Modulo CAD 2013 PDF

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Bsicas, Tecnologa e Ingeniera

Contenido didctico del curso CAD PARA TELECOMUNICACIONES
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Escuela De Ciencias Bsicas Tecnologa E Ingeniera
INDICE DE CONTENIDO
UNIDAD 1. INTRODUCCIN A LAS REDES DE DATOS, APOYADAS EN EL

USO DE HERRAMIENTAS SOFTWARE
CAPITULO 1. INTRODUCCIN A LAS REDES DE DATOS
Leccin 1. Objetivos de las redes de datos

Leccin 2. Redes de datos
Leccin 3. Topologas de red
Leccin 4. Dispositivos de Networking
Leccin 5. El papel de los medios de transmisin en una red local
CAPITULO 2. HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA SIMULACIN DE REDES
Leccion 1. FLAN (F- Links And Nodes)

Leccin 2. Packet tracer
Leccin 3. KIVA
Leccin 4. Comnet III
Leccin 5. Primera aplicacin
CAPITULO 3. PROTOCOLOS DE RED
Leccin 1. Protocolo TCP / IP

Leccin 2. Protocolo IP
Leccin 3. Modelos de capas
Leccin 4. Sistemas operativos de red
Leccin 5. Ms simuladores de redes LAN
UNIDAD 2. CAD PARA WLAN, ADMINISTRACIN Y SEGURIDAD EN REDES

DE DATOS
CAPITULO 1. INTRODUCCIN A LAS WLAN
Leccin 1. Medios inalmbricos

Leccin 2. Conceptos bsicos de redes inalmbricas
Leccin 3. Tecnologas de redes inalmbricas
Leccin 4. Packet tracer y las redes inalmbricas
Leccin 5. Uso de la herramienta packet tracer, simulando una red hbrida
controlada por un router inalmbrico
CAPITULO 2. SEGURIDAD EN WIFI
Leccin 1. Seguridad en el estndar 802.11

Leccin 2. Posibles ataques y amenazas a una WLAN
Leccin 3. Tcnicas de intrusin
Leccin 4. Mecanismos de seguridad
Leccin 5. Medidas de seguridad en WIFI
CAPITULO 3. CAD PARA REDES LAN INALAMBRICAS
Leccin 1. Herramientas para medicin de potencia

Leccin 2. Herramientas para deteccin de intrusos
Leccin 3. Herramientas para aplicaciones peer to peer
Leccin 4. Herramienta para el control de redes LAN
Leccin 5. Herramientas para administrar redes LAN
ASPECTOS DE PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL Y VERSIONAMIENTO
El contenido didctico del curso acadmico: CAD PARA TELECOMUNICACIONES

fue diseado inicialmente en el ao 2008 por el Ing. JUAN CARLOS VESGA FERREIRA
El contenido didctico ha sufrido dos actualizaciones desde su elaboracin por

parte de la Ingeniera Martha Fabiola Contreras Higuera, quien se desempea actualmente
como directora del cuso a nivel nacional.
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> = 2 # 2 E F 0 = #F G (
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UNIDAD No. 1: Introduccin a las Redes de Datos,

apoyadas en el uso de herramientas software
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B 2L
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2 # * >C2 2 # > 2 # 2 8 =9 # 2
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# 2= 2 B @9 2 9 8M 8 2 # 2 # # 2 2
8 #9 # 0# 8 #9 # !( 2 9 # 2= 2 B @9 > 8=9 #
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= 2 # 89 * ( =9 # 8=9 # 2
@9 = 2 2C BI2 # C 2 >* 2 2 # 8 # 2
89 * 2 # 2 *= 2 2(
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2 E #; ( 2 8*# 82 =9 # 2 2 D 2 2 9 2 =9 #
2 # 2 9 9 # D= 2 * ; # 2 #
= D * = =9 2 * (
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9 8=9 2 = # 2 = 2 # = ;C 2L = 8 2 # 8
J = ;C >C2 KN I2 2= # # 2= 2 * # 2 : 2
8 # 2( 2 ;9 # = ;C 2 # 8 # J = ;C *; K 9
# > > 8 @9 2 A 22 # 2 8 # 2 = B < :
# 2(
# 2 = ;C 2 >C2 2 8M 8 9 F # 2 2 =9 # 8 L
#+#&#12' 3.$) = ;C # :92 2 8 8?2 2 8= @9 2
=9 # ; F 9 #( # 2 2 @9 = 2 2 ? # 2
8 28 C # 28 2 * 8 # 9 : ; 8 D (
= : P:92P A > C >C2 @9 9 # 2 2 @9 = 2 #
#(
2 = # = ;C 2 # 9 M : @9 2 D # # 9
8=9 # BI2 # 9 8 # 2 ( 2 D 8 2 # : 2
> F 9 22 # 8 # 8 # @9 # 8?2 # #
@9 D2 8?2 8=9 # 2 D 8 = 8 :92(
9 L 2C 9 B # # 2# 89 2
# 292 = = 2B G 2 2 =9 # 8 L
? 2 * < > ;9 * (
D2 8 2 2# 2 9 2 @9 # = # # #(
9= = # 2B G 22 @9 2 2 8= : ;M =9
# @9 # B 8= 8 (
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# 2=
9 # # I 8 # 2 =9 =9 (
> 8 * # 2 : 9 < 9 9 M # * < #
= = 2 @9 ; 2 > 2 # 2 B 2* # 8 2
# > 8 * (
9 L 2C 9 B # # 2# 89 2
= # ;C 2 #2 E # 8 9 @9 9 9 #
# # # 8 2# 2 # 2( # > 8 * # #
= 2 BI2 # # # A 2 @9 2 8 # = # = = # (
2 >? 8 D= # # = 8 2 # 2 9 @9 2
= 2 98= = * # # 8 2 2 2 9 B # (
2C 8: I 8 B8 >C2 # 9 # @9 # # 2= 2 22 = # 2L
# 2 = 8 B # 8 9 :9 # > 8 # 9 (
# 2 2 8=9 # 2 @9 > 8 = # # 2 2
(
: 9 8 2 # 2 9 F 8 8I # # 2 8 #
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UNIDAD No. 2 CAD para WLAN, Administracin y

Seguridad en Redes de Datos
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9 M > F # 929 (
GLOSARIO DE TRMINOS
AAA: Abreviatura de Autenticacin (Authentication), Autorizacin (Authorization) y

Contabilidad (Accounting), sistema en redes IP para qu recursos informticos
tiene acceso el usuario y rastrear la actividad del usuario en la red.
Accounting: Es el proceso de rastrear la actividad del usuario mientras accede a

los recursos de la red, incluso la cantidad de tiempo que permanece conectado,
los servicios a los que accede as como los datos transferidos durante la sesin.
AD HOC: Una WLAN bajo topologa "Ad Hoc" consiste en un grupo de equipos
que se comunican cada uno directamente con los otros a travs de las seales de
radio sin usar un punto de acceso.
AES: Tambin conocido como "Rijndael", algoritmo de encriptacin simtrica de

128 bits desarrollado por los belgas Joan Daemen y Vincent Rijmen.
Algoritmo de encriptacin: Codificadores de bloques de bits sobre los que iteran

determinadas operaciones tales como sustitucin, transposicin, suma/producto
modular y transformaciones lineales.
Ataques a passwords: Es un intento de obtener o descifrar una contrasea

legtima de usuario.
Ataque de diccionario: Mtodo empleado para romper la seguridad de los sistemas

basados en contraseas en la que el atacante intenta dar con la clave adecuada
probando todas (o casi todas) las palabras posibles o recogidas en un diccionario
idiomtico.
Ataque de fuerza bruta: Mtodo empleado para romper la seguridad va

contrasea probando todas las combinaciones posibles de palabras (distinto del
ataque de diccionario que prueba palabras aisladas).
Auditora: Anlisis de las condiciones de una instalacin informtica por un auditor

externo e independiente que realiza un dictamen sobre diferentes aspectos.
Autenticacin: Es el proceso de identificacin de un individuo, normalmente

mediante un nombre de usuario y contrasea.
Autorizacin: Es el proceso de aceptar o denegar el acceso de un usuario a los

recursos de la red una vez que el usuario ha sido autenticado con xito.
Bridge: Elemento que posibilita la conexin entre redes fsicas, cableadas o

inalmbricas, de igual o distinto estndar.
CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol): Protocolo de autenticacin

para servidores PPP donde la contrasea no slo se exige al empezar la conexin
sino tambin durante la conexin, lo cual lo hace un protocolo mucho ms seguro
que el PAP.
Cifrado: Proceso para transformar la informacin escrita en texto simple a texto

codificado.
Cifrado asimtrico: Cifrado que permite que la clave utilizada para cifrar sea
diferente a la utilizada para descifrar
Cifrado de archivos: Transformacin de los contenidos texto simple de un archivo

a un formato ininteligible mediante algn sistema de cifrado.
Cliente inalmbrico: Todo dispositivo susceptible de integrarse en una red

inalmbrica como PDAs, porttiles, cmaras inalmbricas, impresoras.
Clave de cifrado: Serie de nmeros utilizados por un algoritmo de cifrado para

transformar texto sin cifrar que se puede leer directamente en datos cifrados y
viceversa.
Confidencialidad: Garantizar que la informacin sea asequible slo a aquellas

personas autorizadas a tener acceso a ella.
Control de accesos: Se utiliza para restringir el acceso a determinadas reas del

computador, de la red, etc.
EAP - Protocolo de Autenticacin Extensible (Extensible Authentication Protocol):

Extensin del Protocolo Punto a Punto (PPP). Proporciona un mecanismo
estndar para aceptar mtodos de autenticacin.
Estndar: Norma que se utiliza como punto de partida para el desarrollo de

servicios, aplicaciones, protocolos.
FAST (Flexible Authentication Secure Tunneling): Protocolo de seguridad WLAN

del tipo EAP. Impide los denominados ataques de diccionario por fuerza bruta
enviando una autenticacin de contrasea entre el cliente WLAN y el punto de
acceso inalmbrico a travs de un tnel cifrado seguro. Elimina la necesidad de
instalar servidores separados para tratar los certificados digitales empleados en
otro sistema de seguridad WLAN (como el PEAP).
Hot spot: Punto de Acceso generalmente localizado en lugares con gran trfico de
pblico (estaciones, aeropuertos, hoteles) que proporciona servicios de red
inalmbrica de banda ancha a visitantes mviles.
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Instituto de Ingenieros

Elctricos y Electrnicos, una asociacin tcnico-profesional mundial dedicada a la
estandarizacin entre otras actividades, su trabajo es promover la creatividad, el
desarrollo y la integracin, compartir y aplicar los avances en las tecnologas de la
informacin, electrnica y ciencias en general para beneficio de la humanidad y de
los mismos profesionales.
Infraestructura: Topologa de una red inalmbrica que consta de dos elementos

bsicos: estaciones clientes inalmbricos y puntos de acceso.
ISP: Proveedor de Servicios de Internet.
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol): Protocolo del tipo EAP

patentado por Cisco basado en nombre de usuario y contrasea que se enva sin
proteccin.
MAC - Direccin de Control de Acceso al Medio (Media Access Control Address):

Direccin hardware de 6 bytes (48 bits) nica que identifica cada tarjeta de una red
y se representa en notacin hexadecimal.
MD5: Algoritmo de cifrado de 128-bits del tipo EAP empleado para crear firmas
digitales.
802.11: Familia de estndares desarrollados por la IEEE para tecnologas de red

inalmbricas.
802.11a: Estndar de conexin inalmbrica que suministra una velocidad de

transmisin de 54 Mbps en una banda de 5 GHz.
802.11b: Estndar de conexin inalmbrica que suministra una velocidad de

transmisin de 11 Mbps en una banda de 2.4 GHz. Utiliza la tecnologa DSSS
(Direct Sequencing Spread). La mayora de los equipos utilizados en la actualidad
son de esta tecnologa. No es compatible con el 802.11a pues funciona en otra
banda de frecuencia.
802.11e: Estndar destinado a mejorar la calidad de servicio en Wi-Fi. Es de suma

importancia para la transmisin de voz y video.
802.11g: Estndar de conexin inalmbrica que suministra una velocidad de

transmisin de 54 Mbps en una banda de frecuencia de 2.4 GHz. Una de sus
ventajas es la compatibilidad con el estndar 802.11b.
802.11i: Estndar de seguridad para redes Wi-Fi aprobado a mediados de 2004.

En l se define al protocolo de encriptacin WPA2 basado en el algoritmo AES.
802.11n: Estndar para conseguir mayores velocidades de transmisin para Wi-Fi.

Estas sern superiores a 100 Mbps.
802.16: Estndar de transmisin inalmbrica conocido como WIMAX. Es

compatible con Wi-FI. La tecnologa permite alcanzar velocidades de transmisin
de hasta 70 MBits en una banda de frecuencias entre 10 GHz y 66 GHz.
802.16d: Estndar de transmisin inalmbrica WIMAX que suministra una

velocidad de entre 300 Kbps y 2 Mbps en una banda de frecuencia de 2GHz a
11GHz. Se utiliza para el cubrimiento de la primer milla.
802.1x: Estndar de seguridad para redes inalmbricas y cableadas. Se apoya en

el protocolo EAP y establece la necesidad de autenticar y autorizar a cada usuario
que se conecte a una red.
PAP - Protocolo de Autenticacin de Contraseas (Password Authentication

Protocol): El mtodo ms bsico de autenticacin, en el cual el nombre de usuario
y la contrasea se transmiten a travs de una red y se compara con una tabla de
parejas nombre-clave, la no coincidencia provocar la desconexin.
PEAP (Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol): Protocolo del tipo EAP para
la transmisin de datos autenticados, incluso claves, sobre redes inalmbricas
802.11. Autentica clientes de red Wi-Fi empleando slo certificados del lado
servidor creando un tnel SSL/TLS cifrado entre el cliente y el servidor de
autenticacin.
PKI - Infraestructura de Clave Pblica: Sistema de certificados digitales,

Autoridades Certificadores y otras entidades de registro que verifican y autentican
la validez de cada una de las partes implicadas en una transaccin va Internet.
Punto de acceso (AP): Dispositivo inalmbrico central de una WLAN que mediante
sistema de radio frecuencia (RF) se encarga de recibir informacin de diferentes
estaciones mviles tanto para centralizacin como para enrutamiento.
RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service): Sistema de autenticacin y

contabilidad empleado por la mayora de proveedores de servicios de Internet
(ISPs).
RAS - Servidor de Acceso Remoto: Servidor dedicado a la gestin de usuarios que

no estn en una red pero necesitan acceder remotamente a sta.
Router: Es un conmutador de paquetes que opera en el nivel de red del modelo

OSI, proporciona un control del trfico y funciones de filtrado; est conectado al
menos a dos redes, generalmente dos LANs o WANs o una LAN y la red de un
ISP.
Roaming: En redes inalmbricas se refiere a la capacidad de moverse desde un

rea cubierta por un Punto de Acceso a otra sin interrumpir el servicio o prdida de
conectividad.
Servidor de autenticacin (AS): Servidor que gestiona las bases de datos de todos
los usuarios de una red y sus respectivas contraseas para acceder a
determinados recursos.
Sistema de cifrado: Coleccin completa de algoritmos que tienen su propia

denominacin en funcin de las claves que utilizan para cifrar.
Sniffers: Programa y/o dispositivo que monitorea la circulacin de datos a travs

de una red. Los sniffers pueden emplearse tanto con funciones legtimas de
gestin de red como para el robo de informacin.
SSID: Identificador de red inalmbrica, similar al nombre de la red pero a nivel Wi-
Fi.
TKIP - Protocolo de Integridad de Clave Temporal: Cifra las llaves utilizando un

algoritmo hash y, mediante una herramienta de chequeo de integridad, asegura
que las llaves no han sido manipuladas.
VLAN - Red de rea Local Virtual: Tipo de red que aparentemente parece ser una
pequea red de rea local (LAN) cuando en realidad es una construccin lgica
que permite la conectividad con diferentes paquetes de software. Sus usuarios
pueden ser locales o estar distribuidos en diversos lugares.
WAN Red de rea Amplia: Tipo de red compuesta por dos o ms redes de rea
local (LANs).
Warchalking: Es la prctica de dibujar en paredes o aceras una serie de smbolos

para indicar a otros la proximidad de un acceso inalmbrico.
Wardriving: Tcnica difundida donde individuos equipados con material apropiado

(dispositivo inalmbrico, antena, software de rastreo y unidad GPS) tratan de
localizar puntos de acceso inalmbrico.
Warspamming: Acceso no autorizado a una red inalmbrica y uso ilegtimo de la

misma para enviar correo masivo (spam) o realizar otro tipo de acciones que
comprometan el correcto uso de un sistema.
WEP Privacidad Equivalente a Cableado: Es el sistema de cifrado incluido en el

estndar IEEE 802.11 como protocolo para redes inalmbricas que permite cifrar
la informacin que se transmite. Proporciona cifrado a nivel 2. Est basado en el

algoritmo de cifrado RC4, y utiliza claves de 64 bits (40 bits ms 24 bits del Vector
de inicializacin IV), de 128 bits (104 bits ms 24 bits del vector de inicializacin
IV).
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity): Es el nombre comercial con el cual se conoce a todos los
dispositivos que funcionan sobre la base del estndar 802.11 de transmisin
inalmbrica.
WIMAX - Interoperabilidad Mundial para Acceso por Microondas: Es un estndar

de transmisin inalmbrica de datos (802.MAN) proporcionando accesos
concurrentes en reas de hasta 48 kilmetros de radio y a velocidades de hasta
70 Mbps, utilizando tecnologa que no requiere visin directa entre el punto
transmisor y el receptor.
WPA - Acceso Protegido Wi-Fi: Es un sistema para proteger las redes

inalmbricas (Wi-Fi); creado para corregir las deficiencias del sistema previo WEP
(Wired Equivalent Privacy - Privacidad Equivalente a Cableado).
WPA2 Protocolo de Aplicacin Inalmbrica: Protocolo de seguridad para redes

Wi-Fi, definido en el estndar 802.11i. Reemplaza al protocolo temporal WPA. Se
basa en el algoritmo AES y se debe incorporar a todos los Puntos de Acceso de
ltima generacin.
1. Fuentes Documentales
Atheros Communications Inc. (2003). 802.11 Wireless LAN Performance. Doc.

991-00002-006. Sunnyvale, CA.
Ceballos, F. (2000). Visual Basic 6.0. 2 ed. Mexico, Ed. Mc Graw-Hill. ISBN 92-
315-2116-6.
Checa, L. (2000). Lneas de transporte de Energa. 3 Ed. Editorial Alfaomega.
Cheung, D. & Prettie C. (2002). A Path Loss Comparison Between the 5 GHz UNII
Band (802.11a) and the 2.4 GHz ISM Band (802.11b). Inter Labs, Intel
Corporation.
De Luque, L., Daz, I. & Vasquez, S. (2005). Prediccin del nivel de intensidad de
seal recibid RSSI en una red inalmbrica 802.11b mediante un modelo
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Nacional de Cuyo.
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3701-4 SS95134.
Jangeun, J. & Mihail, S. (2003). The Nominal Capacity of Greles Mesh

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Jimenez, M. (2006). Comunicaciones Industriales. Universidad Politcnica de

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Lin, Y., Latchman, H. y Newman, R. (2003). A Comparative Performance Study of

Wireless and Power Line Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine.
Marcelo N. (2006). Estudo de propagao em ambientes fechados Para o

planejamento de wlans. Ro de Janeiro.
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Espaa: Pearson Educacin. ISBN 84-205-2986-9
Stallings, W. (2006). Wireless Communications and Networks. Prentice - Hall.

Estados Unidos.
Tanenbaum, A. (2003). Redes de Computadores. Pearson Education. Mxico.
Villaroel, C., Rodrguez, A., Valle, J. (2003). Diseo de una red de rea local
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Chile.
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Revista Espaola de Electrnica. Barcelona.
Fuentes Electrnicas
Cabr, C. (2004). El acceso online a travs de la red elctrica, a paso lento.

Recuperado de
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Bsicas, Tecnologa e Ingeniera

UNIDAD 1. INTRODUCCIN A LAS REDES DE DATOS, APOYADAS EN EL

CAPITULO 1. INTRODUCCIN A LAS REDES DE DATOS

Leccin 1. Objetivos de las redes de datos

CAPITULO 2. HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA SIMULACIN DE REDES

Leccion 1. FLAN (F- Links And Nodes)

CAPITULO 3. PROTOCOLOS DE RED

Leccin 1. Protocolo TCP / IP

UNIDAD 2. CAD PARA WLAN, ADMINISTRACIN Y SEGURIDAD EN REDES

CAPITULO 1. INTRODUCCIN A LAS WLAN

Leccin 1. Medios inalmbricos

CAPITULO 2. SEGURIDAD EN WIFI

Leccin 1. Seguridad en el estndar 802.11

CAPITULO 3. CAD PARA REDES LAN INALAMBRICAS

Leccin 1. Herramientas para medicin de potencia

ASPECTOS DE PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL Y VERSIONAMIENTO

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