdx, cos mx.cos nxdx, use transformation formulae.
REDUCTION FORMULAE:

TRIGO. NON-TRIGO.

1. Int. by parts 1. Int. by parts

2. Break the function into integrable & 2. Most of the time 1 is taken as integrable function
Differentiable function
3. I n I n2 3. I n I n1

Ex- In sin n xdx Ex- In x n .e x dx

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MACHEPHY EDUWORLD, SHOP 5 BRENTFORD BUILDING, OPP. NEW HOSPITAL, HIRANANDANI ESTATES.
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