USEFUL INFORMATION

The uncertainty A in an observable A for a state |n i is

(A)2 = hn |(A hAi)2 |n i = hA2 i hAi2
For the x-component px of linear momentum p, the operator is:
h
px =
i x
The commutation relation of the x position operator with the px linear momentum oper-
ator is:
h
[px , x] =
i
Commutation bracket relations:
[A + B, C] = [A, C] + [B, C] and [AB, C] = A[B, C] + [A, C]B
First-order and second-order perturbation energy shifts are:

0 2
|hn0 |V |m i|
En(1) = hn0 |V |n0 i En(2) =
X
0 0
m6=n (En Em )

A particle of mass m confined to a line of length L from x = 0 to x = L has energies:

n2 2 h2
En =
2mL2
where n is a positive integer and corresponding normalised eigenfunctions n are given
by: s
2 nx
 
n = sin .
L L
For the harmonic oscillator energy eigenstates |n i
1
 
En = n + h , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2

a |n i = n + 1 |n+1 i a |n i = n |n1 i
s s
h   hm  
x= a +a p= i a a
2m 2

Angular momentum ladder operators

q q
J+ |mj i = j(j + 1) mj (mj + 1)h|mj +1i J |mj i = j(j + 1) mj (mj 1)h|mj 1i

The Zeeman interaction Hamiltonian is

!
J
HZeeman = B gL B
h
eh
where B = is the Bohr magneton and
2m
j(j + 1) + s(s + 1) l(l + 1)
gL = 1 +
2j(j + 1)
is the Lande g-factor.
Gradient and Laplacian for a general coordinate system
!
1 1 1 2 1 X h1 h2 h3
= e1 + e2 + e3 =
h1 q1 h2 q2 h3 q3 h1 h2 h3 qi h2i qi
Spherical Polar Coordinate system: Polar coordinate system:

Integrals and trigonometric relationships:

#b
cosn+1
Z Z b "
n n! n
r exp(ar)dr = cos sin d =
0 an+1 a n+1 a

1 1
sin2 = (1 cos 2) sin cos = sin 2
2 2
sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin
cos ( ) = cos cos sin sin

exp i = cos + i sin

1 1
cos = (exp(i) + exp(i)) sin = (exp(i) exp(i))
2 2i

Solution to quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0:

b b2 4ac
x=
2a
Legendre Polynomials:
s
1
Y00 (, ) =
4
s
3
Y11 (, ) = sin exp(i)
8
s
3
Y10 (, ) = cos
4
s
15
Y22 (, ) = sin2 exp(2i)
32
s
3
Y21 (, ) = sin cos exp(i)
8
s
5
Y20 (, ) = (3 cos2 1)
16