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PT Bhinneka Bajanas 1

i5C]RFIP'D High speed steels, ESR quality


Designation For Bohler Specialities 2

IEillTlrlTFII>< Powder metallurgically manufactured steels Table 0l Conlents 3

!6nEtJrir Cold work steels, ESR quality


Cold Work Tool Steels 4-7
High Speed Tool Steels 8-9
FC6]5TrlR Only for conventional K340 Hot Work Tool Steels 10-11

tStrDrsE Hot work steels with special heat treatment


Plastic Moulding Steels 12-13
Stainless Steels 14-15
NSMEILDE Hot work steels, ESR quality with special Heal Resisting Steels 14-15
heat treatment
Wear Resisting Sleels 16-17
ISMPLrl-ST Plastic mould steels, ESR quality Special Purpose Steels 16-17
Machinery Steels 18-19
IgEEXTRrl Special materials, ESR quality (excluding
Iron-iron Carbide Equilibrium Diagram (cemenlite) 20
vacuum remelted) for turbine blading bar,
corrosion resistant steels, aerospace steeb Term And Delinitions For The Heal Trealment 21-31
0l Ferrous Materials
rTE!Ir{{fELEF|N Powder matallurgical steels
Classilication and System ol Material Numbers 32-35
elDa Ft Special materials subjected to vacuum Alloying Elements 0l Special Steels 36-42
refining or melting during at least one Weight Calculation Formula 42
stage of manufacture
The Ellect 0l Alloyinq Elemenls 43

EXTF!rl Products with special property and/or Comparison Lisl 44-45


achievement characteristics, which do not Forged Steel Bar - Machining Allowances 46-47
belong to any of the above categories
Rolled Steel Bar - Machining Allowances 48

Bohler lbo Ecomax And Ecoblank 49


Electro Slag Remelting
Comparison 0l Hardness 50-51

* STAR
Colour Signs 52
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS Ia sillt:en
Chemical Composition (Avercge,"/o)
BOHTEB
Standards
Heat treatment femoerature. oC Applications
GRADE c Si Mn Cr Mo Ni V W
Hot forming 1 050 - 850 Cutting tools (dies and punches), blanking and
'K460 punching tools, thread cutting tools, woodworking
095 025 110 0,55 010 0,55 DIN : 1 2510 Annealing 710 - 750
AMUTIT S tools, machine knives for the wood, paper and
100MnCrW4 Stress relieving
Hardening
- 650
metal working industries, measuringtools, plastic
AlSl : 01 780 - 820
moulds.
BS : BO1
JIS : SKS 3 Ouenchant Afte. Hardening Average HRC alter tempering at..... 0C

oil 100 2lJlJ 300 400 500 60n


Salt bath
63 - 65 HRC
(200-2s0b) 64 62 58 52
< 20mmb
K100 200 0,25 035 11 50 DIN : <1 2080> oC
SPECIAL I Heat treatment Temperature, Applications
X21OCt12
Standard grade ol high carbon, high chromium steels High-
AISI :- D3
Hot forming 1 050 - 850 performance cutting tools (dies and punches) blankingand
BS :-BD3 Annealing 800 - 850
punchinOtools, woodworking tools, shearblades for cutting
JIS :-SKD1 light-gauge material, thread rolling dies, drawing, deep
Stress relieving
Hardening
- 650 drawing and extrusion tools,pressing tools for the
940 - 970 ceramics and pharm aceutical industries, cold rolls for
multiple-roll stands, measurino tools, Dlastic moulds

Ouenchanl After Hardenino Average HRC after tempering at.....0C


oil 100 200 300 400 500 600
Salt bath
lzoo-zso/soo ssobl 63 - 6s HBC
64 62 59 57
Air blast
Still eir l< 25 mm 0t
Kl10 r55 030 0.30 11.80 075 075 :<1.2379>
DIN Heat treatment Temperature oC Applications
KNL X1 53CrVMol:
Gradeteaturing exellenttoughness, wear resistance
EXTRA AISI :42 Hot forming 1 0s0 - 850 and suitable lor bath nitriding. High-perfomance cuning
BS : tools(diesandpunclEs), blankino and pmching tools,
-BU2 Annealing 800 - 850 woodworking tools, shear blades lor cutting light-gauge
JIS : -SKD 11 Stress relieving 650 - 700 mterial, thread rolling dies,drawing,deep drawing and
Hardening '1020 - 1040*1 extrusion toois, pressing tools for the ceramics and
pharmaceutical industries, cold rolls tor multiple-roll
slands, measuring tools, plastic moulds
Ouenchant After Hardening Average HBC after tempering at..... g
oit 100 2oll 300 400 500 600
Salt bath
(zoo-zso/soo-ssoh) 63 - 65 HRC
*1) BOHLEH oC 64 61 59 58
K1 1 0: hardening at 1 060 - 1 O8O + tempering at 520 - 570 b Air blast
Still air (< 25 mm 0
K340 1.10 0.90 040 830 z tv 050 Bohler Patent Sted oC
Heat treatmenl Temperature, Applications
ISODUB
DIN
Hot forming 1050 - 850 Cutting tools (dies and punches), blanking and
AISI
Annealing 800 - 850 punching tools, cold torming tools e g drawing, deep
BS
JIS Stress relieving _ 650 drawing and extrusion tools, coining tools, thread roling
Hardening 1040 - 1080*, dies, shear blades, measuring tools, woodworking tools

Ouenchant After Hardeninq Average HRC after tempering at..,.. C


oil 100 200 300 500 520 550
AI, Nb Salt bath 61 - 63 HBC
63 61 61 62 63 64
Air Blasl
*)BOHLEB K340: hardening at - 1080 oC + tempering at 550 -570 "C
1O4O * Special treatment (e g il followed by nitriding)
4

I
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS lasOH|lJn
3OHLER
Chemical Composition (Average,o/o) Heat treatment Temperature, oC Applications
Standards
GRADE c S Mn Cr Mo N V W Hot lorming 1 050 - 850 Cutting tools (dies and punches), blanking and punching
Annealing 800 - 850 tools Cold forming tools e g drawing, deep drawing and
(360 125 090 0.35 875 2.70 'i 18 Bohler Patent Steel extrusion tools, stamping tools, thread roling dies-
SODUR
Stress relieving - 650 Shear blades for metal, recycling ol plastics, papel
DIN Hardening 1040 - 1080
AISI
BS Quenchanl Atter Hardening Average HRC after tempering at....,
JIS 100 200 300 s00 520 550
oit
Salt bath 61 - 63 HRC 63 61 61 oz b5 64
AI, Nb Air Blast
oC
(390 247 055 040 4.20 380 0.20 9.00 1.00 Bohler Patent Steel Heat treatment Temperature, Applications
Cold work tools steel prcduced by the powder metallurgy method
DIN Hot forming 1100-900 Enraordinary high wear rcsistance, excelled toughness high-peilolmance
cfring tools Blanking and puncfting indusky: cofrinq tools for normal and
AISI Annealing 800 - 850 precis on b anking Cold lotming 4plicalions: Enrusion tooinq, Dlawing
BS and deep d rawl ng tools, Stamping too s Thread rollinq tools, Cold rolls Cold
Stress relieving 650 - 700 pilger rolling mandres, Compression mouldinq dies for the ceramics and
JIS Hardening 1050-1150 pharmaceutica ind0sties Knive: Paper and packaginq indusiries, Circular
knives, Shearing blades Plaslic procEssing iodudries: Enrudel nozzles

oC
Ouenchant Afler Hardening Average HFC after tempering at.....
oit 100 200 300 520 550 600
Salt bath
(zoo,zsolsoo-ssooc) 62 - 67 HRC
63 61 60 65 OJ 55
Qe=200 Air blast
Strll arr (< 25 mm g
o( Applications
(455 063 060 0.30 1 10 0.18 2.00 DIN : <1 2550> Heat treatmenl Temperature,
IilY EXTRA 60WCrV7 Hot iorming 1 050 - 850 Cutting tools (dies and punches) lor heavy plate Cold
AISI :-s1 Annealing 7'lo - 750 punches, cold shear blades, woodworking tools, shank
BS
Stress relieving - 650 tools lor pneumatic equipment, coining tools, hot work
JIS
Hardening 870 - 900 tools for low thermal stresses

Ouenchant Alter Hardening Average HRC aftel tempering at.,...


100 200 300 400 500 600
o 58 - 62 HBC
60 59 56 53 49 45

oC
K51 0 1 '18 0.25 0.30 070 010 DIN : <1.2210> Heat treatment Temperature, Applications
SILVER '1
15CrV3
STEEL Hot Jorming 1 050 - 850
AISI
Annealing 710 - 750 Twist drills and taps, ejectors, punches, reamers,
BS
countersinks, engraving tools, metal cutting saws
JIS Stress relieving -650
Also available in stub steel finish
Hardening 780 - 81 o(water)
810 - 840(oil)

After Hardening Average HRC after tempering at...,. oC


Ouenchant
'100 200 300 400 500 600
Water
64 - 66 HRC
Oil (< 15 mm 0) 64 62 FA 51
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS 4 sonlen
BOHLER
Chemical Composition tlverage,T.)
Heat treatment Temperature,oC Applications
GBADE c Cr Mo v w Standards
Co N
Hot forming '1
100 - 900
Annealing High speed steel produced by the powder metallurgy
s290 200 3.80 770 - 840
250 5.10 14 30 'I 1.00 Bohler Patent Steel Stress relieving method tor heavy-duty machining tools, e g tools for
MICROCLEAN
600 - 650
Hardening 1190-1230 nonferrous metals such
DIN
AISI
Ouenchant Normal Tempering Obtainable Hardness after
BS Temperature Temoedno
JIS
oit
Salt bath 540 - 570"C 64 - 66 HRC
Air blast

s600 090 410 500 1.80 6.20 DIN : <1 3343> Heat treatment Temperature,'C Applications
SUPER HS 6-5-2 C
RAPID : 1.3554 LW High speed steel with high wear resistance produced
Hot lorming 1100-900
EXrRA Mo by the powder metallurgy method for heavy-duty
AISI : -M2 reg C Annealing 770 - 840 machining tools e g for machining oJ nonlerrous
BS : BM2 Stress relieving 600 - 650 metals alloys, such as Ti and Al-alloys
Jrs : SKH 51 Hardening 1150-1200 Tools exposed to high compressive stresses, e g
in line blanking of high-strength materiats
Ouenchant Normal Tempering Obtainable Hardness atter
Temoeralure Temperinq
oit
Salt bath 540 - 570'c 64 - 66 HRc
Air blast

s690 135 410 500 4.10 5.90 DIN Heat treatment


-1.3351 Temperature,oC Applications
MICROCTEAT\
- HS6-5-4
Atst Hot forming '1100 - 900
-M4
BS -BM4 Annealing 770 - 440
Stress relieving
JIS - SKH 54
Hardening
600 - 650
1100-1180

Normal Tempering Obtainable Hardness atter


Ouenchant Temperature Temoeilnd
oit
Salt bath 540 - 570 "C 64 - 66 HRC
Air blast

s705 092 410 500 1.90 6.20 4.80 DIN : <1 3243> Heat treatment Temperature,oC Applications
Mo RAPID
HS6-s-2-5
EXTHA 5()O Hot forming
Arsr : -M41 1100-900
Annealing
Turning and planing tools of all types, milling
BS : -8M35 770 - 840
Stress relieving cutters, twist drills, taps, woodworking tools,
Jrs : SKH55 600 - 650
Hardening and cold work tools
r 1 90 -1 230")

Normal Tempering Obtainable Hardness alter


Ouenchant Temperature Tempering

oit
Salt bath 550 - 580"C 64 - 66 HRC
Air blast

*) The toughness needed for cold work tools may require lower hardening temperatures

F
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS Iasdunn
Ghemical Composition (Average,%) Heat treatment Temperature,oC Applications
BOHLER
Standards
GRADE c S Mn Cr Mo N v w Hot forming Heavy duty stressed hot work tools such as mandrels,
1100-900
Annealing e)atrusion dies and liners tor the extrusion press; upsetting
w302 039 110 0,40 520 1.40 DN : <1 2344> 750 - 800 dies for the manulacturing of screws, nuts, rivets, pins; die
0.95 Stress relieving
US 600 - 650 cqsting tools; insert for die blocks and hot working shear
X40CrMoV5-1 Hardening 1020 - 1080 blades; it offers the additional advantage of being suitable
ULTRA AS :-H 11
tor water cooling
lsodisc H13
lsobloc BS : BH '13 Ouenchant After Hardening Average HRC after tempering..... at oC
JIS :SKD 61 400 500 550 600 650 700
oit 52 - 56 HRC
Salt bath 52 - 56 HRC
54 54 50 40 32
Air blast 50 - 54 HRC

w303 040 280 Heat treatment Temperature,oC Applications


0.38 0,40 500 0.55 DIN :<1.2367>
X38CrMovs-3 Highly stressed hot work tools, such as mandrels, dies
Hot lorming 1100-900 and containers lor metal tube and rod extrusion; hot
AIS
Annealing 750 - 800 extrusion toolsi tools for the manulaclure of hollows;
BS
Stress relieving 600 - 650 tools lor the manufacture of screws, nuts, rivets and
JIS
Hardening 1030 - 1080 bolts; die casting toolsi forming dies; die inserts; hot
shear blades
w403 038 020 0.25 500 280 065
VMR Ouenchant Atter Haldening Average HRC alter tempering..... at 0C
400 s00 550 600 650 700
oit 52 - 56 HRC
Salt bath 52 - 56 HHC 44 35
52 54 50
Air bath 50 - 54 HRC
Hardening 1020 - 103OoC
w360 050 020 0.25 450 3.00 060 Bohler Patent Steel Heat treatment Temperature,oC Applications
DIN 1100-900 Dies and punches in warm and hot forging, Tooling
Hot forming
AISI Annealing 750 - 800 for high speed presses Toughness-critical cold work
BS 650 - 700 applications Extrusion tooling, e g dies Core pins
Stress relieving
JIS and inserts in die-casting dies Specilic applications
Hardening Approx.1050 in the plastic processing secton

Ouenchant After Hardening Avelage HRC atter tempering..... at oC


400 500 550 600 6so 700
oil
Salt bath 57 - 58 HRC
57 53
Air blast

w335 038 0.65 170 260 260 075 DIN Heat treatmenl Temperature,oC Applications
lsobloc AISI New developed hot work tools steel under new patent,
2000 Hot lorming 1100-900
BS with higher mechanical properties compared to other
Annealing 750 - 800
JIS normal known hot work steel heavy duty stressed hot
Stress relieving 600 - 650 work such as press mandrels, extrusion dies, hot shear
Hardening 1040-1080 blades Used in aluminium industries, brass and
oil (up to 12mm0) copper, die casting, can stand up to 700 0C

Ouenchant After Hardening Average HRC atter tempering..... at 0C

oit s4 - s6 HHC 400 500 550 600 650 700


Salt bath 54 - 56 HRC
Nb : 0.12% 50 50 53 50 45 40
Air blast 50 - 54 HRC
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS la sillten
]OHLER
Chemical Composition (Average,o/.) Heat treatmenl Temperature,oC Applicaiions
GRADE c s Mn Cr
Standards
Mo N Cu A
Hot Jorming 050 - 850
1 lvlainly used fo,r thermoplastic mould of
Annealing 720 - 740 medium and large cross section, is supplied
M20l o41 030 150 200 020 DIN : <1 2311>
K456 40CrM n lVoT
Stress relieving -
600 in prehardened condition to about
ECOPLUS Hardening 8a0 - 860 (oil) :L 300 brinell / 28HRC (100o N/mm2).
AISI : -P20 860 - 880 (air) K456 can be nitrided
BS
JIS Ouenchant qfter Hardening Average HRC after tempe.ing at.... oC

100 200 300 400 500 600


oit 52 - 57 HRC
49 48 47 45 40 34
Air blast 50 HRC

M238 038 030 '1


50 200 o20 110 DN : <1 2738> Heat tleatment Iemperature,oC Applications
ECOPLUS 40Crl\4nNiMo&srt '1050 - 850 Large and medium-sized moulds (over 400 mm
Hot Jorming thickness) tor plastics processing, mould carrier lrames
AIS
Normalizing 850 - 900 for the plastic mould, components {or general
BS
Annealing 720 - 740 mechanical engineering and tool manufacture
JIS Hardening 840 - 860 (oil) This ECOPLUS grade combines excellent
860 - 88o (air) machinabili'ty, very good polishability and optimum
photo etching properties

Ouenchant After Hardening Average HRC afler tempeling at....0C


100 200 300 400 soo 600
oil
54 HRC
Air blast 54 53 47 45 40 34

M303 o27 0.30 065 14 50 1.00 085 B0HLER Patent Stel Heat treatmenl Temperature,oC Applications
EXTRA
Hot forming 1 0s0 - 850 lor chemically aggressive plastics (e g PVC)
lvlould
DIN and plastics containing abrasive fillers, E)drusion tools
Normalizing 850 - 900
AISI
+N BS
Annealing 800 - 850 BOHLER M303 EXTRA is a stainless martensitic
chromium steel, offering excellent toughness,
Hardening 1000-1030
JIS corrosion and wear resistance, good polishability
Quenchant After Hardenine Average HRC after tempering at.... oC
'100 200 300 400 500 600
oit
Salt bath 51 - 53 HRC
BOHLER M303 EXTRA is supplied in the hardened and Air blast 53 52 48 49 51 30
tempered condition (290-330 HB), no heat treatment is generally required

M461 0.13 030 200 035 350 120 1.20 BOHLER Patent Sleel
Condition ol supply Hardness Applications
EXTRA High-pr6ision plastic injection moulds e g br the
Precipitation
hardened 38 - 42 HRC production of (:)mera parts md elecfonic parts;
+ Special additions (stock standard) @mprsion moulds lor all typ6, e g ior plstic
Alternative
@ntainer; moulds for the pr@sing of elastomeF;
moulds for the production oJ packing rings
solution - 32 HRC (O-ring sls); moulds for the production ol type
annealed segments (rubber materials); high-precision
High hardness ol up to 44 HRC components ior mechanical engin@ring: very good
Supply condition = 38 - 42 HRC wear resistance
after precipitation hardened

'12

l-,
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS & soHlrn
Chemical Composition (Average,%) Hardening Structure after Hardness
e0HLen
Standards Temperature,oC Heat Treatment (average values) Applications
GRADE c S Mn Cr Mo N Quenchant (Condition) HB/HV

N350 0.19 0.25 040 15.90 160 DIN <1 .4075> Naval construction, parts for
ANTINIT X17CrNi16-2 Fedte + Carbides max 295 marine engines and other
(annealed) machinery exposed to sea or
KWB <1.2787> 950 - 1 050 non-sea water ot steam For
X23CrNi17 oil, air severe servtce tn datfles,
AISI 431 as tempered structure yeast factories, starch and
BS s80 (H &r) paper miils, and Jor the optical
JIS SUS431 and glass industry

N335 0.38 040 065 16.00 100 080 DIN : <1 4122> Ferrite + Carbides max,280
(annealed)
KW35M Components lor mechanical,
X39CrMo17-1 l\ilartens ite
980 - 1 060 (hardened) 48 - 50 HRC marine and plant enginee'
Ars
BS oil lvlartensite
(H+T) 46 - 49 HRC parts, sucker rods, cutting
JIS
as tem P(fl 'AdTJtru ctu re
surgical instruments

N695 1.05 040 040 16 70 050 DN <1.3544> LW Ferrite + Carbides max 285
<1 4125> (annealed)
X105CrMo17 1000 - 1050
l\ilartensite + carbides Balls, rollm, neds and dngs
AIS -440F oil (hardened) ca 61 HRC
for @ruion Gistant bsings
440c
BS lvlartensite + carbides
(H+T) 57 - 60 HRC
JIS SUS44OC
<1 4401> Papei celluose and ayon ndusries
a1 20 005 o.50 't.40 7.OO 220 100 DIN
phoiogphic industry dyeng indu$ry,
ANTINIT max X5CrNiMol T-12-2 1020 - 1120
A(+LF.) meatprocessing indlslry, lrun juiGand
AISI 316 Ouenching temp
AS 4W (Ouenched) queur prodlction, di$illery equipmenl,
BS 3.16525 water, air hospibl equipment,surgicaland medid
JIS SUS31 6 inshumeni, spring components

A500 0.07 1.00 200 880 930 DIN <1.4314>LW For architectural purposes,
AS200 max max max <1 4301 > 1000-1100 household appliances, catering
A (+ L.F.)
X5CrNi18-10 Quenching temp
(Quenched) equipment, cutlery industry,
AISI 304 water, air
medical equipment, automotive
BS 304s31
industry, sanitary equipment
JIS SUS3O4
H&T : hardened and tempered lor good mechanical properties A = austenite
H + T : hardened and tempered for obtaining high hardness L E = low amounts of lerrite.

BOHLER Chemical Composition (Average,%) Hardness


Standalds Condition Max. operating Applications
HB, max. T.S.
GRADE c S Mn Cr N temperature in air
H525 o.o8 170 't.20 24 8C '19 80 )lN: <1 4841> solution
Xl5CrNiSi2s-20 annealed Heat treatment shops: boxes and
ANTITHERM 223 550 - 800 11500C
\lSl: 314 pots, mutfles, retorts, jigs and
FFB N/mm'z lixtures Furnace and boiler
llS :SUH310
lS :310531 construction parts Glass,

H550 0.09 170 120 19 5( 1150 DIN : <1.4828> solution and ceramic industries,
ANTITHERM X15CrNiSi20- 1 annealed 223 550 - 750 1 000 0c Thermocouples protecting
FF AlSl : -305 N/mm'?
tubes and tubular components
for petroleum industry
-308
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS Ia silugn
)ompositlon (Average,o/d Brinell Standard Hardening
BOHLER londilion ol T.S.
Hardness Ouenchant Applications
GRADE c S Mn Cr Mo Ni supply (N/mmz) DN temp., oC
IHBI
42MnV7 820 - 840 o Wearing parts in mineral dressing
F1 80 040 025 1.70 0uenched 706 - 804 278 - 335 and hard material crushingplants:
cHRONtl Mill hammers, beater bars
VM screening and grinding rods and
pins, sheets, lining for hard
materials, crushing and materials,
handling equipment in mines,
quarries and similar applications
(chips, road metal) Bdhler-chronit
VM is prelerred for weldments

v930 020 080 150 100 050 Hardened 1 300 360 - 440 50351 820 - 850 o Construction where resistance to
cHRONT'l + wear is required, such as in
HM Tempered ov= 1150 earthmoving machines, transport
N/mm2 and grinding equipments,
scrapers, shredders and other
B=0005 similar machines

F500 0.28 080 150 1.00 050 ts0 0uenched 1 600 450 - 530 50351 820 - 850 o For the envisaged wear-exposed
cHRONtl + structures, e g excavaling, mining
SPECIAL Tempered and earthmoving machinery,
conveying, crushing and
pulverizing equipment, scrap
B = 0.00s pressing equipment

K700 123 0.40 '12.50 Quenched 800 - 1 000 200 - 400 <1 3401 > '1000 - 1 050 Water Various components lor crushing
]HRONOS X1 20Mnl 2
bulk material handling, ore dressing
- 1 3802
and processing equipment, such as
X1 20Mn1 3
crusherjaws, impact bars, impact
plales, hammers, breakers plates,
grizzly bars, liners, elevator buckets,
dredger teeth, scraper teeth, bucket
links, track rollers, secure box, etc

BOHLER Chemical Composition (Average,%) Heat treatment Temperature,'C Applications


Standards
GRADE c S Mn Cr MO Ni v AI
Hot Forming 1 050 - 850 Components with large cross sections, requiring
v820 036 030 055 170 020 100 095 DIN: <1 8550> Normalizing 870 - 900 extremely high surface hardness and wear resistance
34CrAlNi7 Annealing 650 - 700 e g cam discs, cams, pinion shafts, large measuring
.i AlSl: - Hardening 850 - 890 tool, injection pump parts, valve spools and piston pins
BS :-
JIS:- Quenchant \fter Hardenin( Average HRC after tempering at......0C
100 200 300 400 500 600
o 54 - 57 HRC
57 56 53 49 42 JO

16

l--
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS & sonun
Chemical Composition (Average,o/.) Heat treatmenl femperature, oC Applications
BOHLER
Standards
GRADE c S Mn Cr Mo N v W
Hot lorming 1 050 - 850
Componenls wilh large and medium cross sedions, requning high
Annealing 8s0 - 890 lensrle sPength and touqhness, for aulomoNe ngrneering. gear
v330 034 030 070 11 020 DIN : <1 7220>
Stress relieving 680 - 720 and engine constrlction, e g crankshafrs, steering knuckles,
34CrM04 conneding rods, spindles, intermediate geare, pump and gar shafls
Hardening 840 - 870 (oil) The molybdenum addition makes the sleel insensitive to temper
AlSl :-4130 830 - 860 (water) brifileness
-4135
BS : -708437
Quenchanl After Hardening Average HRC after tempering at,....0C
(^-EN 1eB)
'100 200 300 400 s00 600
JIS :-SCM 1M
: -SCM 2M o s4 - s7 HRC
: -SCM 3M 57 56 53 49 42 38

vl55 034 030 060 150 o20 150 DN <1.6582> Heat treatment Temperature,oC Applications
vcN1s0 34CrNiI/o6 Highly stressed components with large cross sedions
<1 6583> Hot forming 050 - 850 for aircraft, automotive and mechanical engineering,
o ,mm Ov N/mnf Jrr N/mm' 35CrNiMoo Normalizing
1

850 - 880 such as propeller shafts. connecting rods, gear shafts


crankshafts, landing gear components
AIS -4340 Annealing 650 - 700
<16 .1000
1200-1400 Hardening 830 - 860
Heavy forgings, such as rotors, shafts and discs
BS -81 6M40 For economic performance under severe dynamic
16 - 40 900 1100-1300 (-EN1 10) stresses, parts must by designed for optimum strength
JS -sNcM1 Ouenchant After Hardening Average HRC after tempering at.,...0C
40 -100 800 1000 - 1200.
1nn 4t)r| 600
100 -'160 700 900 - 1 100
Supplied in the prehardened o 54 - 57 HRC
160 -250 600 800 - 950 57 56 53 49 42 JO
and tempered condition
v320 o41 030 070 1.10 0.20 DN <1 7223> Heat treatment Temperature,oC Applications
vcl 140 41CrM04
Components with large and medium cross sedions, requiring
<1 7225> Hoi lorming 1050 - 850
O ,mm high tensile stength and toughness, Ior automotive and ged
Q, N/m# Ju, N/mrn'z 42CtMo4 Normalizing 840 - 880 andengineconsfucUon, eg crankshafts, steering knuckles,
AISI -4'140H Annealing 680 - 720 connecting rods, spindles, intermediate gears, pump and gear
il <16 900 1100-1300 BTIVI Hardening 830 - 860(oil) shafts V320 is also suitable ior barrels of small fire arms
The molybdenum addition makes the steel insensitive to temper
BS -708440 820 - 850(water)
16 - 40 750 r000 - 1200 (-En1 9)
britleness Good surface hardenability.

JS sclvl4 Ouenchant After Hardening Average HRC after tempering at...,. oC


40 -100 6s0 900-1100
scM4t\4 100 2o,o- to0 400 soo 600
100 -160 550 800 - 9s0
Supplied in the prehardened
oit
54 - 57 HRC
ii Water
57 56 53 49 42 38
lr 160 -250 500 750 - 900 and tempered condition
H K945 048 030 070 DIN : <1 1730> Heat treatment Temperature,oC Applications
EMS 45 c45W Hot toming 1100-800
AlSl :-1045 Normalizing 850 Low stressed parts in set ol tools, all types of hand
BS :- Annealing 680-710 tools and agriciJltural tools, structural parts for
Stress relieving 600 - 650 composite tools
JIS : -S45C Hardeninq 800 - 830

Quenchant After Hardening Average HRC after tempering at.....0C


100 200 300 400 500 600
Water quenched steel with
Water 54 - 57 HRC
high surface hardness 57 48 49 42 38

19

F
lron - lron carbide equilibrium diagram (cementite) TERM AND DEFINITIONS FOR THE HEAT TREATMENT
OF FERROUS MATERIALS
This diagram shows the phases present under equilibrium conditions, i.e after Reference standards:
very slow heating or cooling, for differenttemperatures and carbon contents (liquid EN 10052 - 93
-o-crystal,a-crystal,7.-crystal,cementite) Dependingonthetimeofformation,the (supersedes DIN 17014 - 1 and EURONORM 52)
cemenlite phase is called primary or secondary cementite. Certain configurations
and phase arrangements lead to structures with specific names (pearlite = ferrite
+ cementite, "ledeburite" = f-crystal + cementiteor4-crystal + cementite). Definition for the thermomechanical treatment
of constructional steels
(acc. to Stahl-Eisen-Werkstoftblatt 082)

Thermochemical treament
The thermomechanical treatment is a hot lorming process in which both
IRON.CARBON EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM temperalure gradient and forming are controlledasafunctionoftime inorder
to achieve a specific material condition and, consequently material properties.

Treatment of this kind include:


Mole fraction of carbon in %
Normalizing forming operation
This iorming operationl),'?) is a thermomechanical treatment with iinal forming in the
The normalizing temperature range with complete recrystalization a austenite lt
r 600
leads to material condition equivalent to that after normalizing
1 536 The symbol used for this condition is N.
1 500
6 -Ph8.
6 +TPtusc
r 400
1392 Thermomechanical forming operation
1 300 This forming operation') is a thermomechanical ireatment with final iorming in a
temperature range where the austenite is recrystallized only to a very low degree
ornotatall Final formingiscarriedoutattemperaturesaboveA,"orbetweenA.,
and A," thermomechanical forming permits to obtain a material condition with
specific properties This condition cannot be achieved by mere heat treatment
't000 and is not reproducible
9ll The symbol used for this condition is TM.
900
rPha$ Note-Thermomechanical forming may be combined with accelerated cooling
intensive cooling, direct hardening -and /or tempering after the forming
a-PM* operation. The material condition achieved in this way likewise cannot be
. Feril.
700 obtainedbymere heat treatmentand is nol reproducible either.

o 600
o
5 soo
d 34
E
Mass fraction of carbon %
o
E The normalizing forming operation has so far often been called temperature-
F controlled rolling
30 40 50 60 70 For both Jorming operations, i.e normalizing forming and thermomechanical
forming,theterm "controlled rolling" iscommon in international usage and in
lvlass fraction of cementite % the relevant technical literature

20 21
1. General def initions attain the required value.

I Heat treatment
A series of operations inthecourseof which a solidf6rrousproductistotally
or partially exposed to thermal cycles to bring about a change in its properties
Time in furnace
Period of time elapsing between introduction of a workpiece into the furnace and
its with drawal f rom the lurnace, e g time of the two stage of heating + soaking
and / or structure.
trhe Chemical composition of the material may possibly be modified during
Cooling
theseoperations (see thermochemical treatment)
Lowering the temperature of a workpiece
Heat treatment in a medium suitably chosen to produce a change in the chemical
composition of the base metal by chemical reaction with the medium (e g.- Abkuhlverlauf
- of cycle.
Carburizing, nitriding). Temperature gradient a certain point within the
- as atofunction
workplace from the beginning
of time
the end of the cooling
Thermomechanical treatment
Operations in which plastic deformation is associated with heat treatment and
applied to austenite before or during its transformation in order to confer special Cooling curve
properties on its decomposition products. Graphical representation of the variation oI temperature as a function of time
However, with regard to the aplication of the various steel grades a clear defi- during cooling
nition by using separale terms is necessary.
Cooling time
Ausforming
The interval of time separating two characteristic temperatures on the cooling
Thermomechanical treatment of a ferrous product which consists ot plastically
curve. ll is always necessary to specify precrsely what the temperature are.
deforming the metastable austenite before subiecting it to the martensitic and/or
bainilic transformation.
Cooling rate
Heating Characterizes the variation in temperature as a Junction of time during
lncrease of the temperature of a ferrous product.
Overheating
Pleheatlng Heating carried out at such a high temperature thai excessive grain growth is
Operation consisting of rising the temperature of the ferrous product to one or produced.
more temperature, intermediate between the initial and the maximum An overheated letous ptoduct can be reclaimed by an appropriate heat
temperalure and holding it there for a certain time. treatment or by hot working
Surface heating Oversoaking
the first stage of heating of a ferrous product bringing its surface to the specified Soaking carried out for such a long time that excessive grain growth is produced.
temperature An overcoaked feftous product can be reclaimed by an approptiate heat
treatment ot by hot wotking
Tempelature equalization
The second stage of heating of a ferrous product to the specified temperature Decarburization
throughout the entire cross section of the ferrous product. Depletion of carbon Jrom the surface layer of a ferrous producl. This depletion
may be either partial; partial decarburization or nominally complete; complete
Through heating decarburization The sum of the two types of decarburization, partial and com-
Heating of a ferrous product from its initial temperature until the specified plete, is termed total decarburization.
temperalure is obtained.
It is the combination of the two stages defined above. Depth of decarburization
Distance between the surface of a Jerrous product and limit characterizing the
Soaklng thickness oJ the layer depleted in carbon.
Thepartofthethermal cycle during which the temperature is held constant Note-This limit diflers according to the type of decarburization (see decarbur-
,t is necessary to stipulate whethet the tempercture concerned is, fot example, ization) and can be unaltered base metal, or any other specified carbon content.
that of the furnace, that ol the prcduct suiace, that of the whole section of the
ptoduct or that of any othq patticulat point ol the prcduct Distortion
Any change in the shape and original dimensions of a ferrous product occurring
Heating-up time during heat treatment
Time required lor thetemperature of designated point of theproductto
Transf ormation temperature
') For both forming operation, i e. normalizing forming and thermomechanical The temperature at which a change o1 phase occurs and by extension, the
forming, the term "controlled rolling" is common in international usage and temperatures at which the transformation begins and ends when the
in the relevant technical literature. transJormation occurs over a range of temperature
The following principal temperatures can be distinguished for steels: Spheroidizing
Annealing, generally involving prolonged holding at a temperature in the region of Ac,,
Ae, : equilibrium temperature defining the lower limit ol existpnce ol austenite. possibly with oscillations around this temperature, in order to bring about the
Ae, : equilibrium temperature defining the upper limit ol existence o1ferrite. spheroidization of the preciptated carbides
Ae. : equilibrium temperature defining the upper limit oJ existence ot cementite in
_ a hypereutectoid steel. Grain coarsening
Ac, : temperature at which austenite begins to Jorm during heating Annealing catried out at a temperature well above Ac" for a soaking period sufficient to
Aca : temperalure at which ferrite completes its translormation to austenite during bring about grain growth, e g for improving machinability
heating
Ac- : temperature at which the cementite in a hypereutectoid steel dissolves Homogenizing
completely during heating. Prolonged high temperature annealing, intended to reduce by diffusion, to a greater
Arj : temperature at which austenite completes its transformation to ferrite and t
or lesser extent, the heterogeneities ol chemical composition due to the phenomenon
cementite during cooling of segregation
i
Ar3 : temperature at which ferrite begins to form during cooling
Ar. : temperature at which cementite begins to form in a hypereutectoid steel Normalizing
during cooling Heat treatment consisting of austenitizing followed by air cooling, generally aimed at
M" : temperature at which the austenite begins to transform to martensite during obtaining a uniform and line-grained structure with pearlite
cooling.
M, : temperature at which the austenite has completely transformed to martensite Grain refining
Heat treatment with the object of refining or making uniform the grain size ol a
during cooling.
ferrous product and comprising heating it at a temperature slightly above Ac. (Ac,
M" : temperature at which x % of the austenite has translormed to martensite during
for hypereutectoid steels), without prolonged soaking at this temperature, followed by
cooling.
cooling at a suitable rate
Note ln English the term "critical point" is also used
-
Recrystallizing
Time-Temperature-Transformation diagram (TTT diagram)
Heat treatment intended to cause new grains to develop by nucleation and growth,,in
Set ol curves drawn in a semi-logarithmic coordinate system with logarithmic a work-hardened metal, without a change in phase
time/temperature coordinates which define, for each level of temperature, the
beginning and end ol the transformation of ausienite under isothermal conditions.
Recovery
ln general, a complementary cuNe joins the points corresponding to the times at which
Heat treatment intended to cause at least partial recovery of the physical or
the proportion of transformed austenite reaches 5Oo/". Finally, information is usually mechanical properties of a cold-worked metal without apparent modification of its
given as to the transformation prcducts and their hardness
structure
Continuous-Cooling-Transformation diagram (CCT diagram) This treatment is carried out at a temperature below that of rccrystallization
Set oJ curve drawn in a semi-logarithmic coordinate system with logarithmic time/
temperaiure coordinates which define each variailon in temperature as a function of Bright annealing
time during cooling the temperature at which the austenite begins and ends its Annealing carried out in a medium that allows the original metallic surface linish to be
tranformation. maintained by preventing oxidation ol the metal
ln genenl a complementary curve joins the points corrcsponding to the temperctures
at which the propodion of phase transfomed reaches sOI" lnformation is also given as Stabilizing
to the trcnsformation prcducts and their propottions. Finalty, the hardness measurcd Annealing at about 850"C with the aim of obtaining precipitation or spheroidization of
aftet rcturn to ambient temperaturc, is shown for each ot the cooling cuNes. compounds, e g carbides, in stabilized austenitic stainless steels

2. Annealing Stress relieving


Heat treatment including heating to and soaking at a suitable temperature followed by
Annealing cooling at an appropriate rate in order to reduce the internal stresses without
Heat treatment consisting of heating and soaking at a suitable temperature followed substantially modifying the structure
by cooling under conditions such that. after return to ambient temperature, the metal
will be in a structural state closer to that oJ equilibrium Blueing
As this definition is very general, it is advisable to use an expresslon specilying the ajm Operation carried out in an oxidizing medium at a temperature such that the polished
of the trcatment surlace of a ferrous product becomes covered with a thin, continuous, adherent film of
blue-coloured oxide
Softening'.
Heat treatment with the object of reducing the hardness of a ferrous product to a Note ln English, the term "steam treating" is equally used when the oxidizing medium
given level -
ls steam

24
3. Hardening, quenching Quenching temperature
The temperature from which quenching is carried oui.
Austenitizing Note: When quenching is done lrom austenilizing temperature, the term "hardening
Operation during which the ferreus product is brought to a temperature (above Ac,) temperature" is also used.
such that the structure becomes austenitic.
!! this transformation is incomplete, the austenitization is termed paftial. Solutlon treatment
Heat treatment intended to dissolve and retain in solution previously precipitated
Austenitizing temperatur constituents
Highest temperature at which the ferrous product is held during austenitization.
Solution annealing
Ouench hardening Heat treatmenl applied to austenitic steels lt consists of heating to a high tem-
Heat treatment comprising austenitizing followed by cooling under such conditions perature followed by cooling sutficiently rapidly to, preserve a homogeneous
that a hardness increase will occur on account oi more or less complete trana-
B-
formation of austenite to martensite and possibly to bainite.
ll'
H
austenitic structure on return to ambient temperature.
Note:Thistreatment in Germanisalsosimplycalled'Abschrecken",even if cooling
is done in still air.
Ouenching _
Operation which consists of cooling a ferrous product more rapidly than in still air
Hardenability
The use of a tem specifying the cooling conditions is recommended, lor example: air-
Capacity of a ferrous product to give rise to martensitic and/or bainitic transfor-
blast quenching, water quenching, step quenching, etc.
mations.
Hardenability is often characterized under defined experimental conditions by the
lnterlupted quenching
development ol hatdness as a function of the distance trom a quenched surtace
Quenching carried out in a medium giving rapid cooling and interrupted before the
(forexample the Jominy cuNe).
ferrous product can reach thermal equilibrium with the quenching medium.
This expression is'not to be used to designate "step quenching."
Jominytest
Step quenching Standardized test which consists of austenitizing a steel test piece and then cooling it
bymegns of a jet ol water applied to one end.
Quenching during which the cooling is temporarily inte'rrupted by soaking in a
medium at a suitable temperature The variation in hardness with distance from the quenched end (Jominy - curve)
characterizes the hardenability of the metal.
Martempeling
Heat treatment involving austenitization followed by step quenching, at a rate Jast Critical cooling rate
enough io avoid the formation oJ ferrite, pearlite or bainite, to a temperature slightly Cooling rate corresponding to the critical variation of temperature as a function of
above Ms and soaking for long enough to ensure that the temperature is uniform but time during cooling
short enough to avoid the formation of bainite
Final cooling during which martensite forms, is generally carried out in air Kritischer Abkiihlverlaul
Successive variations of temperature corresponding to the least severe cooling
Austempering conditions which will neverthelese permit the full development of a given
Heat treatment involving austenitization followed by quenching, at a rate fast enough transformation.
to avoid the formation of ferrite or petrlite, to a temperature above Ms and soahng to This term should be completed by an indication of the transformation considered
ensure partial or total transformation oJ the a0stenite to bainite (fot maftensite formation, tor bainite totmation)
The final cooling to ambient temperature is not at any specilic rate. t
! Ouenchhardening
Patenting Hardening ol a ferrous product obtained, after austenitization, by cooling under
Heat lreatment applied to wire or strip consisting of austenitizing followed by cooling conditions such that the austenite transforms more or less completely into martensite
under conditions suitable for producing the appropriate structures for subsequent and possibly into bainite.
wire-drawing or rolling.
A distinction is drawn betvveen: Maximum achievable hardness
'continuous patenting, Maximum value of hardness that can be obtaihed by quench hardening, under ideal
when the opentions of heating and cooling of the unwound
- product are caffied on continuously; conditions only
batch patenting, when the product rcmains in the form of a coil or bundle during
- this heat treatment; Depth ot tlanslormation
- lt is necessary to distinguish between air, lead bath, salt bath and tluidized bed Development of quench hardening of a piece from its surface. The depth of
patenting, accoding to the cooling medium used. translormation is generally measuredin terms of the depth of hardening.

27
Quench hardening layer
Surface layer of a ferrous product, hardened by quenching, the thickness ol which is the aim ol obtaining the desired mechanical properties and, in particular, good
generallydefined by the depth of quench hardening ductility.

Depth ol hardening Plecipitation hardening


pistance between the surface of a ferrous product and a limit characterizing the Hardening of a ferrous product cause by precipitation ol a compound from a
penetration of (uench hardening This limit may be defined starting from a structural supersalurated solid solution
stateor a level oi hardness
Ageing
Th roug h-harden i n g Heat treatment applied to a ferrous product after solution treatment to bring its
properties to the required level.
Quench hardening such that the depth of hardening is not less than the distance
between the core and the surface of the ferrous product ll consists of heating to and soaking at one or more specilied temperatures, followed
by appropriate cooling.
Local hardening I
Quench hardening limited to part ol a lerrous product Precipitation hardening treatment
Heat treatment comprising solution trealment followed by ageing.
Surface hardening
Reversible temper embrittlement
Quench hardening treatment aftersurface heating.
Reversible embrittlement which affects certain quenched and tempered steels after
e g flame hardening-
being soaked at a temperature between approximately 450 and 525oC or during slow
According to the type of heating we distinguish between
a la flamme, induction hardening - cooling through this temperature range
Flammharten trempe apres chauffage
-
lnduktionsharten trempe aprds chauffage par induction
This embtittlement reveals itself by a displacement ol the transition cuNe fot the
- imryct strength of the metal towards highet tempercturcs. lt disappears after
teheating at a tempenturc above 55OoC followed by rapid cooling.
Efleciive case depth after surtace hardening
Distance between the surface and the point the Vickers hardness of which, measured irote:-ln English, there is no terminological distinction between "reversible temper
underaloadoig.Sl N,isequaltoS0%oltheminimumsurfacehardnessrequiredJorthe embrittlement" and "irreversible temper embrittlement". The two are covered by the
ferrous product considered expressions "temper embrittlement" or "temper brittleness", the words reversible and
ineversible being added only where it is necessary to distinguish between the two
Sub-zero trealing (deep lreezing) types of brittleness.
Treatment carried out after quenching to transform the retained austenite into
martensite and consisting of cooling and soaking at a temperature below ambient
5. Garburizing
4. Tempering

Tempering Calbulizing
Heat treatment applied to jerrous producls after quench hardening to bring the Thermochemical treatment which is applied to a lerrous product in the austenitic
properties to the required level state, to oblain a surface enrichment in carbon, which is in solid solution in the
It consists o1 heating to specific temperatures (<Ac,) one or more times and holding at austenite
The carburized terrous product undergoes quench hardening (immediately ot after
these temperatures,lollowed by cooling at an appropriate rate.
reheating).
Tempeilng may lead to a reduction in hardness or on the contrary, to an increase il
secondary hardening occuts
Gas carburizing
Cffburizing in a gaseous atmosphere.
Secondary hardening
Hardening of a ferrous product obtained after one or more temoering treatments carried
Solid carburizing
out after quench hardening.
This hardening is due to the precipitation of a compound otto the formation of maftensite I Carburizing in a solid medium.
ln the most trequent case, this treatment is carried out in sealed metal boxes- One
or bainite from the retained austenite, decomposed during tempering or destabilized
t@n speaks of "pack carburizing".
during this process and then transformed during subsequent cooling.
San balh carburizing
Auto-tempering (self-tempering)
Carburizing in a bath of molten salt
Spontaneous tempering undergone by martensite during quenching
Tempering by the rcsidual heat of hardened workpieces Case depth
Distance between the surface of a lerrous product and a limit characterizing the
Verguten thic{mess of the layer enriched in carbon. This limit should be specified
Quenchhardening treatment lollowed by tempering at a high temperature with -
Example Fot the total case depth, this limit will correspond to the carbon content ol
the unaltered base metal.

29
Overcarburization Compound layer
Carburizing until the sulace carbon content exceeds the specijied level Surface layer formed during a thermochemical treatment and made up of the
Note - ln English this term also deslgnates excesslve case deplh. chemical compounds formed by the element(s) introduced during the treatment and
crtain elements lrom the base metal
Calbonitriding Examples: The layer oJ nitride formed during nitriding, the layer of boride formed
Thermochemical treatment which is applied to a Jerrous oduct in the austenitic cluring bonding, the layer of chromium carbide Jormed during the chromizing of high-
siate, to obtain a surface enrichment in carbon and nitr en, which are in solid carbon steel.
solution in the austenite.
Generally, this operation is tollowed immediately by quench hardening. Diffusion Zone
Surface layer formed during a thermochemical treatment containing, in solid solution
Cyaniding or where appropriate partially precipitaled, the element(s) introduced during the
Carbonitriding carried out in a bath oJ molten salts containing cyanides tseatment. The conlent of these elements diminishes continuously as the base metal
b approached.
Case hardening Tt7 precipitates in the diftusion zone can be nitrides, carbides, etc.
Treatmenl consisting of carburizing or carbonitriding followed by quench hardening
The quench hatdening could be, for example, direct hardening.
Efiective case depth aftel nitliding
Depth of nitriding defined by relerence to a specific hardness level.
Eftective case depth atter carburizing
Distance between the surface of a ferrous product and the position where the Vickers Degti ot Nitriding
hardness under a load oi 9 81 N is HV, = 55q
hnce between the surface of a lerrous product and a limit characterizing the
tt*l$ess of the layer enriched in nitrogen This limit should be specified.
Direct quenching
Ouenching carried out immediately lollowing a thermochemical treatment

Direct hardening 7- Other thermochemical tleatments


Ouench hardening treatment of a ferrous product carried out immediately after a
thermochemical treatment slrlphidizing
Themochemical treatment which is applied to a ferrous product in order to produce
tn general this treatment is carried out after carburizing and, if necessary, after cooling
surface enrichment in sulphur, carbon and nitrogen.
to the temperaturc most appropriate to the hardening ot the product.

Direct quench haldening Siilironizing


Heat treatment consisting of two successive quench hardening treatments, generally Thermochemical treatment which is applied to a lerrous product in order to produce
carried out from differenl temperatures. surface enrichment in silicon.
ln the case of carburized products, the lirst quench hardening can be obtained by
direct quenching,the second being carried out from a lower temperature. Chromizing
Themochemical treatment which is applied to a lerrous product in order to obtain
sJrface enrichment in chromium.
6. Nltriding
The sufiace layer can consist of practically pure chromium (in low-cahon steels) ot of
Nitriding chromium carbide (in high-cahon steels).
Thermochemical treatment which is applied to a lerrous product in order to produce
surface enrichment in nitrogen
Boriding
(Contrary to carburization and carbonitriding the hardening is not obtained by Thermochemical treatment which is applied to a ferrous product with the aim of
producing a surface layer of boride.
subsequent quench hardening treatment )
Depending on the type of nitriding medium we distinguish between e.g. gas, salt bath,
powder and plasma nitilding. Alnminizing
Themochemical treatment which is applied to a lerrous product with the object ot
Plasma Nitriding producing surface enrichment in aluminium.
Nitriding process utilizing a glow discharge in a gaseous mixture, under a pressure
below atmospheric pressure, the product being the cathode

Nitrocarburizing
Thermochbmical treatment which is applied to a lerrous product in order to produce
surface enrichment in nitrogen and carbon, which lorms a compound layer
Beneath this compound layer one gets a diffusion zone enriched in nitrcgen.

30 31
Lon alloy steels
Classification of steel to EN 10020:2000 ilqr alloy steels are steel grades in which none of the limit values in table 1

$inl6s steels
gainless steel are steels with at least 10.5% of chromium and max '!',2o/o carbon

OdEr alloy steels


Olher alloy steels are steel grades not mmplying with the definition of stainless steels in wich
d bast one of the limit values in table 1
ClElity steels
. rlon alloy and alloyed
are steel grades for which requirements exist with regard to for example, toughness, grain
size control and/or formability

Non alloy Non alloy Alloy Alloy bn alloy special steels


quality steels special steels quality steels special steels te steel grades, which comply with one or more of the following requirements, e g
. specified maximum phosphorus and sulphur content
(for ladle analysis < O.O20 yo, for product analysis S 0 025 %)
. Frticulady low mntents of non-metalic inclusions are specified
Chemical composition: . spedfied minimum impact strength in the quenched and tempered oondition
non alloy, stainless steels and other alloy steels
Alotr special steels
ds than stainless steels for which are characterized by precise control of chemical com-
Quality classes: rlim and particular conditions of manufacture and process control to ensure improved pro-
Flbs which are frequently specified in combination and within closely mntrolled limits.
. non alloy quality steels
. non alloy special steels

' stainless steels: System of material number (acc. to EN 10027-2: 1992)


they are subdivided further according to the following criteria
corrosion resisting,
heat resisting, SEucture of steel numbers
creep resisting

' other alloy syeels: TIE $udure of steel numbers is set out as follows:
alloy quality steels ( e g weldable fine grained structural steels)
alloy special steels (other than stainless steels)
1, rc( XX (XX)
e g tool steels, high speed steels, steels with special physical properties,
Sequential number
roller bearing steels, alloy engineering steels, etc
Digits in brackets are for possible future use
See note 2

Steel group number


Definitions (partial acc. to EN 10020:2000) See table 1

Material group number


Steels 1 = Steel See note I
Materials in which the mass fraction of iron is greater than that of any other elements and which l,lote 1:
@ntain generally less than 2% C and other elements 2% C is the borderline for distinguishing
steel from cast iron (exception: ertain chromium steels containing more than 2% C)
Numbe6 2 to I may be allocated to other materials See note to clause 1

l{ote 2:
Nonferrous metals
Unalloyed metals other than iron as well as alloys in which any element except iron holds the At present the sequential number comprises two digits Should an increase in the number of
pIedominant share d6its be necessary by reason of an increase ln the number of steel grades to be considered
a equentjal number of up to four digits is envisaged in that case a revision of this part 2 of the
Light metals Euopean Standard will be published
Metals having a density of 4 5 kg/dm3 max., e g aluminium, titanium and their alloys.
The basis for the system is EN 1 0020 According to this the steels are classified according to
Heavy metals tEi cllemical composition into non alloy and alloy steels and then into main quality categories
Metals having a density of more than 4 5 kg/dm3, e g. iron, nickel and its alloys. m tlE basis of their main property and application characteristics
Nonferrous heavy metals Slel number to EN '10027-2 arc established and administered on application by the Verein
Other name for heavy meials apart from iron Oartscher Eisenhijltenleute, "European Steel Ragistration Ofiice",

32 33
t)zt
Sleel gtoups

Alloy steels
Base steels Special steels

liGellaneous Stainless and heat l


Tool steels Structural, pressure vessel and engineering steels
stels rcsisting steels

$ 40
H,to
50 * co*
70
Cr
i0 Cr.si-Mo
!wifrout Mn,)- Cu Cr-Si-Mn-Mo
] NbandI witr CFB CrS'FMGV
>20<30%c Cr-sLMrMc\i
tt ,ns,
I I *nnro 71 81 crsi-v
31 41 6'1 CrSi
CtrSi
Cr-Mn
Cr-Mn I tbutwithout Mn-Cr CrMnB
Cr-lvln-V
Ctrl\4n-Si Cri-Mn-V
I I Nbandn CrSi-Mn
22 Cr-V p. 42 u2 62 72 qj.ll/|o
Other structural steels not CtrV-Si Ith speed steel Mrcu t'ti-si witr Cr-lvloW
intended for heal keatment with Cr-V-l\4n wih Co Mn-V Si-V Ni-Mn <035%Mo CFMGW-V
Rm < 500 N/mm2 CtrV-Mn-Si Mn-Si-V Niu Cr-McB

Cr-Mo
3
Ith speed steel
43+
E
i
lwithotn Mo.
53
Mn-I
63 Ni-Mo
Ni-l/cMn
73 cr+,,to
@
o: Nbandl
Cr-Mo-V rfrujt Co with
Si-Ti NilMoOr,Ni-lilc\
Ni-M+V u035%Mo

3! 441 s 64 74
I ^l wihvo rtro
Crsi-lr
C>012<025o/oor Cr-W I i butwittrout Nb, Ti V Cr-lr4n-]1
Rm 2400 < 500 N/mm2 I L tloanoti Crsi-Mn-ll
5 45 558 65qNi-lilo '" 85
Bhg wifr witr
Cr-V
Nihiding stls
C>025<055%or CtrW-V sbeh ;pecial additionr MrB <04%firo+ wifr
Rm > 500 < 700 N/mm2 <165%Mn <20%Ni < 20 o/" Ct

26 :5 46 56 66 Cr+lij\4o 86
U*ti* wiltl Chemil Gistant witr Cr-V
excluding groups gdrqrEtic and high tmp Ni N
<04%lib+ witr
24,25 and 27 prybwiturtCo alloys 220<35%N > 2.O o/. Ct
27 I Madswitr 47t 57 67 Gl'li.lvlowi0r 87
with Ni wth CFNi <04%[4o+
a-amgretic -g <25%Ni with >35<50%N Cr-MGV
trtrgbadwih <10o/"Cr tr>04 % llb rl
3t
a
a n*aswith 488
wtir
s cr+ti
68 cr-Ni-v
78 -e
88,bE- X
Adpt$rlEl >25%Ni wifl CFN|-W 6h
co E
!r@t6 witurt Ni I :10<15%Cr CtrNi-V-W =
=e
3 tt*uswitr 49
M"t"ri"l. *itt
59 coNi
69 cuNi
79
Cr-lrcMo
-EEpo
u9 t;i ii
Ssr
pwtbsandwitr
phicical elevated tempet rre
prcperties
with exept grcups CtrMn-l/ev
.9
>15<200/oC 57 to 68
I
1 ) The classification of steel groups is in accordance with the classification of steels in EN 1 0020 a The blofling infomation is prcvided tte boxs of he bble: a) sbel grcup number, in upper
in lefr hand side;
b) trircipal chfficleristc of he stel grup c) Rm = tmsile sbengyh
Classification of materials belonging to groups 2 and 3 according to nonferrous base metals
TIE tonjtirE valus for the dlemil ompcition and bnsile stengh (Rm) are fcr guidane only.
Werkstoff.Nr. ranges Nonferrous base metals
2.0000 to 2.1799 Copper Type numbers of steels according to American standards
2.1800 to 2.1999 Reserye SAE tlpe numbere for forged or rolled steel
22O0O1o2.2499 Zinc,cadmium
2.2500 to 2 2999 ReseNe TlEfiEtdigit ofthe designation indicates the steel group, "1" meaning unalloyed steel, "2" Ni steel,
2.3000 to 2 3499 Lead T Cr+,li steel, "40u" Mo-steel, "41n" Cr-Mo steel, "43xx" Ni-Cr-Mo steel, "50xx" Cr steel, etc.
2 3500 to 2.3999 Tin TIE sgnd digit indicates the approximate percentage of the predominant alloying constituent
2.4000 to 2.4999 Nickel, cobalt
2.5000 to 2.5999 Noble metals The last two digits of the 4-digit series number and the last three digits of the s{igits series
2.6000 to 2.6999 High melting meteals luter indicate the everage C content multiplied by 100
2 7000 to 2.9999 Reserye
3.0000 103.4999 Aluminium Esnples: SAE 1055 = un 55% C.
3.5000 to 3.5999 Magnesium SAE 2345 = Ni % M and 0.45% C
3.6000 to 3.6999 Reserue SAE 52100 = Cr
3 7000 to 3.7999 Titanium Fo. lqlher-alloy steels (e g stainless and heat resisting steels), however, this system of
3 8000 to 3.9999 Reserye &silnation has been abandoned.
34 35
ALLOYING ELEMENTS OF SPECIAL STEELS -r increase in the core strength of case-hardening steels
A reduction of weldability is to be expected in boron alloyed steels.
The alloying constituents are generally divided into carbide, austenite and ferrite
forming elements Furthermore, the purpose for which they are added to the steel Calcium Ca
must be taken into consideration Calcium is - used together with Si in the lorm of silico-calcium for deoxidation. lt
l\ccording to its content each alloying element imparts specilic properties to the ijtcreases the scaling resistance of heating conductor materials.
steel When several elements are present the eflect may be increased, a fact which is
fully utilized in modern alloying technology. There are, however, alloy compositions Carbon C
for which the individual elements do not exert their influence regarding a certain
- inseparable from steel and is therelore usually not defined as alloying
Carbon is
property in the same direction, but rather counteract one another. The presence of oonstituent.
alloying elements merely creates the prerequisites for the desired properties, but it is Carbon is the most important element for the maiority of steels and has the strongest
the processing and heat treatment operations which permit to achieve them hfluence on their properties
The principal effecls of alloying constituents and tramp elements upon the steels V/ill ln unalloyed and alloyed steels the properties can be varied within a wide range by
be outlined below choosing different carbon contents (from a few hundredths to two percent) and a
suitable heat treatment.
Aluminium
- Al $ength and hardenability increase with increasing C content, while elongation
Aluminium is the strongest and most commonly used deoxidizing and denitriding values, forming properties, weldability and machinability are reduced.
agent. lt has therefore a favourable effect on the insensitivity to ageing and promotes
line grain lormation, when added in small amount Ccrium Ce
As aluminium combines with nitrogen to lrom very hard carbides, it is used as - used together with lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium and other rare
l6 usually
alloying constituent in most nitriding steels sth metals as "mischmetal" lt has a cleaning effect, because it is a strong
It increases the resistance to scaling and is therefore often added to ferritic heat (hoxidizer and promotes desulphurization. ln high alloyed steels it has a favourable
resisting steels ln unalloyed carbon steels alitizing (diffusin of aluminium into the irllEnce on the hot forming properties, in heat resisting steels it enhances scaling
surface) improves the scaling resistance Aluminium narrows greatly the )4range rEistance. Fe-Ce alloys containing apprcx 7oo/o Ce are pyrophorous (spark metals).
Owing to its ability to increase the coercive force, Al is used as alloying constituent in Cerum is also used as addition to spheroidal graphite cast iron
iron-nickel-cobalt-aluminium permanent magnet alloys
Clromium
Antimony
- Sb - Cr steel oil and air hardenable. By lowering the critical cooling rate
Chromium makes
Antimony has detrimental effects in steel lt reduces considerably the toughness rEessalry lor the formation of martensite it increases hardenability and
properties and narrows the )4range. thus
imp.oves heat treating properties, while at the same time it reduces impact strength.
Arsenic Ctrmmium is a strong carbide former. lts carbides increase edge-holding property
-As
Arsenic, too, narrows the t-range and has detrimental effects in steel, because it trd wear resistance High-temperature strength and resislance to high-pressure
shows a strong tendency towards segregation similar to phosphorus The elimination Wrogen are improved by the addition ol chromium The resistance to scale
of segregations by homogenizing is, however, even more difficult than in case of b.mation increases with increasing Cr contents, while a minimium content of approx.
I
phosphorus Besides, it increases temper brittleness, reduces considerably 13% Cr dissolved in the matrix is required for making the steel resistant to corrosion.
toughness and atfects weldability. Ch.omium narrows the f-range and thus extends the ferrite field. However, it
stabilizes austenite in austenitic CrMn or CrNi steels. Thermal conductivity and
Beryllium Be electric conductivity as well as thermal expansion (glass sealing alloys) are reduced
Beryllium -narrows substantially the l-range The addition oi Be may cause by chromium. ln amounts ol up to 3%, chromium - combined with elevaled carbon
precipitation hardening, entailing, however, a decline in toughness lt has a strong @ntents i6gpg6ss5 remanence and coercive force
deoxidizing effect and a great sulphur-affinity lt has so far very seldom been used in -
steels
Cobalt Co
-
Cobalt does not form carbides. lt inhibits grain growth at elevated temperatures and
Boron
- B
As boron has a large neutron absorption cross section, it is usually added to steels improve substantially retention of hardness and high{emperature strength. lt is
intended for the manulacture of controllers and screens for nuclear power plants ln therelore often used as alloying constituent in high speed steels, hot work tool steels,
austenitic 18/8 CrNi steels the addition ol boron raises strength and yipld t*lh-temperature and creep resisting materials. This element promotes the formation
point through precipiation hardening, while at the same time it lowers corrosion crl graphite. When present in large amounts, it enhances remanence, coercive force
resistance and thermal conductivity and therelore serves as base element lor high-grade
PrecipitatiOns caused by boron improve the mechanical properties of austenitic creep pemanent magnet steels and alloys. When exposed to neutron radiation, it forms the
resisting steels at elevated temperatures taghty radioactive 'oco isotope For lhis reason, Co is an undesirable element in
ln constructional steels this element improves through hardening and thus entails steels intended for use in nuclear reactors
Copper - Cu It ancreases yield point and strength. Being a strong carbide former, it improves the
Copper is only added to a few steel grades, because it builds up below the oxide ojning efficiency of high speed steels. Mo belongs to those elements which increase
layer and produces high surface sensitivity in hot torming ope[ations due to resistance to corrosion and is therejore often used as alloying constituent in highly
penetration'into the grain boundary lt is therefore sometimes considered to be
aloyed Cr steels and austenitic CrNi steels Elevated Mo contents lower susceptibility
detrimental to steels.
b pitting. Mo narrows subsiantially f-range, increases high-temperature strength
Yield point and ratio yield point to tensile strength are increased by copper Cu
aril reduces resistance to scale lormation.
contents above 0 30% may cause precipiation hardening Hardenability is improved.
ln unalloyed and low-alloy steels a marked improvement in resistance to weathering
H-kel Ni
is achieved by the addition of Cu -
ln constructional steels Ni causes an increase of impact strength, even at subzero
ln acid resisting high-alloy steels a Cu content above 1 % increases the resistance to
hydrochloric and sulphuric acids E nperaiures, and is therelore added to case-hardening sleels, heat treatable steels
and steels intended for low-temperature service to increase their toughness
Hydrogen properties
- H
Hydrogen is considered to have detrimental effects in steels. lt produces brittleness All transformation points (A1 A.) are lowered by nickel. lt does not form carbides.
due to a decline in elongation and reduction of area, without increasing the yield -
By enlarging substantially thef-range, Ni in amounts of more than 7% imparts
point and tensile strength lt causes the dreaded flake formation and promotes into -
an austenitic structure to chemically resistant high-chromium steels down to far
-
the steel and forms blowholes Humid hydrogen causes decarburization at elevated
temperatures. Selow ambient temperature
l{i as single alloying element, even in large percentages, merely slows down
Lead corrosionprocesses lnausteniticCrNisteels,however,itinducesresistancetothe
- Pb
&ck of reducing chemicals; the resistance ol these steels in oxidizing substances is
Lead is added in amounts ol 0 2 to 0.5% to free-cutting steels, because its very fine
suspension-like dispersion (lead is undissolvable in steels) permits to obtain short adrieved by the addition ol Cr.
chip lengths and clean cut surfaces and thus guarantees improved machinability A!6tenitic steels show elevated strength at temperatures above 600'C owing to their
Lead contents within the range indicated above have practically no influence on the tugh recrystallization temperature, they are practically not magnetizable Thermal
mechanical properties aonductivity and electric conduciivity are reduced considerably High Ni contents
rthan precisely defined analysis limits result in steels with special physical
Magnesium Mg - foperties, e g low thermal expansion (lnvar grades)
Magnesium promotes graphite formation in cast iron

Manganese Mn
-
Manganese has a deoxidizing effect. lt combines with sulphur to lorm manganese lbbium Nb (Columbium Cb) and tantalum Ta
sulphides and thus lowers the unlavourable effect of iron sulphides This is ol TtEe - - -
elements occur nearly almost in combination and are very difficult lo separate
particular impodance for free-cutting steels because it reduces the risk of red ftorn one another, so that they are usually used together
shortness. fbsy are strong carbide{orming elements and are therefore added as stabilizers to
The Ar" and Ar, points are lowered; Mn reduces substantially the critical cooling rate chemically resistant steels Both elements form ferrite and thus reduce the f-range
and thus increase hardenability. Yield point and strength are increased by the Orving to its ability to increase high-temperature strength and creep rupture strength
additionolMn Mncontentsgreaterthan4y"leadloabrittlemartensiticstructure, l{b is often added to creep resisting austenitic boiler steels.
even at a slow cooling rate, so that the alloy range is hardly utilized Steels containing Ta has a large neutron absorption cross section; lor nuclear reactor steels only Nb
;
more than 12% I/n in combination with elevated carbon contents are austenitic, poor in Ta is used.
because Mn enlarges considerably the t-range Such steels experience severe strain
hardening of surface, when exposed to impact stresses, while the core remains
Nitsogen N
tough They are therefore highly wear resistant in case of impact stresses -
Nitrogen may occur both as element having detrimental effects and as alloying
Steels with Mn contents greater than 18% remain non-magnetizable, even after
relatively heavy cold forming, and are used as specialty steels and as steels intended constituent.
for low-temperature service ]t is considered detrimental, because it reduces toughness as a result ot precipitation
Mn increases the coefficient of thermal expansion, while it reduces thermal pfocesses, causes susceptibility to ageing and blue brittleness (delormation in the
conductivity and electric conductivity. range of blue temper heat 300'-350" C) and involves the risk of initiating
lntergranular stress corrosion cracking in unalloyed and low-alloy steels
Molybdenum Mo
- As alloying constituent nitrogen enlarges the )l-range and stabilizes the austenitic
Molybdenum is mostly added together with other alloying elements By reducing the ' sbucture lnausteniticsteelsitincreasesthestrength,particularlytheyieldslrength,
critical cooling rate, it causes an improvement in hardenability Mn reduces to a large and improves the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures.
extent temper brittteness, e.g in CrNi and Mn steels, and promotes iine grain By causing ihe formation of nitrides it allows to obtain high surface hardness
formation. lrifiding).

38
Oxygen
- O
Oxygen has adverse effects in steels lts specific inlluence depends on the type and
This phenomenon is intensified by the etfect of oxygen.
As sulphur has an extremely great atfinity to manganese, it is cbmbined with
composition of its compounds ln the steels as well as on theipshape and distribution tnanganese to form l\iln sulphide, which, among the usually existing inclusions, is the
The mechanical properties, especially impact strength, are lowered, particularly most harmless one, being distributed point-like in the steel and having a high melting
those in transverse direction, while the susceptibility to ageing britfleness, red point The toughness properties in transverse direclion are substantially reduced by
siortness, fibrous fracture and flaky fracture is increased srlphur.
S is added to free-cutting steels, as its lubrication effect on the cutting edge reduces
Phosphorus ttE friction between workpiece and tool, thus permitting to obtain prolonged tool
- P
Phosphorus is mostly considered to be detrimental to steels, because it causes lloreover, short chips are obtained in machining operations.
life.

heavy primary segregation during solidification and involves the risk of secondary S increases susceptibility to welding cracks.
segregation in the solid state by substantial reduction ol the f-range Owing to the
relatively low diffusion rate in both the l-range and a-solid solution crystal phases, Tellurium Te
-
Tellurium influences the steel properties in a similar manner as selenium. Contents up
segregations, if any, are very difficult to compensate for
As it is hardly possible to obtain homogeneous distribution of phosphorus, its to 0.206 improve machinability
contents should be kept to a minimum The extent of segregation cannot be
Tin Sn
Tin -is detrimental to sieels. Like copper it builds up below the layer, penetrates into
determined with sufficient certainty
P increases susceptibility to temper britileness, even in smallest percentages
Brittleness due to phosphorus gets higher with increasing carbon content, increasing
tle grain boundaries and produces cracks and solder brittleness Sn exhibits a
strong segregalion tendency and narrows the l-range.
hardening temperature, increasing grain size and decreasing ratio of reduction by
forging lt manifests itself as cold shortness and sensitivity to impact stresses Tlanium Ti
(susceptibility to brittle lracture)
O;ing to-its great afiinity to oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and carbon, titanium is
lnlow-alloyconstructional steelswithCcontentsof approx O1%phosphoruscauses sfrongly deoxidizing, denitriding and carbide forming and combines with sulphur.
an increase in strength and resistance to atmospheric corrosion Cu promotes il'n corosion resisting steels it is used as carbide former for stabilization to ensure
corrosion resistance (steels with low susceptibility to corrosion) In austenitic CrNi Esbtance to intergranular corrosion Besides, titanium has a grain refining effect and
steels P additions may cause a yield point increase and produce precipitation effects rnsrcws substantially the f-range
ln higher amounts it leads to precipitation processes and, because ol the high
Selenium @rdve lorces obtained, it is added to permanent magnet alloys. Titanium increases
- Se
Selenium is added to free-cutting steels where its effects are similar to those of crep rupture strength by the formation of special nitrides.
'I-danium, however, exhibits a strong
sulphur, it is, however, more effective in improving machinability. ln corrosion segregation and banding tendency.
resisting steels it affects corrosion resistance properties less severly than sulphur
Tngslen W
Trngsten is - a strong carbide former (its carbides are very hard) and narrows the )A-
Silicon Si
Silicon -has a deoxidizing effect. lt promotes graphite precipitation and narrows range. lt improves toughness and inhibits grain growth lt increases high-temperature
substantially the f-range lt increases strength and wear resistance (heat treatable Si- sfength and retention of hardness as well as wear resistance at elevated
l\4n steels) Silicon causes a considerable increase of the elastic limit and is therelore
Emperatures (red heat) and thus cutting efficiency. lt is therelore predominantly
best suited as alloying constituent in spring steels Owing to its ability to improve
dded to high-speed steels, hot work tool steels, high-temperature steels and steels
bduring maximum hardness
substantially the resistance to scaling, Si is added to heat resisting steels. lts Tungsten increases considerably the coercive force and is therefore used as alloying
contents are, however, limited, as it impairs the hot and cold lorming properties constituent in permanent magnet alloys.
With a content of 12% Si resistance to the attack ol acids is attained, but such steel ]t impairs the scaling resistance. lts high specific gravity becomes particularly
grades are only available as very hard and britile castings which can only be noticeable in high-tungsten high-speed steels and hot work tool steels
machined by grinding.
Owing to the considerable reduction ol electric conductivity, coercive force and Yanadium V
power losses brought about by silicon, this element is used in steels for electric Vanadium -refines the primary grain and thus the as cast structure. lt is a strong
quality sheets. carbide forming element, thus causing an jncrease in wear resistance, edge-holding
p.operty and hi gh{emperature stren gth
llt is therefore a preferred alloying constituent in high-speed steels, hot work tool
Sulphur S
-
Among all tramp elements sulphur produces the most serious segregations lron sds and high{emperature steels. lt improves considerably retention of hardness
sulphide leads to red shortness, because the low melting sulphide eutectics surround
trd reduces overheatin g sensitivity
As vanadium relines the grain and inhibits air hardening by the formation of carbides,
the grains like a net, resulting in a low coherence of the latter and in breaking up ol
lil has a favourable influence on the welding properties of heat treatable steels Due to
grain boundaries during hot lorming This phenomenon is intensified by the effect of
rytide formation it increases resistance to high-pressure hydrogen.
oxygen. tfanadium narrows the t- range and shifts the Curie point to higher temperatures.

40 4'l
t
F
Zirconium Zl The effect of alloying elements on the properties of steel
-
Zirconium is a carbide forming element and is used metallurgically as deoxidizing,
.Cenitriding and desulphurating agent, because it leaves 6nly a few deoxidation :oco 't u o
o= o
o
o N tr P z z c v,
c 6' 6' o
=
f =
D
oroducts o o
=
o o
o = o r Jo
o 0 3 -- =
o o f =
o
o o E E o
o do o o !c !1 3 D D
o o
a
o f f
o o E' o o tr o
Zr additions to fully killed sulphur-containing free-cutting steels have a favourable o o
5 f a 5 ! = o
=
E E o o o a
o o
lnfluence on sulphide formation and prevention ol red shortness o o o
E
By lorming special nitrides it improves high-temperature strength and creep rupture
3 a o D o
=
I o o
strength in high-temperature steels and alloys o f 6' co E
o =.
(o
=
CI o
It increases the service lile of heating conductor materials and causes narrowing of c 5' o o = q.
o o 3
the Jr-range. = T o
!P. 6 o
o o 3
f 6 o (D
=
6 o !9
o o 6 =
o !t
o
6
I
o
P
o Hardness
o
J
l a Strength
o
J
,
Yield point =
o
o
Weight of steel in kg, based on density of 7.85 gr/cm3 I I Elongation qt
I =
o
:o I I I I Reduction ol area 9r
E
o
W = weight f, diameter s=side t=thickness t
!
l I lmpact value
!too
w = width I length f = factor correction !
o I I I Elasticity +.
a o
o
=
a I High temp. stability
=
o
W Round bar
x (l+5)x 0,6165 o I I Cooling rate
c
100.000 t
-o
J
I I I I Carbide lormation
{J
W Square bar
x (l+5) x 0,7850
I I Resistance to weal

100.000 Forgeability
I
o I I Machinability

W Flat
x (l+5)x 0,7850 o
9 I I Scaling
100.000 D
o I I Nitrability

6
Resistance to corrosion
W Sheet
08 lt
I I I

3 at,
'100.000 o I I Hysterese loop o
o
! I I Max. permeability f
a o
J GT
t I I Coercive lorce I
.D
Calculation weight for HSS i PM Steel should be put a factor a
a 6'
Remanence .A
Correction, as it's density is higher than 7,85 gr i cm3. =
a
o (D
o
WHss - f x w f Hss = 1.04 I Loss of Watt d
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS Ia eilluen
BOHLER STEEL THYSSEN ASSAB xrfacxr DAIDO WERKSTOFF

HIGH SPEED STEELS


S29O MICROCLEAN" ASP 60
3600 ISORAPID" R 3343 ASP 23 YXMl MH51
szos rsoRnprd ASP 30 HAP4O Mh55

COLD WORK TOOL STEELS


KlOO SPECIAL K 2080 CRD DC1 X21O Ct 12
K105 SPECIAL KNL 2601 XV't-42 -SLD -DC1 1

K107 2436 -XW-5 SCD X210 CrW 12


K1 1O KNL EXTRA 2379 -xw-41 -SLD X155 CrVMo 12-1
K34O ECOSTAB FOR 821 ESR CAL[/AX DC53
K39O MICROCLEAN. VANADIS'10
K455 MY EXTRA 2550 M-4 YSR
K46O AMUTIT S 2510 DF-2 SGT GOA

HOT WORK TOOL STEELS


W3O2 US ULTRA 2344 8407 DAC DHAl X 40 CrMoV 5-1
w303 2367 -oRo e0 DH2F X 38 CrNIo V 5-3
w360

MACHINERY STEELS
v1 55 VCN l s0 TEW 6582 705 I\ls4340 431
v320 vcLl 40 TEW 7225 709 N541 40 SCM44OH

K945 EMS45 1 730 760 NS1 045 ss0c


STAINLESS STEELS
A,120 AS4W BEM 4401 X5 CrNiMol T-12-1
A5OO AS2W REM 4301 X 5 CrNi l8 10
N350 t(vVB REM 27A7 X 23 CrNi 17

N695 REM 3544

HEAT RESISTING STEELS


H525 ANTITHERM FFB TM 4841 <1.4841 > X 15 CrNiSi 25- 20
H55O ANTITHERIV FF Tlvl 4828 253MA X 15 CrNisi 20-12
PLASTIC MOULD STEELS
M201 ECOPLUS 2311 HOLDAX -HPM2 PX4
M238 ECOPLUS 2734 -718 NAK 50
M3O3 EXTRA -231 6 -STAVAX -HPM38 PAK 90

M31 O EXTHA 2083 -STAVAX ESR -HPM38


M461 EXTRA NAK 80
t

Steel Bar lor lengths up to 4500 mm (Fixed and normal


BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS 6 soHun
finished size

I
220 401 63 1 80'1 100 1 150 1
'190 1 240.1 286 1 334 382.1 z130 585 >770 0
o
1 1 1
mm -400 - 63.0 -800 100 0 - 150 0 -190 0 -2400 - 286.0 -334 0 - 382.0 -4300 -5850 -7700
i
allowance. mm 4 5 6 6 t0 14 16 18 20 25 30 35
I

I Steel Bar lor lengths up to 4500 mm (Fixed and normat tengths)


finished size 220 40.1 63 1 80 1 100 1 125 1 142 1 210'l 250 315 400 500 630.1 >7700
T
1 1 1 1
mm
allowance, mm
-400
a
-630
4
- 80.0 ,100 0
6
125.O
7
142 0

8
-2100
10
-2500 - 315.0 -4000
'18
- 500.0 .6300 .770.0 T
12 15 25 27 30 35

The machining allowances apply for normal I I


Finished width B Finished size thickness in mm Finished size thickness in mm
width in mm Thickness D >5 >7 >10 >15 >20 >25 >35 >50 >75 >100 >125 > 150 >200 >250 >300 >350 >400 > 450 >500 >550 >600 >650
-7 10 -15 -20 -25 -35 -50 -75 - 10a
- 125 - 150 - 200 - 250 - 300 - 350 - 400 - 450 - 500 - 550 - 600 - 650
upto 16 B tn 20 20 )i
D 10 15 20 20
> 16- 25 B zc 25 2.5 zc 25 25
n 10 15 20 25 25 25
> 25- 30 B 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
D 1.0 20 25 25 25 30 30
> 30- 35 B 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
D 12 20 2q 25 30 30 30
> 35- 50 B J3 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
n 12 20 25 30 30 30 30 35
> 50- 75 B 45 45 45 4.5 45 45 45 45 45
D 'l 4 20 25 30 35 35 40 40 45
> 75- 100 B 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
D 20 30 35 40 46 40 EN 60
> 100- 125 B 70 70 70 70 70 70
n 70
30 40 45 65 70
> 125- 150 B 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90
n 45 9.0 90
50 55 60 60 65 70 7.O 90
150 - 175 B ru u 10 0 10.0 10.0 10.0 IU L 0( 100 100
100
D 50 55 6.0 6.5 70 80 90 90 10 0
> 175- 200 B 110 110 110 110 110 11C
D AN 70 70 70 RN 90
110 '11 0 lt 0
90 100 110
> 200- 250 B 130 13,0 13.0 130 130 '13 0
n r30 130 130 130
60 70 8.0 85 90 95 105 110 120 130
> 250- 315 tJ '16.0 160 0 ( '16 '16
'16 0
160 160 16 0 160 16 0
D 9.5 100 105 '11 (
11 5 125 13 0 15 0 160 160
> 315- 400 B r 9.0 190 190 19( .19
190 190 19 0 190 190 0
D 115 120 125 13 ( .t4
0 150 16 0 175 '18 0 190
> 400- 630 B 250 250 250 25(
D 130 150 1An 't7 (
60 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
175 175 18 5 200 21 5 230 240 250 250 250 250 250
> 630 - 800 B 300 300 30. (
x).o 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
D 190 21 0 22.( 25 25 250 250 250 250 2s0 250 255 270 2AO 300 300
> 800 - 1000 B 350 350
36.0 350 350 350 350 350 350 3s0 350 350 350 350 350
D t6n 250
2to 250 250 250 250 265 2AO 290 300 300 300 305 320
> 1000 B 350
GO 350 350 350 350 350 3s0 350 350 350 350 350 350
D 250 3lo At8 34n 350 :15 n t5n
-<
46
ALLOWANCES ON FINISHED DIAMETEBS, LENGTHS, WIPTHS, THICKNESS The distinct advantages for the customer are :
- IBO ECOI\,lM has substancially smaller machining allowances and tolerances than
MULTI - LINE ROLLING MILL
STEEL BAR al -
unmachined bar, which allows savings in weight of up to 1 0%
Bright bar ECOBLANK is decarb-lree and free ol surface delects
finished size <13 > 13 >26 >35 >51 'The customers qualified technical personnel and expensive special machinery thus become
tn mm -24 -35 available to perform their actual tasks, the production of tools and componenls
allowance in mm 085 '1 50 200 2,50 320
lndude above all the sectors oJ
STEEL BAR,, I ' tool and mould production * construction ol standard components
- mshanical engineering i construction of wear parts and special shapes
Ordering orderinq thickness In mm
width in Allowance <9 >9 > 13 >20 >30 >40 >50 >60
mm - tJ -20 -30 -40 -50 r+gh speed steels, tool steels, constructional steels, stainless steels, valve steels, nickel and
<26 ZB a zv rbalt based alloys
2 12 'l 4 14 Nominal Size :
> 26-50 ZB 20 20 22 22 24 24 Diameter, mm >12 5-25 >25-63 >63-1 00 00-1 60 > 16n-25( >250-3 1 5 >31 5
ZD 12 't2 14 18
1

> 50-75 24 24 zo 28
Allowance, mm 05 08 0 15 20 25 30
ZB 30
7n 14 14 'tA 18 20 24 26 l.taimum finished size in nominal sizes minus machinery allowance
> 75-100 ZB 24 24 26 26 28 28 30 32
ZD 16 16 18 20 22 24 2A Product Range
> 100 - 125 ZB zo 26 2A 30 JU 3Z 34 Product Finish Sizes Surlace Bar Bar end
7D tb 18 20 22 24 26 2A rouqhness enoth (pitch)
> 125 - '150 28
ZE 2A 30 30 34 36 IBO ECOMAX lold Sawr
ZD tb '1 8 9i 24 ce 30 peeled
o 125-120 tr 2500-6000 <1 0
or
Ba (hot rolled)
mm
12
mm/m
> 150 - 200 ZB 30 32 34 34 JO 38 Hot Sawn
18 20 24 24 26 28 30 IBO ECOMAX lold Sawr
peeled o>120 -350 3000-1 2000 s2o
Bar (hot rolled ( IT 14 or
mm mm mm/m
STEEL BAR
COGGING MILL
al forged) Hot Sawn

linished size >53 >63 >80 >IUU >125 >160 ECOBLANK


peeled+ o125 - 12O
tT 9, tT 10,
2500-6000 <t 0
lold Sawn
tn mm -an .100 - 12s - 160
Bright bar (hot
polished tT 11 :0 slim RA
mm/m
or
rolled) 3nd above Hot Sawn
tllowance in mm 4.00 500 600 700 9.OO 11 00
ECOBLANK lold Sawn
peeled+ >100 - 320* tT 11 3800-1 2000 s2o
B.ight bar (hot <3 2Pm RA or
polished mm rnd above mm/m
STEEL BARl) I dled or forged) Hot Sawn

Ordering uroeflnq IntcKness tn mm As regards applications and processing steps that are not expressly mentioned in this product
decription/data sheet, the customer shall in each individual case be required to consult us
width in Allowance 15 >20 >25 >35 >50 ' Tool steels up to a 120 mm lT = ISO Basic Tolerances
mm -20 -50
't00 - 125 IB 40 40 40
7n 40 40 40 50
>125-150 ZB 50 50 50 50 Finished size of width '100
100-200 200
40 45 45 50 and thickness in mm
>150-175 ZB 60 bU 60 60 60 Allowance in mm 100 150 300
40 45 45 45 50
175 - 200 ZB 70 70 70 70 70
55 55 55 60
> 200 - 240 ZB 80 80 80 80 80 E@blank Bright Bar:
ZD 50 60 70 :eled and Polished
> 240 - 270 ZB 90 90 90 90 90 threr Steel Bar :
ZD 60 65 70 70 80 3?und and polished round bar
> 270 - 300 ZB 100 '10 Toaerances:
100 0 10 0 100
ZD 70 70 80 80 90 s standard products to DIN 1 75, acc to ISO tolerance range h9 Upon request we can also supply
te ba6 withtolerances to : ISO h6 (acc to DIN 59361); ISO h7 (acc to DtN 59360); ISO h8; ISO hl0,
Ordered dimension = largestfinished size + machining allowance SC h 1 1; or only with plus or plus-minus tolerances, or with tolerances in any location within the
1) For knife materials, a specific table with special allowance applies ]ffice range

48
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS ^& sonlrn
Ball Tensile Ball Brinell
Tensile Brlnell Shore Hardness lndentatlon Shore
Hardng$ lndentatlon Fockwell Hardnes! 2) Rockwell Hardness
strenglh (F> 98 N) j) Hardness 2)
Hardness sllength (F> 98 N) Dlameler!l
Hardness Hardness
Diameter i
N/mm'z HB HRB HRC HH HHH HH(

2't0 65 1320 410 309 390 42


225 70 699 67 1350 420 306 399 o? 51
255 80 76 r385 430 302 409

270 85 645 81 41 1420 440 414 44


285 90 628 86 48 1440 446 297 424 o_5
I 455 450 424
30s 95 516 s0 52
320 100 601 1445 460 437 46
105 587 100 59 1520 470 289 447
350 110 105 62 i530 473 449 47

370 15 566 09 64.5 1565 480 (456) 48 M


38s 20 554 14 15S5 490 (466)
400 25 544 19 69 1620 497 243 (470) 49 66

415 30 533 24 71 20 1630 500 1475\


430 526 28 73 1665 510 zie {4851
450 40 517 75 21 1700 520 275 (4e41 50 67

465 45 508 38 77 1730 1501) 51


480 50 500 43 78.5 1740 530 zie iso4i
495 493 47 80 1775 540 270 i5i3t 69

510 60 486 52 81.5 24 1810 550 268 ts23\ 52


s30 65 474 57 83 1 830 556 l52Bi
545 70 471 62 85 25 1 845 560 isgzi 53 71

75 466 66 86 1 880 570 1.542


80 459 71 87 26 1 920 580 261 (5s1 54
85 453 76 1 930 583 260 (ss4

610 190 447 181 895 2a 1955 590 1561)


625 't95 443 185 1995 600 isTol 74
640 200 437 190 is 2000 602 256
2030 610 (580) 56
660 205 432 195 92.5
210 427 93.5 30 2070 620 i5B9l 75
690 215 204 g4 2105 630 (5ssl

705 220 418 209 95 2120 634 ,?0 1602)


720 225 4't3 214 96 2145 640 i6oBl
740 230 408 219 965 2180 650 i61Bl

235 405 223 2200 655 246 1622) 58 79


770 240 401 224 21 31 675 59 80
745 245 397 233 698 60 81

800 250 238 720 61 83


22 36
u
820
835
255
2@
389
385
242
247 :' 24 37
745
773
62
63 87

850 265 382 252 800 64


865 270 378 257 38 829 65
880 275 376 864 92

900 2AO 372 266 27 40 900 67 95


91s 285 369 271 940 68 97
930 290 276 28 41

950 295 38 280 29 rl sbd ballwith 10 mm diameter


965 300 360 285 30 42
995 310 354 295 31 a *ided from: HB = 0 95 HV

1 020 317 301 32


1 030 320 349 304 45 Cqn ersion ol Rockwell C to Vickers Hardness
1 060 330 344 314 34
The bllowing values apply to the conversion ol Rockwell to Vickers hardness They ditfer lrom those
I095 340 339 :- 47
t125 350 334 333 6sed by the DIN 50 510 standard, which is not applicable to high-speed steels.
t140 332 36
'155 360 330 342 37 50
190 370 325 38
220 380 321 361 39 iz
255 390 3:' 371
+b
260 392 372
290 400 313 380 41 55
Bsed on DIN 50 150 ol December 1976, except shore hardness Itrim load lor Vickers hardness testing : 5 kg
W302 (US Ultra)

o w303
tlshn4

h'T'mr, uafcllurgy

-r5r[rl

vcl 140 (v320)

;nrm ile1irg ond


W335 lsobloc 2000
hnet"n'1

o vcN 150 (v1s5)

a) K945 (E|VS 45)

lw'-:fiment,
tkr:rffi1]Llesting

ltrsrg
Xffi'q
hfrffi
iGaE-
ffi

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