7/27/2017 361660151.

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Rin and Rout of the

Inverting Amplifier
Recall that the input resistance of an amplifier is:

vin
Rin =
iin

For the inverting amplifier, it is evident that the input current iin is equal to i1 :
R2

i2

R1
v-
vin -
iin = i1 vout
oc

v+
+

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

7/27/2017 361660151.doc 2/12

Its input resistance

From Ohms Law, we know that this current is:

vin - v1
iin = i1 =
R1
The non-inverting terminal is
connected to virtual ground:
R2
v- = 0
i2
and thus the input current is:
R1
v-
vin vin -
iin = i1 =
R1 iin = i1 vout
oc

v+
We now can determine the input +
resistance:

vin R1
Rin = = vin = R1
iin vin

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

7/27/2017 361660151.doc 3/12

The input resistance of this inverting amplifier is therefore Rin = R1 !

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

7/27/2017 361660151.doc 4/12

Output resistance is harder

Now, lets attempt to determine the output resistance Rout.

Recall that we need to determine two values: the short-circuit output current
( )
iout
sc
and the open-circuit output voltage vout .
oc
( )
To accomplish this, we must replace the op-amp in the circuit with its linear
circuit model:

R2

i2

R1
vin - v-
Rout
op
vout = 0
ii = i1
+ v + i op
out iout
sc
+ -
Aop (v + - v - )

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

7/27/2017 361660151.doc 5/12

First, the short circuit output current

R2
From KCL, we find that:
i2
iout
sc
= i2 + iout
op
R1
vin - v-
where: Rout
op
vout = 0
ii = i1
-Aop v - - vout
oc
-Aop v - + v + i op
out iout
sc
iout
op
= =
Roop Roop + -
Aop (v + - v - )

and:
v - - vout
oc
v
i2 = = -
R2 R2

Therefore, the short-circuit output current is:

v - Aop v - Rout - R2 Aop Aop

op

isc
out = - op = v - @ - op v -

R2 Rout R2 Rout

op
Rout

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

7/27/2017 361660151.doc 6/12

Now, the open circuit output voltage

The open-circuit output voltage can R2
likewise be determined in terms of Aop
and v- .
i2

R1
vin - v-
iout =0
Rout
op
ii = i1
+
+ v + iout
op

+ -
Aop (v + - v - ) -

Here, it is evident that since iout = 0:

i2 = -iout
op

where we find from Ohms Law:

v - - ( - Aopv - ) 1 + Aop
i2 = = v-

R2 + Rout
op
R2 + Rout
op

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

7/27/2017 361660151.doc 7/12

The open-circuit output voltage

R2
Now from KVL:
i2
vout
oc
= v - - R2 i2
R1
vin - v-
iout =0
Rout
op
ii = i1
+
Inserting the expression for i2 : + v + i op
out
+ -
Aop (v + - v - )
1 + Aop -
v oc
out = v - - R2 v
op -
R2 + Rout
R + R op R2 1 + Aop
= 2 out
-
( )
v
R2 + Routop
R2 + Rout
op -


Roop - R2 Aop
= v -
R2 + Rout op

R2 Aop
@- v-
R2 + Rout
op

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

7/27/2017 361660151.doc 8/12

Now we find the output resistance

Now, we can find the output resistance of this amplifier:

vout
oc
Rout = sc
iout
-1
-R2 Aop - Aop
= op op
R
2 + R o Ro
R2 Roop
=
R2 + Roop
= R2 Roop

In other words, the inverting amplifier output resistance is simply equal to the
value of the feedback resistor R2 in parallel with op-amp output resistance Rout .
op

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

7/27/2017 361660151.doc 9/12

This is zero if the op-amp is ideal

Ideally, of course, the op-amp output resistance is zero, so that the output
resistance of the inverting amplifier is likewise zero:

Rout = R2 Rout
op

= R2 0
=0

Note for this casewhere the output resistance is zerothe output voltage will
be the same, regardless of what load is attached at the output (e.g., regardless
of iout )! R 2

i2

R1
vin - v- iout 0
ii = i1
+ v + i op
out
+
+ -
Aop (v + - v - )
-

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

7/27/2017 361660151.doc 10/12

For real op-amps the

output resistance is small

Thus, if Rout = 0 , then the output voltage is equal to the open-circuit output
voltageeven when the output is not open circuited:

R2
vout = - v for all iout !!
R1 in

Recall that it is this property that made Rout = 0 an ideal amplifier

characteristic.

We will find that real (i.e., non-ideal!) op-amps typically have an output
resistance that is very small ( Rout = R2 ), so that the inverting amplifier output
op

resistance is approximately equal to the op-amp output resistance:

Rout = R2 Rout
op

Rout
op

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

7/27/2017 361660151.doc 11/12

A summary

Summarizing, we have found that for the inverting amplifier:

Rin = R1

Rout Rout
op
(ideally zero)

Thus, this inverting amplifier

R2
iin ( t )
R1
- iout ( t )
+
vin ( t ) +
- + vout ( t )
-

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

7/27/2017 361660151.doc 12/12

The inverting amp equivalent circuit

has the equivalent circuit:

iin (t ) iout (t )
+
+
R op

vin ( t )
+ out
vout ( t )

()
-
vin (t )
- R2 -
- R1

Note the input resistance and open-circuit voltage gain of the inverting
amplifier is VERY different from that of the op-amp itself!

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS