POWERGRID Practices in EHV

Substation Layout

K K Sarkar
Dy. Chief Design Engineer (Engg-s/s)
Power Grid Corporation of India

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Important considerations in layout..
Reliability and Security
- Selection of Bus Scheme
- Ease of Maintenance
- Operational Flexibility
Short Circuit Level
Shape of the land
Altitude of the land above mean sea level
Feeder orientation
Safety of Equipment and personnel
Possibility of future expansion
Cost
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Bus Switching Schemes
Single Main Scheme
Double Main Scheme
Single Main & Transfer Scheme
Double Main with by-pass isolator scheme
Double Main & Transfer Scheme
One & Half Breaker Scheme
Double breaker Scheme
Ring Bus Scheme

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 SINGLE BUS SCHEME

Simplest and cheapest

bus bar scheme
Maintenance and
extensions of busbars are
not possible without
shutdown of the
substation.
Operation & maintenance
of bus bar is easy.
easy

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 SINGLE MAIN AND TRANSFER SCHEME

Individual CB can be taken out for

maintenance on-load at a time.
The transfer bus coupler acts as the
breaker for the circuit under by
pass.
Individual circuits have a bypass
isolator to connect to the transfer
bus and this isolator will be closed
during bypass operation of that
particular circuit.

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 DOUBLE BUS SCHEME

Load will be distributed on both the buses

and the bus coupler shall be normally
closed.
For maintenance & extension of any one of
the buses the entire load will be transferred
to the other bus.
On load transfer of a circuit from one bus to
the other bus is possible through bus
isolators provided the bus coupler is closed
and thereby two buses are at the same
potential.
On load bypassing of any circuit for breaker
maintenance is not possible.
possible

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 DOUBLE BUS WITH BY-PASS SCHEME

This bus arrangement provides

the facilities of a double bus
arrangement & a main and
transfer bus arrangement.
The bus to which the transfer
bus isolator is connected can be
used as a transfer bus also.
During the time a circuit is
under bypass, the bus coupler
will act as the breaker for the
bypassed circuit.

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 DOUBLE MAIN AND TRANSFER SCHEME

In this bus scheme, in addition to

the two main buses there will be a
separate transfer bus also.
Since separate transfer bus is
available there will be no need of
transferring the load from one bus
to the other bus unlike in a double
main cum transfer bus
arrangement.
Other features are similar to the
one described in double bus with
by pass arrangement.
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 BREAKER AND HALF SCHEME

In this scheme, two circuit have three

breakers, the middle breaker ties the
two circuits and hence is called the tie
breaker.
Breaker or bus maintenance is
possible without any shut down of the
feeder
Even if both the buses are out of
service, power can be transferred from
one feeder to another feeder through
tie breaker

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 DOUBLE BUS TWO BREAKER SCHEME

Each feeder is controlled by two

breakers.
This arrangement is
comparatively costlier than other
scheme and hence followed in
very important circuit only.
In this arrangement breaker
maintenance for any feeder
circuit is easily possible without
any shutdown.

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 RING BUS SCHEME

As long as the ring is closed load

has two sources of supply and
any circuit breaker can be taken
out of service without affecting
the supply.
Extension of ring scheme is
difficult.
No bus bar protection required.

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 Selection of Switching Schemes
No reliability in Single Main, Double Main,
Single Main & Transfer Scheme w.r.t bus fault,
feeder fault & breaker maintenance
Double Main & Transfer Scheme, One & Half
Breaker Scheme & Double breaker Scheme are
characterized by reliable and interruption free
supply.
One & half breaker scheme can be selected for
EHV substations due high reliability,
operational flexibility, ease of maintenance, ease of
expansion, due consideration of cost
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Bus Bar Design, Selection of conductor
levels & Bay width calculation..
Selection of conductor (AAC, ACSR, Tube)
Current Carrying capacity with temperature rise
of 35 deg.C over ambient of 50deg.C ambient
(IEEE-738)
Temperature Rise during short circuit
Stresses in tubular bus
Cantilever Strength of post insulator
Deflection of the tube
Natural frequency of tubular bus bar
Aeolian Vibration

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Bus Bar Design & Selection of conductor
levels..
Electrical Clearances (IEC-60071)
Corona
Electric Field (10kV/m)& Magnetic Field (500T)
Short Circuit Forces (IEC-60865)
Sag-Tension Calculation
Normal Tension (Factor of safety 2.0) and Short
Circuit Tension (Factor of Safety 1.5)
Height of conductor levels
Bay width & Phase to Phase spacing

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 Minimum Clearances for Layout (at altitude
<1000m above mean sea level)

Voltage Ph-Ph Ph-E Sectional BIL SIL

Level (m) (m) Clearance (kVp) (kVp)
(Rated) (m)
765 kV 7.6 4.9 10.3 2100 1550
(cond-cond) (cond-str)
9.4 6.4
(rod-str) (rod-str)
400 kV 4 3.5 66.5500 1550 1050
220 kV 2.1 2.1 5 1050 650

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Type of Isolator & Structure in Layout
Type of Isolator
Horizontal Centre Break Isolator (HCB)
Horizontal Double Break Isolator (HDB)
Pantograph Isolator (Panto)
Vertical Break Isolator (VB)
Staggered
Type of Structure
Pie () structure
Enclosed () structure
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Height of shield wire, Height & Location of
LM & Location of Fence..
DSLP Calculation to decide the height of shield
wire and/or Height & location of LM
Rolling Sphere Method (IEEE-998)
Razevig Method
Earthmat Design (IEEE-80/CBI&P Report No.
302) Location of switchyard fence
Touch Potential
Step Potential
Grid Resistance
Earth Potential Rise (EPR)

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Location of other buildings, auxiliaries..

Control Room
Fire fighting pump house (FFPH)
DG set
LT station placement
Roads & rail tracks
Switchyard Panel Room
Open Store
Colony and other infrastructures

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Methodology Soil Effect

-QL -VL
E
H R

D
SOIL

+QL +VL r
r FD Q L 2H r
ED = = aY
Q2

2 0 H 2
+4 D 2
142 3
R 2

r r
E DT = E D

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Electric Field Calculation

QL

QL = CHARGE PER UNIT LENGTH

VL
R
+ Q2

FR

SOURCE

ELECTRIC FIELD E
r
r
()
r FR QL r
E= = aR
Q 2 2 o R
0 = permittivity cons tan t = 8,85x10 12 F / m

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Methodology Charge calculation

[QL] = [C] [V]

QL = CHARGE / UNIT LENGTH

C = CAPACITANCE BETWEEN
CONDUCTORS AND SOIL

= f (o , H, d, D i j)

V = APPLIED VOLTAGE
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Methodology 3 phase Busbar
i j k

r 3 r
E x = Ei
i =1

i' j' k'

CAPACITANCE CALCULATION

[Q] = [C][V ]
[C] [P ]1
1 4H x n d
ii = ln d eq = D n
2 0 d eq D

1 D ij
ij = ln
2 0 D ij

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Methodology Magnetic field calculation
y dl
l r
x
z
dB

A wire with length (l) having a current I produces in the

air a flux density dB and a magnetic field dH

0 = magnetic permeability of free space

= 4 10 -7 H/m
B = Magnetic flux density or magnetic induction
= V s/m2 or wb/m2 or tesla
H= Magnetic field strength
= A/m
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Methodology Magnetic field attenuation
z Single conductor with earth return magnetic field decreases as 1/r
z System of parallel conductors energized by a balanced current
magnetic field decrease as 1/r2 (r distance between conductors)
z Localized source (ex.: power transformer) magnetic field decrease
as 1/r3 (r transformer dimensions)
z H is a three-dimensional field in space. If source can be considered
infinitely long the field component in the direction of the line is
negligible
I y
Hx =
y
(
2 x 2 + y 2 )
I x
Hy =
I x (
2 x 2 + y 2 )
r 3
H x = H xi
H(x, y) i =1
r 3
Hy = H yi
i =1 24
 Corona Onset gradient
K
E = m E 1 +
c 0
rc

z Where surface factor m is a constant

m=1 Sleek and clean cylindrical conductor

0.75 < m < 0.85 Stranded conductors
0.6 < m < 0.8 Presence of dust, irregularities
0.3 < m < 0.6 Presence of moisture, snowflakes or heavy fog
m = 0.2 Presence of major pollution or accumulation of deposit

z E0 and K are empirical constants depending on the nature of the applied voltage.

E0 = 29.8 kV peak / cm = 21.1 kV rms / cm for AC according to Peek [3]

K = 0.301 For parallel conductors
K = 0.308 For concentric conductors

z rc = Conductor radius in centimeter

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Corona onset gradient (Contd)
The air pressure can be corrected as a function of the altitude

p A
=1
p0 K
Where

A = Altitude in km
K = 10.7 (Linear approximation of published experimental data)

= 1.00 Temperature = 25 C, Altitude = Sea level

= 0.94 Temperature = 25 C, Altitude = 600 m
= 0.87 Temperature = 50 C, Altitude = 600 m

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POWERGRID 400 kV STANDARD LAYOUT
Bus Scheme adopted : One & Half Breaker Scheme
Layout : I-Type
First (Equipment Level)- 8m
Second Level (Main Bus) - 15m
Third Level (Jack Bus) 22m
Bay Width 24m
Main Bus : Quad ACSR Bersimis/Quad AAC BULL
Main Bus Span: 48m
Equipment Interconnection: 4 or 4.5 IPS Al tube
Normal Tension for gantry Structure: 4T/phase
Normal Tension for O/H shield wire: 0.8T, 10.98mm dia GS
wire (7m peak)
Fault Level: 40kA/50kA/63kA (1 sec)
Cantilever Strength of Post Insulator : 800 kg
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POWERGRID 220 kV STANDARD LAYOUT
Bus Scheme adopted : Double Main & Transfer Scheme Scheme
First (Equipment Level)- 5.9m
Second Level (Main Bus) 11.7m
Third Level (Jack Bus) 17.2m
Bay Width 16m
Main Bus : Quad ACSR Moose
Main Bus Span: 48m
Equipment Interconnection: 4 IPS Al tube
Normal Tension for gantry Structure: 4T/phase or 2T/Phase
Normal Tension for O/H shield wire: 0.8T, 10.98mm dia GS wire
(5m peak)
Fault Level: 40kA/50kA (1 sec)
Cantilever Strength of Post Insulator : 800 kg
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 THANKS
FOR
LISTENING

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