Automated

RecordingSystem
forJackInPile
Ir.LiewShawShong
 GeotechnicalAutomation&Innovation
BackGround&Objectives

ProblemStatement

Solutions&FutureR&D

Learning& ApplicationofMultiEngineeringDisciplines

CaseHistory

ConcludingRemarks

2 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 PileFoundation
Support
LoadCarryingCapacity&SafetyFactor
AretheseLoadingsaStaticorDynamicActions?
SettlementPerformance&StiffnessResponse

3 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 StaticInjection
Newtons3rd Law:Action=Reaction
ProofLoadedbyKentledge StaticLoading
UntilInjectionRefusal(Shortterm)

4 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 JackInPilingSystem
DeadWeightBallast
SelfServiceCrane
PowerPack
HydraulicGrippingSystem
HydraulicInjectionSystem
MovableBearingSleepers

5 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 JackInPilingSystem
HydraulicActuators(2&4ConcentricPairs)
HydraulicGrippingSystem
CurvatureofGrippingarchtofitpilediameter
Contactareaforgrippingfriction

6 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 Schematic

7 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 ProblemStatement
InjectionObstruction(Boulders,shallow&
intermittenthardlayers) Preboring
BucklinginPrebored Hole&ToeRelaxation
Backfilling/Grouting
Kickout(Pileflexuraldistress) PointedPileShoe
PileHeave(Soildisplacement)&ToeRelaxation
Rejacking
CreepingSettlement LongerHoldingTime
ErroneousRecording

8 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 ProblemStatement
InjectionObstruction(Boulders,shallow&
intermittenthardlayers) Preboring
BucklinginPrebored Hole&ToeRelaxation
Backfilling/Grouting
Kickout(Pileflexuraldistress) PointedPileShoe
PileHeave(Soildisplacement)&ToeRelaxation
Rejacking
CreepingSettlement LongerHoldingTime
ErroneousRecording

9 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 ProblemStatement
InjectionObstruction(Boulders,shallow&intermittent
hardlayers) Preboring
BucklinginPrebored Hole&ToeRelaxation
Backfilling/Grouting
Kickout(Pileflexuraldistress) PointedPileShoe
PileHeave(Soildisplacement)&ToeRelaxation
Rejacking
CreepingSettlement LongerHoldingTime
ErroneousRecording

10 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 ProblemStatement
KickOutofPileToe InjectionObstruction(Boulders,shallow&
intermittenthardlayers) Preboring
BucklinginPrebored Hole&ToeRelaxation
Backfilling/Grouting
Kickout(Pileflexuraldistress) PointedPileShoe
PileHeave(Soildisplacement)&ToeRelaxation
Rejacking
CreepingSettlement LongerHoldingTime
ErroneousRecording

11 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 Load
(kN)

Pile
Heave

Settlement(mm)

ProblemStatement
InjectionObstruction(Boulders,shallow&
intermittenthardlayers) Preboring
BucklinginPrebored Hole&ToeRelaxation
Backfilling/Grouting
Kickout(Pileflexuraldistress) PointedPileShoe
PileHeave(Soildisplacement)&ToeRelaxation
Rejacking
CreepingSettlement LongerHoldingTime
ErroneousRecording

12 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 CreepingBehaviour:
Dissipationofexcessporepressure
(Cohesivefinematerials) ProblemStatement
HighcomponentofpilecapacityonEnd InjectionObstruction(Boulders,shallow&
BearingonStiffFineSoils intermittenthardlayers) Preboring
ImposedloadneartoUltimateResistance BucklinginPrebored Hole&ToeRelaxation
(PlasticdeformationinProgressiveLoad Backfilling/Grouting
TransferofLoadPile) Kickout(Pileflexuraldistress) PointedPileShoe
PileHeave(Soildisplacement)&ToeRelaxation
Rejacking
CreepingSettlement LongerHoldingTime
ErroneousRecording

13 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 CarbonFootprint:EnergytoinstallaPile,E=F(x)dx

PileJointWelding
ProblemStatement
InjectionObstruction(Boulders,shallow&
intermittenthardlayers) Preboring
BucklinginPrebored Hole&ToeRelaation
Backfilling/Grouting
Kickout(Pileflexuraldistress) PointedPileShoe
PileHeave(Soildisplacement)&ToeRelaxation
Rejacking
CreepingSettlement
ErroneousRecording Automation

14 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 Solutions
RealtimeMonitoringSystem
WirespringLVDTPenetrationDecoder
PressuretransducersforJackingLoad
Measurement&FlagofPileGrip
LCDPanel

15 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 Advantages

Continuousmonitoringand Preventuncontrolledstructural
recordingofJackingLoad&Pile damagetopileresultinginthe
Penetration(Goodrecordofjacking abandonmentoforiginaldamaged
resistanceratherthanerroneous jackedpileandmorecompensation
manualrecording,pilejointing,etc ) pilesandpilecap enlargementare
Criteriontoeithertimelymanually needed
ceaseorautomatedJackingon Rejacking ofundercapacitypileto
SuddenReductionofJackingLoad maximiseusablecapacityofpilesat
Reducetheworkloadofjackingrig riskyareaswherepiledamageis
operator expectedifjackingisnotcontrolled

16 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 PileProductivity
CoolingDurationforPileJointWelding
ApplicationofAntiCorrosionPaint
InvestigationusingThermalImagingTool
NaturalCooling&InducedAirFlowCooling
FluxCoredArchWelding(FCAW)/GasMetal
ArchWelding(GMAW)

17 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 FluxCoredArch
Welding(FCAW)/
GasMetalArch
Welding(GMAW)

18 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 1)PILE INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
Checklist:
1) Rockheadlevel(______m)
2) 400mmspunpileClassB(WorkingLoad=120Tonne,Grade80)
3) JackingLoad=2xWL=2x120=240Tonne

YES,WITH
NORMAL
CHANGE IFCHANGEINGRADIENTOBSERVED
STARTINSTALLTHEPILE
e.g.ATPOINTC,SETTERMINATION
LOADTO95%OFONEREADINGLESS
WHICHISATPOINTB.
PLOTGRAPHOFJACKING
LOADVSDEPTH

APPLYSETCRITERIAFOR
DOWNGRADEDTERMINATIONLOAD
CHECKTHECHANGEINLOAD
DEPTHGRADIENT
JACKINGMUSTBESTOPPED
AT100%,150%AND200%WL INSPECTIFPILEISINGOOD
ANDAT1MABOVEROCK CONDITION(SEESTANDARD
HEADTOVERIFYRECORDS PROCEDURE) TERMINATIONAT2xWL
NO,CONTINUEJACKING

TERMINATEAT2xWL.CHECK
THEFLOWCHARTOF
TERMINATIONCRITERIA

YES,WITH
ABNORMAL CONSULTENGINEERTOCHECK
CHANGE
IFDOWNGRADINGISREQUIRED
2) FLOW CHART OF TERMINATION
CRITERIA FOREACHSET
Oncereachintendedload
STAGE

1st Set
3)Hold20Seconds
Jack:2xWLorDowngradedLoad <2mm
2)Apply200%WL
Hold:20Seconds
4)ReleaseLoad
CheckSettlement:<2mm 1)Beforeapplyload
ReleaseLoad

OK Wait3minutes
NOTOK
2nd Set
Jack:2xWLorDowngradedLoad
Hold:20Seconds
CheckSettlement:<2mm
ReleaseLoad
OK Wait3minutes

3rd Set
Jack:2xWLorDowngradedLoad
Hold:20Seconds
CheckSettlement:<2mm
ReleaseLoad

REFERTOTHEPROCEDURETO
PASS OBSERVEANDRECORDPILE
HEAVINGAFTERINSTALLATION
 ChangeinGradient

95%OFLOADATPOINTB

*Changein
Gradient(AB,BC)

A
B C

NORMAL ABNORMAL
3) STANDARD PROCEDURE FOR PILE INSPECTION OF DOWNGRADED PILES
TO INSPECT POSSIBLE SIGNS OF DAMAGE

PILETERMINATEDAT SHINEATORCHLIGHTTHATISTIEDTOA
DOWNGRADEDLOAD MEASURINGTAPETHORUGHTHECENTRAL
ANNULUSOFSPUNPILE.

INSPECTTHELOCATIONOFDEFECTS
NO YES

PILECONSIDEREDACCEPTABLE
REFERTOTHEPROCEDURETOOBSERVE
ANDRECORDPOSSIBLEPILEHEAVING
AFTERINSTALLATION
MEASURETHEDEPTHOFDEFECTS.
USECAMERAFORVIDEORECORDING.(IF
CONDITIONPERMITTED)
RECORDTHEFOLLOWINGINFORMATION:
I) Typeandsizeofspunpile
II) Jackingpressure
III) Lengthofpileinstalled
IV) Numberofpilesectionsanditsindividuallengths
V) Depthofdefects
VI) Directionandorientationofthedefectsortiltingdirectionof
damagedpilesegment
VII) Anyobservationofwaterseepages,riseofwaterorsoildebris
insidespunpile
VIII) Photographrecordsofinternalanexternalpileconditions
IX) Possiblemechanismofbreakage

ENGINEERTOASSESSACCEPTABILITYOFPILES
4) PROCEDURE TO RECORD POSSIBLE PILE HEAVING
AFTER PILE INSTALLATION

INSTALLATIONOFSPUNPILE
COMPLETED.

LEVELLINGSTAFFSHALLBE
LOCATEDOVERTHETOPSURFACE
OFCUTPILE
CUTOFF

INDICATETHEPRECISELEVELOF LEVEL
THESPUNPILE

AFTER THE LAST PILE WITHIN THE SAME

GROUP HAS BEEN INSTALLED

CHECKTHEPRECISELEVELLINGOFPREVIOUSLY
INSTALLEDPILESTODETERMINEANYHEAVINGOF
PILEOBSERVED
 FutureR&D

RealTimeMonitoringSystem JackInHydraulicSystem
LaserDistanceRangingMeasurement PressureControlHydraulicSystem
IndependentPreciseLevel (againstexistingconstantfluiddischarge
Measurement(forRateofPile pumpsystem)
Pressureregulatorychamber(AirFluidPhases)
PenetrationatTermination)
Variablereliefvalveandbackflowsystem
Higherscanningfrequencydatalogger Lowflow&highpressurepump
fortimelyresponse&pilecreep
LoadHoldingforMLT
measurementduringloadholdingfor
pileterminationandMLT AutomationControlSystem
Automationjackingcontrolregimeto OperationalCriteriatoControlJacking
preventstructuraldamagetopiles RateofJackingpenetration
ThresholdofJackingLoadReduction
Rejacking LoadforDowngradingPileCapacity
24 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 FutureR&D

LaserDetection&RangingSystem JackInHydraulicSystem

http://www.dynexhydraulics.com/cbpump.htm

25 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 Learning& ApplicationofMultiEngineeringDisciplines
Geotechnical&StructuralEngineering:KnowledgeinProblemIdentification
andSolution

Electronic&MechanicalSensors:MeanstoachievingMeasurementsin
JackingOperation

HydraulicSysteminMechanicalEngineering:ToexpandCapabilityofJacking
OperationtoperformingMaintainLoadTest

SystemControl:CriteriaManagementforPotentialAutomationControl

Psychology:FriendlyInteractionbetweenHuman&Machine

26 July22,2012 Footertexthere
 CaseHistory
SiteArea:2.5Acres
2Blocksof18StoreyTowers(250Units)

27 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 GroundConditions
MineTailingMaterialsofClayeySILT/Silty SAND

SPTN:5to20

LimestoneBedrock:16to40mbgl

Groundwater:3mbgl

28 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 ComplianceFoundationDesign
Boredpilesandspunpiles,withboredpilesusedatlocationswithlarge
loadsandwheretherearecavities

29 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 AlternativeFoundationDesign

KeyObjectives
OptimiseCost
CompleteFoundation
Constructionin100days

30 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 AlternativeFoundationDesign
ChangeallBoredPilestoClassBJackinSpunPiles
SimplifyConstructionWorks
LessCongestiononSite&NoisePollution
ReduceMobilisationCost
ProofLoadingeveryPiles

RemovePointedPileShoe&OpenEnded
LessLateralSoilDisplacement
AllowInstallationofUnderpinningMicropile ifneeded

ReduceTypeofSpunPileSizes
Only400mm&500mmSpunPilesforBetterEfficiency
StreamlinetheJackingOperation

31 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 PileInjectionTrialTests
PLT1 PLT2

Withoutinstrumentation withinstrumentationusingthe
GlobalStrainExtensometer
Toverifymaximumpilecapacity
(Glostrext)system
Thejackingloadduringinstallation
tomeasurethemovementofpile
wasrecordedmanuallyatthisstage
astherealtimemonitoringdevice segmentsforglobalaxialstrain,load
wasnotreadyforthetestpile transferbehaviorduringjackingand
installation. alsointerpretedlockedin/residual
stressinthepileaftertheunloading
cycle

32 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 FindingsfromPLT1&PLT2

Pilegeotechnicalcapacityachieved
fora500mmdiameterpileismuch
lessthanitsstructuralcapacityasin
PLT2
Existingweakgroundcondition
doesnotpermitjackingrigtotake
excessivereactionweight
Hence,asmaller400mmdiameter
pilewithworkingloadof1,200kN
wasproposed

33 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 FinalAlternativePileDesign

34 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 PileLayout

35 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 Construction Timing

36 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 Construction ReducedCoolingTimeAfterWelding
Thermalimagingtocomparetherateofreductionintemperatureofa
naturallyventilatedweldcomparedtoonewithforcedventilationusing
blowerfan

37 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 Construction ReducedCoolingTimeAfterWelding
Coolingtimereducedfrom30minto5min
Productionrateincreasedfrom4to7piles/rig/day

38 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 DailyPilingProduction

39 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 ReviewofAsbuiltStatistics
336pileswithcapacitiesdowngraded,outofwhich305pileshavecapacities>
2/3originalcapacities
96piles(8%)addedtocompensatefordowngradedpiles
Pilewastages~10%

40 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 Conclusions&RecommendationsofCaseStudy
Casestudyonsuccessfulimplementationofjackinpilesysteminlimestone
geologyfortwo18storeys towerblocks

Useofrealtimemonitoringduringjackingoperationhasenabledhigher
utilizationfactorandminimizeriskofoverstressingthepiles

Shortercoolingperiodforwelding

AchievebothTime&CostSavings

41 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 FinalConcludingRemarks
Technologyadvancementispossibleifengineerisabletoprocureandpractise
amultidisciplinaryknowledge.i.e.basedonfundamentalprincipleof
mechanics&physics.

Innovations:UseofICT&TechnologyforRapidFeedbackControlin
AutomationtoattainHighEfficiency&EffectivenessofConstruction

Improvements:ConstructionMethodology,Materials,Workmanship

Benefits:Faster,LessWastage,GreenerConstruction,BetterAssurancein
Performance,BetterCostEconomics,LessHumanErrors

42 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
 Step1
EngineeringProcessCycle Design
Objectives

Step5 Step2
Performance Problem
Feedback Identification

Step4 Step3
Executionof Option
Solution Exploration

43 July22,2012 2DaySeminaronAdvancementinGroundInvestigationandGeotechnicalInstrumentation
ThankYou