Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

7.1 General
The primary function of all structural elements is to transfer the applied dead and
imposed loading from whichever source to the foundation and subsequently to the ground.
The type of foundation required in any particular circumstance is dependent on number of
factors such as:
1- The magnitude and type of applied loading,
2- The pressure which the ground can safely support,
3- The acceptable levels of settlement,
4- The location and proximity of adjacent structures, and
5- The soil properties and conditions.

7.2 Type of Foundations

The different types of footing used in our project are mentioned below:
1. Isolated footing for individual columns.
2. Combined footing for two adjacent columns.
3. Strip footing.
The choice is usually made from experience but comparative designs are often
necessary to determine the most economical type to be used.
Type of foundation currently used is explained as follows:

7.2.1 Pad (Isolated) Footing:

These are normally adopted for single columns (either steel or concrete),
And can be either square or rectangular in plan see fig. (7.1). When only concentric vertical
loading is applied, square pads are applied, assuming a uniform pressure under the whole
base area. If the applied loading is eccentric or if a moment is applied to the base, then it is
more efficient to adopt a rectangular base. In this case the pressure under the base is assumed
to vary linearly.

(a) Square isolated footing (b) Rectangular isolated footing

Fig. (7.1) Show different type of isolated footing.
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

7.2.2 Combined Footing:

These are normally adopted for two columns either when they are relatively close
together or when one of the columns is adjacent to an existing structure. The shape of
combined footing is generally rectangular, trapezoidal or combination of two rectangles, as
shown in fig. (7.2). In the last case, a rib-beam the same width as the column is often
incorporated either the whole length of the base or between the columns. This foundation can
be designed as a T-section and requires less concrete.

a) Rectangular combined footing. b) Trapezoidal combined footing c) Combined rectangular footing

Fig. (7.2) Show different type of combined footing.

The dimension of a combined footing can be determine such that the resultant load
from the columns passes through the centroid of the base area. In this case the resulting
pressure on the soil will be uniform.
A rectangular base does not always provide the most economic arrangement due to the
difficulty of making the resultant load pass through the centroid of the base area. The
trapezoidal base has the disadvantage of the detailing and cutting the transverse
reinforcement. It is most suitable when there is a large variation in the column loads and there
are limitations on the dimension of the foundation. The combined rectangular solution can be
used in most cases.

7.2.3 Strip Footing:

These are normally adopted for lines of closed spaced columns or under walls as shown
in fig. (7.3). The strip footings are designed as pad footing in the transverse direction and in
the longitudinal direction as an inverted continuous beam subject to the ground bearing
pressure. In good ground conditions where the soil is firm (and the columns are evenly
spaced), the ground pressure can be assumed to be uniform. When columns are unevenly
spaced and the soil is firm, the variation in pressure can be assumed to vary linearly. In
compressible and/or poor soil the variation in the ground pressure will not be linear, resulting
in a different distribution of bending moments. In many situations, other than on lightly
loaded strip foundation, reinforcement will be necessary.
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Fig. (7.3) Show strip footing.

7.3 Design of Pad Footing

7.3.1 Critical Section for Bending:
The critical section which considered for bending is at the face of the column in a pad
footing or the wall in a strip footing and extending across the full width of the base as shown
in fig. (7.4). The area of reinforcement required is calculated in the same manner as for beam
using clause (3.4.4.4) of BS8110-1. The minimum and maximum area of steel reinforcement
is determined by using Table (3.25) and clause (3.12.6) of BS8110-1 respectively.

Fig. (7.4) Show the critical section for bending.

Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

7.3.2 Distribution of Reinforcement:

The code states arbitrarily that when " " exceeds [(3/4)* (3d + C)], two thirds of
required reinforcement for a given direction should be concentrated within a zone from the
centerline of column to a distance 1.5d from the face of column.
Where:
C = column width.
d = effective depth of footing.
= half the spacing between column centers (if more than one) or the distance to the edge of
the pad, whichever is the greater.
Otherwise, reinforcement may be distributed uniformly over . The reason for this is that
although base pressure is assumed to be uniform, the bending moment tends to be somewhat
higher towards the column than away from it. The concentration of reinforcement below the
column area allows for this higher bending moment.

7.3.3 Critical Section for Shear:

The critical sections which should be considered for shear are as shown in fig. (7.5).
The shear stress at the column face should not exceed the maximum values indicated in
BS8110-1, clause (3.7.7.2);
The direct shear stress should be checked at distance of 1.0d from the column face, and
if it is less than from table 3.8 of code no shear reinforcement is required. If the direct
shear is more than the depth of the footing should be increased. It is normal practice to
make the base sufficiently deep so that shear reinforcement is not required. The depth of the
base is controlled by the design for shear.

7.3.4 Critical Section for Punching Shear:

The punching shear force is the sum of the loads outside the periphery of the critical
section. Refer to clause 3.7.7.6 of the code. The punching shear failure should be checked
distance of 1.5d from the column face see fig. (7.5), and if it is less than from table 3.8 of
code no shear reinforcement is required. If the Punching shear is more than the depth of
the footing should be increased.

Fig. (7.5) Show the critical section for direct shear and punching.

7.3.5 Cracking:
See the rules for slabs in clause 3.12.11.2.7 of the code. The bar spacing is not to
exceed 3d or 750 mm, but much lesser spacing is possible depending on the amount of
flexural steel supplied.
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

7.3.6 Minimum grade of concrete

The minimum grade of concrete to be used in foundations is grade C35 to meet the
serviceability requirement of BS8110-1.

7.3.7 Nominal cover

Clause 3.3.1.4 of the code states that the minimum cover should be 75 mm if the
concrete is cast directly against the earth, or 40mm if cast against adequate blinding.
Table (3.2) of the code classes non-aggressive soil as a moderate exposure condition.
7.3.8 Design procedure:
The isolated footing should be checked for bending, direct shear, and punching shear.
The shearing forces and bending moments are caused by the ultimate design loads from the
column and the weight of the base should not be included in these calculations. The thickness
of the base is often governed by the requirement for shear resistance. The principle steps in
the design calculations are as follows:
Calculate the plan size of the foundation using the permissible bearing pressure and
the critical loading arrangement for the serviceability limit state; i.e. working load.
Assume a suitable value of thickness (h) and determine the effective depth (d).
Check for maximum soil pressure.
Calculate the bearing pressure associated with the critical loading arrangement at the
ultimate limit state; i.e. ultimate load.
Determine the reinforcement required to resist bending.
Check the distribution of reinforcement.
Check that the shear stress at column face is less than
whichever is the smaller.
Check that the direct shear stress at a section 1.0d from the column face is less than vc
from table 3.8 of code.
Check that the punching shear stress on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face is less
than from Table 3.8 of code.
Finally the details of reinforcement are drawing.
Note: design procedure for isolated footing can be used for design of other type of footing.
Reinforcement to resist bending in the bottom of the base should extend at least a full
tension anchorage length beyond the critical section for bending.
7.3.9 Specification:
In our project, the design of all different type of footing using the following specification:
Characteristic strength of concrete =
Characteristic strength of steel =
Soil bearing capacity =
Nominal cover for mild condition of exposure = 60 mm (BS8110-1, Clause 3.3.1.4).
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

7.1 Calculation sheet of Design of isolated footing located under column

(C-2)
BS8110 Calculation Output

Fig. (7.6) Show the layout of isolated footing (D2) in plan.

Loading:

From Staad Pro analysis for frame (C-C) and (2-2) we get:
N (kN) (KN.m) (KN.m)
Ultimate Load 785 9.01 0.28
Working Load 551.04 6.43 0.19
Note:
Column dimension 500 mm*200 mm

Area of footing:

Determination area of footing:

Where: : Working load which transferred from building.

Assume self-weight of footing = 8% of
:. Area required including weight of footing:

L = 2.5 m
Rectangular Footing (2 2.5) = 5
B = 2.0 m
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Fig.(7.7) Show layout of footing area

Determination depth of footing:

Actual weight of footing = 2.5*2*0.5*24 = 60 KN h = 500 mm.

Check for area:

( )
( )
Area is
satisfactory

Check for maximum soil pressure:

:. Total working Load ( ) = (60 +551.01) = 611.04 kN.

Working soil stress below base:

Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Max. Soil
stress is ok.

Structural Design of Footing:

About (x-x) axis:

Design stresses computation:
Determine ultimate soil stress below shaded area (See fig. (7.8)):
Ultimate soil stress =

Analysis and design:

Clauses a) The results of analysis:
3.11.2.2 Bending moment :
and The critical section of moment at face support about (X1-X1)
3.11.3.1 see fig. (7.8)

Fig.(7.8) Show the critical section of moment about X axis

( )
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Shear force:
The critical shear will be at distance 'd' from the column face see fig.(7.9)

Fig. (7.9) Show the critical section of vertical shear about X axis

The critical value of shear at distance "d" from the column face :
Clause ( )
3.4.4.4 ( )

b) Design for moment:

Table 3.25 ( ( )) ( ( ))

provide
7 16mm
@300mm c/c

Check for steel reinforcement distribution:

Clause = (2500/2) = 1250 mm
3.11.3.2
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

About (y-y)axis:
Design stresses computation:
Determine ultimate soil stress below shaded area (See fig. (7.10)):

Analysis and design:

a) The results of analysis:
Bending moment:
The critical section of moment at face of support see fig. (7.10)

Clause
3.11.2.2
And
3.11.3.1

Fig. (7.10) Show the critical section of moment about Y axis

. /

Shear force:
The critical shear will be at distance "d" from the column face
The critical value of shear about (y-y)axis:
( )
Clause ( )
3.4.4.4
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

b) Design for moment:

Table(3.25)

Provide
9 16mm
@300mm c/c

Check for steel reinforcement distribution:

Clause ( )
3.11.3.2
Total steel
reinforcement is
Lcy< 3(Cy/4) + 9(d/4) (the distribution of bars is equally) distributed
along the width
Clause Check for Crack:
3.12.11 The crack is
Max. Spacing = 3*d = 3*432 = 1296 mm or 750 mm.
Actual spacing = 300 mm < max. Spacing. satisfactory

Check for maximum shear at face of column:

Perimeter of column (u0) =2*200+2*500 = 1400 mm
Clauses Max. Shear in
3.11.3.3 acceptable limit.
and

3.7.7.2 Maximum shear at face of column is with acceptable limit.

Check for critical vertical shear:

The critical value of shear about X-X axis:

The shear stress at distance "d" from face of support:

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Vertical shear is
satisfied.
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Clauses Check for punching shear :

3.7.7.1 The critical section of punching shear at distance "1.5d" from the face of
support see fig.(7.11)

Perimeter of punching shear zone = ,( ) ( )-

* +
Punching shear force = , *( )( )+-
, * +-

Fig. (7.11) Show the critical section of punching shear about X axis

( ) )
{ } . / . /

Area of reinforcement at zone of Punching:

( )
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

( )

( ) ) . /

( ) ( ) ( ) Punching shear
is satisfied.

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

Detail of isolated footing:

The arrangement of steel reinforcement of combined footing is shown in fig. (7.12)

Fig. (7.12) Show the detail of reinforcement of isolated footing

Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Table (7.1) Isolated Footing

R.C.C Area of Bottom Reinforcement
Location Footing
of footing Short Direction Long Direction
b L h (B1) (B2)
F1 2.0 2.5 0.50 T16-300mm T16-300mm
F2 2.0 2.0 0.50 T16-300mm T16-300mm
F3 1.8 2.0 0.50 T16-300mm T16-300mm
F4 1.5 1.9 0.50 T16-300mm T16-300mm
F5 1.8 2.4 0.50 T16-300mm T16-300mm
F6 1.8 1.9 0.50 T16-300mm T16-300mm
F7 0.7 0.8 0.40 T16-300mm T16-300mm
F8 2.0 2.3 0.50 T16-300mm T16-300mm
F9 1.9 2.1 0.50 T16-300mm T16-300mm
F10 2.0 2.1 0.50 T16-300mm T16-300mm
F11 2.5 3 0.60 T16-250mm T16-250mm
F12 2.5 3.4 0.70 T16-200mm T16-200mm
F13 3.0 3.3 0.80 T16-175mm T16-175mm
F14 2.5 2.7 0.60 T16-250mm T16-250mm
F15 2.3 2.4 0.60 T16-250mm T16-275mm
F16 2.3 2.5 0.60 T16-250mm T16-275mm
F17 1.6 2.4 0.5 T16-300mm T16-300mm
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

7.2 Calculation sheet of Design of combined footing located under columns

(O-10)&(P-12)
BS8110 Calculation Output

Fig. (7.13) Show the layout of combined footing on plan.

Loading:
From Robot 2016 analysis for frames (L-L ),(K-K),(3-3) and (4-4) we get:
Column Dead Live Working Ultimate
dimension load load load Load
Column A
200*500 515.18 98.46 613.65 878.8
(L-4)
Column B
200*500 398.92 50.42 440.34 626.56
(K-3)
TOTAL 1053.9 1505.4

Note: moments resulting from column are very small; so it can be

neglected.
Distance between column (A and B) = 1.86 m

Area of footing:

Determination the position of Resultant maximum Load:

By taking moment about center line of column A we get:
R = (878.8+ 626.6) = 1505.4 KN

Hence; the distance of resultant from center line of

Determination area of footing:

Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Where: Working load which transferred from building.

Assume self-weight of footing = 10% of
:. Area required including weight of footing:

:. Provide L = 3.4 m, B = 2.5 m.

Rectangular Footing ( )

Fig. (7.14) Show the plan area of combined footing

h = 700 mm
Determination depth of footing:

Actual weight of footing = 2.5*3.4*0.70*24 = 142.8KN

area is
< Aprov.=8.5 satisfactory
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Check for maximum soil pressure:

- Case (1) all max (CA+CB) :

By taking moment about center line of column A we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 0.77 0.77 = 0,

Therefore position of resultant load at center of the footing, so there is
no moment due eccentricity.

Working soil stress below base:

Fig. (7.15) Case 1 (all max)

- Case (2) max on ( )and min on ( ):

By taking moment about center line of column A we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 0.77 0.72 = 0.05

Working soil stress below base:

( ) ( )
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Fig.(7.16) Case 2 (CA(max) and CB(min))

- Case (3) max on (CB)and min on (CA):

By taking moment about center line of column A we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 0.77 0.86= -0.09

Working soil stress below base:

( ) ( )

Fig. (7.17) Case 3 (CA (min) and CB (max))

Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Structural Design of Footing:

Design stress computation:
Determine ultimate soil stress below base :
- Case (1) all max ( ):

By taking moment about center line of column A we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 0.77 0.77 = 0,

Therefore position of resultant load at center of the footing, so there is
no moment due eccentricity
Ultimate soil stress below base:

- Case (2) max on (CA)and min on (CB):

By taking moment about center line of column 'A' we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 0.77 0.57 = 0.2 m

Ultimate soil stress below base:

( ) ( )

( ) . /

- Case (3) max on (CB)and min on (CA):

Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

By taking moment about center line of column 'A' we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 0.77 1.02 = -0.25 m

Ultimate soil stress below base:

( ) ( )

( ) . /

Analysis for actions in longitudinal direction :

The results of analysis:
- Case (1) all max ( ):

The results of analysis are shown in fig. (7.18)

Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Fi Fig.(7.18) Show load B.M.D. and S.F.D. for case

(1)

- Case (2) max on ( )and min on ( ):

The results of analysis are shown in fig. (7.19)

Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Fig.(7.19) Show load, B.M.D. and S.F.D. for case (2)

- Case (3) max on ( )and min on ( ):

The results of analysis are shown in fig. (7.20)

Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Fig.(7.20) Show load, B.M.D. and S.F.D. for case (3)

Diagrams of envelope moment and shear for longitudinal

direction:
The envelope bending moment and shear force diagram shown in
Fig. (7.21)
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Fig.(7.21) Show envelope B.M.D. and S.F.D. for all case

Design of longitudinal reinforcement :

Clause The critical moment occur at face support
3.11.2.2
And
3.11.3.1 a) For bottom reinforcement (B1):
From analysis moment at face CB = 30.58 KN.m (from case 3)

Clause
3.4.4
( ( )) ( ( ))

Provide
Table (3.25) 8 12mm
@200 mmc/c

Check for steel reinforcement distribution: Total steel

Clause reinforcement
( ) . is distributed
3.11.3.2 along the
width
( ) ( ) (The distribution of bars is equally).

b) For top reinforcement (T1):

From analysis moment between column A and B = 61.79KN.m (from case
3)

Clause
3.4.4
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

( ( )) ( ( ))

Provide
8 12mm
@200mmc/c

Table (3.25)
This area is provided along whole length of footing.

Analysis for actions in transverse direction :

Ultimate soil stress in this direction is uniform
Hence, Max. Design stress (from load case 3).

Bending moment
Clause The critical section of moment at face support see fig. (7.22)
3.11.2.2 Design moment per meter width:
( ) ( )

Fig. (7.22) Show the critical section of transverse moment

Shear force:
Design shear per meter width:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Design of transverse reinforcement :

a) For bottom reinforcement (B1):
Clause From analysis the moment at face column = 58.9 KN.m
3.4.4
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

( ( )) ( ( ))

Table 3.25

Table 3.25 b) For top reinforcement (T2):

provided nominal reinforcement

Provide
5 16mm
@300mmc/c

Provide
5 16mm
@300mmc/c

Check for Crack:

Clause Max. Spacing = 3*d = 3*632 = 1896 mm or 750 mm. crack is
3.12.11 Actual spacing = 300 mm < max. Spacing. satisfactory

Check for maximum shear at face of column:

Clauses Perimeter of column (u0) =2*200+2*500 = 1400 mm
3.11.3.3
and
3.7.7.2 Max. shear is
with
acceptable
limit
Maximum shear at face of column is with acceptable limit.

Clauses Check for critical vertical shear:

3.7.7.4 The critical shear will be at distance "d" from the column face and the
critical value of shear about (y-y):
From analysis at column 'A' (from case 1)
Shear stress at distance "d" from face of column B:
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Vertical shear
( ) ( ) ( ) is satisfied

Clauses Check for punching shear :

3.7.71 The critical section of punching shear at distance "1.5d" from the face of
support see fig. (7.23)

Fig. (7.23) Show the critical section of punching shear

Perimeter of punching shear zone ,( ) ( )-

, -

Punching shear force = , ( ) *( ) ( )+

* +
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

( ) )
* + ( ) ( )

Area of reinforcement at zone of Punching:

( )
( )

( ) ) . /

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) Punching
shear is
( ) ( ) ( ) satisfied.

Chapter 7 Design of Foundation

Detail of combined footing:

The arrangement of steel reinforcement of combined footing is shown in
fig. (7.24)

Fig. (7.24) Show the detail of combined footing (F13)

Table (7.2) Design of Combined Footings

R.C.C. Area of Footing Bottom Reinforcement Top Reinforcement
Name
of Long Short Long Short
footing b (m) L (m) h (m) Direction Direction Direction Direction
(B1) (B2) (T1) (T2)
F18 2.5 3.4 0.70 T16-225mm T16-225mm T16-225mm T16-100mm
F19 1.6 2.5 0.70 T16-225mm T16-225mm T16-225mm T16-100mm
F20 2.5 3 0.7 T16-225mm T16-225mm T16-225mm T16-100mm
F21 2.0 2.5 0.7 T16-225mm T16-225mm T16-225mm T16-100mm
Chapter 7 Design of Foundation