Introduction

Antennas a major ingredient in the discipline of EMC.

Intentional antennas such as AM, FM, and radar antennas generate
ectromagnetic fields that couple to electronic devices.
Antennas Intentional antennas are also used to measure radiated emissions
of a product for determining compliance to the regulatory limits.
Part 1 Unintentional antennas are responsible for producing radiated
emissions that are measured by the measurement antenna and
may result in the product being out of compliance.
H. Aliakbarian
Chap7 -Paul

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ELEMENTAL DIPOLE ANTENNAS ELEMENTAL DIPOLE ANTENNAS

If we know current distribution over surface of antenna, we can obtain
radiated electric and magnetic fields by performing an integral involving
this current distribution
The need to obtain the current distribution over the antenna and
The need to perform a difficult integration.
Reasonable guess for current distribution.
Hertzian dipole consists of an infinitesimal current element of length dl
carrying
A phasor current I
The same (in magnitude and phase) at all points along the element length.
Our main interest : far fields
sufficiently distant from antenna.
How far is far enough? 1/r3 and 1/r2 dominate at very close distances to the
antenna.
Farther: 1/r begin to dominate.
The point where the 1/r3 and 1/r2 terms become insignificant compared with 1/r
terms
boundary between near field and far field.
A more realistic choice
the larger of 30 or 2D2/ 0, D is the largest dimension
This boundary
It is not a precise criterion, only intended to indicate a general region for fields
In the area of EMC and interference caused by emissions the receiver is frequently
in the near field
Particularly true for lower frequencies of the FCC, Class B radiated emission measurement.
Retaining only 1/r terms:

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intrinsic impedance of free space
 ELEMENTAL DIPOLE ANTENNAS ELEMENTAL DIPOLE ANTENNAS
Far fields of the Hertzian dipole satisfy many of properties of
The time-domain fields: uniform plane waves.
locally the fields resemble uniform plane waves, (more correctly
classified as spherical waves).

Property 1 : technique of translating fields using the inverse

distance,
Only when both D1 and D2 are in farfield

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ELEMENTAL DIPOLE ANTENNAS The Magnetic Dipole (Loop)

Total average power radiated by integrating average power Poynting vector over a A dual to elemental electric dipole is the
suitable closed surface surrounding the antenna:
elemental magnetic dipole or current loop.

Hertzian dipole is very ineffective radiator.

Length: dl = 1 cm, a frequency of 300 MHz (0 = 1 m), radiation resistance=79 mV.
To radiate 1W of power> current of 3.6 A!
frequency equal to 3 MHz (0 = 100 m), radiation resistance=7.9 mV
To radiate 1 W, current is 356 A!
Far fields Hertzian dipole is similar to most other practical antennas.

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 HALF-WAVE DIPOLE AND QUARTER-
Loop Example
WAVE MONOPOLE
In an electrically small loop, its shape is not important with respect to far Hertzian dipole is an impractical antenna
fields. Length was assumed to be infinitesimal
simplicity
Current along dipole assumed constant
current to be nonzero at the endpoints !!!
A 1X1 cm current loop on a PCB (an equivalent loop radius of 5.64 mm).
Very inefficient radiator
radiation resistance is quite small,
Loop carries a 100 mA current at a frequency of 50 MHz. Magnetic dipole suffers from similar problems.
At a measurement distance of 3 m (FCC Class B) Two practical and more frequently used antennas
long-dipole and monopole
Electric field is a maximum in the plane of loop : antennas.
Monopole antenna consists of a single leg perpendicular to a ground plane of
height (h =/2).
Recall that .FCC Class B limit from 30 to 88 MHz is 40 dBmV/m. Therefore a Monopole is fed at its base with respect to the ground plane.
11 cm loop carrying a 50 MHz,
100 mA current cause a radiated emission
fail to comply with FCC Class B
regulatory limit!
To illustrate that passing the regulatory requirements on radiated emissions
is not a simple matter.
Dimensions and current levels given above are quite representative of those
found on PCBs of electronic products.

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HALF-WAVE DIPOLE AND QUARTER- HALF-WAVE DIPOLE AND QUARTER-

WAVE MONOPOLE WAVE MONOPOLE
Analysis: ground plane is considered to be infinite and perfectly To calculate far field radiation:
conducting.
Reality not: On aircraft??
Groud based systems: Earth is not a perfectly conducting plane!!
Monopole antenna is analyzed by replacing the ground plane with
image of current element
If we know the current distribution over surface of an antenna, we
may compute radiated fields.
Approximately the same distribution as on a transmission line:
Radiated fields is the superposition due to many small Hertzian
dipoles of length dz having a current that is constant

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 HALF-WAVE DIPOLE AND QUARTER- HALF-WAVE DIPOLE AND QUARTER-
WAVE MONOPOLE WAVE MONOPOLE
Radiation Pattern: Input impedance:
Resistance

Reactance

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HALF-WAVE DIPOLE AND QUARTER- HALF-WAVE DIPOLE AND QUARTER-

WAVE MONOPOLE WAVE MONOPOLE
Impedance and Equivalent circuit:

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