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    5 Wep

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    Raghav Mishra
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    Work, Energy, and Power INTRODUCTION Almost all the terms we have used thus far—velocity, acceleration, force, and soon—convey a similar meaning in physics as they do in everyday life. Now, however, we encounter «term whose meaning in physics is distinctly different fom its everyday meaning: work Inscience and technology, the conservation of energy (energy balance) plays a significant role. While designing a machine (motor, generator, automobiles ec), the design engineer and R&D scientists must account forall sorts of energy transformations happening within the system. The loss of mechanical energy is accountable for the efficiency ofthe system, A ast, we define power which explains us why itis easier to do any work taking more time rather than doing the total work rapidly (in lesser time). Power supplied (input power), power consumed (output-power), and power loss (radiation, et.) are the key points (factors) 1 be accounted forthe world of science and technology. “ORK DONE BY A FORCE Letaconstant force F be applied on the body such that it makes an angle @ with the horizontal and body is displaced through a distance s. By resolving foree F into two components 1. F cos Bin the direction of displacement of the body. 2.F sin @in the perpendicular direction of displacement of the body. ‘The work done on a system, W, by an agent exerting a constant force on the system isthe produet of the magnitude F of the force, the magnitudes of the F - displacement of the point of A py — 2 _Miustration 8.7 A chain of length Land mass Mis held on 4 frictionless table with (I/n)th of its length hanging over the edge Fig. 8.9. Calculate the lin ‘work done in pulling the chain slowly on the L table against gravity. Fo 89 Sol. Let A= MIL = mass per unit length of the chain and y is the length of the chain hanging over the edge. So the mass of the chain of length y will be Ay and the force acting on it due to gravity will be mgy. ‘The work done in pulling the dy length of the chain on the table. [dy is negative as yis decreasing] is pulled slowly, F = Weight of the hanging chain = Ayg ie, dl (Ayg)(-dy) ‘So the work done in pulling the hanging portion on the table, [ Age oe hn 2a Alternative method 1a point mass mis pulled through a height Mel 2n? (as A= MIL] w J roa aa then work done, W= mgh, hon Similarly, for a chain, we can consider its u center of mass at the middle point of the Cece s¢muss hanging part, ic., at a height of Li2n) from Fig. 8.10 the lower end as shown in Fig. 8.10 and mass of the hanging part of chain = Min So the work done to raise the Center of mass ofthe chain on the tables given by Wa Mice Male naa. ant Graphical Interpretation of Work Done Generally the work done by a variable force F) from an initial Position x, 0 final position xis interpreted asthe area under the force displacement curve [as W= meh) (b) Negative work (2) Positive work 18.8 Consider a variable force F = (3x-+5)N acting ‘on abody and ifit is displaced from ‘the work done by this force. Sol. If we plot the force in the function of displacement, the work done can be given by the shaded area shown in Fig. 8.11 Thus, work done by this force is t W= Area of shaded trapezium x2K(U417)=28 If we find the same using integration, we have Jor-oic-[ ss] =2) — hats FromFig. 8.12, ind the work done at the : end of displacements: (a) '¢ 20cm, (b) 40cm, and(c) 5 60cm, Sol. ‘a. Work done at the ‘end of displacement 20 em, = Area of triangle OAM FxQOx107 10217 'b. Work done at the end of displacement 40 cm, ‘Area of OABN ‘Area of OAM + Area of rectangle ABMN +20 107 x 1 © Work done at the end of displacement 60 cm, = Area of triangle OAM + Area of trapezium ACMP ~Area of PDQ +7.05+30)x107 10=4.25) ) SL Net area from 50 em wo 60 em willbe zero, Work Done by Different Forces Work Done by Gravity A body of mass m lifted to height from the ground level by different path as shown in Fig. 8.13, ‘Work done through different paths, W,=F.s=mgxh=mgh h Wy = Fos =mgsindxt = me sind x— = meh i Me aap Why =mgh, +0+ meh, +0+mghy +0+ meh, = meth, +h; +hs +h) = mgh Wiy = Jas = meh [tis clear that Wy = Wy = Wy = Wyy = meh, Further ifthe body is brought back tit initial postion A, similar amount of work (energy) is released from te system. t ‘means Wap = mgh and Wa, =-mgh. Hence, the net work done against gravity over around tip is zero Waar= Wan + Way = mgh + (-mgh)=0 ‘The work done by the force of gravity ona particle depends ‘only on the initial and final vertical coordinates (because gravity isa vertical force). It does not depend on the path taken or on the speed ofthe particle. The work done by gravity is zero for any path that returns to its initial point. ‘A body is thrown vertically A body is thrown vertically downwards Gravity does positive work during downward motion, Gravity does negative work during upward motion, | A body is thrown vertically | A body is thrown vertically upwards downwards We mgs sin 0 Wemes sin @ poston Upward motion: Negative work done by gravity. Downward motion: Positive work by gravity Work Done by a Pair of Interacting Forces Now we will discuss the work done a by interacting forces such as gravity, electrostatic fore, spring force, friction, tension, ete Let two particles (1) and (2) interact with cach other by a pair of action reaction forces F and F , as shown in Fig. 8.14, Assuming the elementary displacements di and cx of the particles, the corresponding work done are ‘Work done on particle (1): dW, ‘Work done on particle (2): dW ‘The sum of these elementary work done is dW=dW, + dW, =Fds,-Faéx, = Fids,- dr,) = Fale 2) where drs is the elementary displacement of (2) relative 1 (1) along the line of their separation. ‘* When the particles do not move relative toeach other. dy 0. Hence, aW=0. That means, the sum ofthe work done by these forces is zero. * If 0.0 bodies move under constraint forces (tension of inextensible strings, reaction forces offered by hard, rigid surfaces), the relative displacement between the points ‘of application of the constraint forces along the line of Fig. 8.14 Work, Eneray,and Power 85 interaction is zero. Then, as a whole, the sum of work done by all constraint forces along the line of interaction is zero. Then, as a whole, the sum of work done by all constraint forces is zero. ‘+ When the particles move relative to each other, dry. # 0. For example, two charged particles move due to mutual atractive/repulsive force. Hence, the interacting forces perform a non-zero work as a whole. 8.10 A block of mass 5 kg is being raised upwards by the help of a sting attached to it. It ‘ises with an acceleration of 2.ms”* Find the work done by ‘the tension inthe string ifthe block rises by 2.5 m. Also find the work done by the gravity and the net work done. Sol. Let us first calculate the tension. From Fig. 8.15 qr T—mg=5a; T= 5(10-+2) =60.N As T and displacement are in same direction t (opward), wrk done by the tasion Ts W: . 6002.5 Work doe by gravity ==mes =-5(10) 2.5) [Net work done onthe block = Work done by T° + Work done by mg = 150+ (-125) =255 ion 8.11 A man (1) strands on an elevator moving an initial velocity vand upward acceleration 4a. A man 2) s standing onthe elevator. Elevator starts with initial velocity yp at time 1 = 0. af (Consider time interval : ‘a, What is the work done by normal contact. 4 force and gravity on the man (1) as observe — ‘by man (2) standing on the elevator and fgg ‘man (3) standing on ground? What isthe net work done by normal contact force between ‘man (1) and elevator? Fig. 8.15 ‘a. Observation of man (1) from man (2) Forces on man are mg | and NT and pseudo force mal Since the displacement of the man(1) nina relative to man (2) is zero, the forces do "YAR ¥s not perform work relative to the man (2). | Observation of man (1) from man (3) Forces on man (1)as seen from are man (3) are’mg ¥ and NT However, the displacement of man (1) relative man (3) (ground) is not zero, Hence, the forces wll perform non-zero work relative to ground (man 3). ‘Work done by normal reaction: Wy = NS wo Force equation: N—mg = ma=> N=m(g+a) Displacement of man (1) as seen from man (3), tel at de Ss iytt aye = (t+ Lar 5 : (ott at?) 8.6 Mechanis 1 Using Eqs (i), (ii), and (iii), we have Wy = m(g tant 5a) ‘Similarly, workdoneby gravityonman()asseenfromman(2) W,, = m3 =(mgy(s)cos180" dog me verde ) Ee ie one tei el io reaction on man (1) (*t) and elevator (4). As the relative displacement between the points of application of the normal reaction between povon (I) and eeatrs re, then, asa whole, the sum of work done by normal reaction ae Work Done by Static Friction ‘Wate ka at 6 Gc Ol leas lide fit sad kinetic hieton Uo cas Weak dane by static it ae] Ifyou push box by applying a force F say, ~AE a le usassume thatthe bx des note elaine yy fa to fixed surface on which itis placed) as shown in Fig. 8.19. Then the static friction f, does not perform any work asthe displacement of the box (displacement of point of ication of friction force) is zero (W;, = 0). Wustration 8.12 A force of 10 N is acting on a block of 20 kg on a horizontal surface with coefficient of friction jt = 0.2. Calculate the work done by the force. Sol. fnas = HN = 40 N a Driving force, F< fay therefore, 5 =O Hence, W= 0, "= The block does not displace (s = 0) because the applied force is less than the limiting friction Now take another example. A block of mass misplaced on the block of mass Mas shown in Fig. 821, The horizontal force F acts on M. The horizontal surface is smooth, assuming no relative sliding between the blocks. Ifthe lower block moves through a distance x, the upper blocks m will also move through the same distance x, The direction of static friction on the upper block isin forward direction while the direction of static friction ‘on lower block will be in backward direction. Work done by the friction canbe given as On lower block: (Wy =f On upper block: (W). = fx The total work done by static friction atthe box-surface system Ginterface) is We= Wp + Wn =f Hence, the total “static frictional work” W = 0 From the above discussion, we conclude the following point ‘he work done by static friction can be postive. negative, or zero. When we consider the net work done by the static friction at ig, 820 ‘the contacting surfaces, since there is no relative displacement between the surfaces, the total work done by the static friction lustration 8.13 A block of mass mis placed on the block ‘of mass M as shown in Fig.8.22. The horizontal, force F acts on M during time interval 1 If the “= horizontal surface is smooth, assuming 20 gy gag relative sliding between the blocks, find the ‘8, work done by frietion on the blocks 'b. work done by F on the lower block Sol. =a Be ecl oak take a between the blocks, they move i att with a common acceleration, 2 F Mim Then the static frictional force on the block m is a= Fig. 8.23 f= ma, where a=. F ee M+m ‘Work done by static fictional force on the block m Since Wj facos 0*= fs atta We have (Wy). = mE Substiting f= Asno relative sliding between mand M, hence, net work done by static friction is zero. Since (W),, + (W)yy=0 Hence, the work done by the static frictional force on the block m 2M +m) Work Done by Kinetic Friction ‘Object is sliding over a fixed surface: As you know, kinetic friction acts on a particle when it slides on a stra it tae fade dplcenet = ET* of the particle is non-zero. That means, kinetic“ i friction f, will perform certain work. Since fi Points opposite tothe displacement #, the work "874 ‘done by kinetic friction is negative ot Wy = hF= fs cosl80° = W, =— fs AAs the surface is assumed to be fixed (s = 0), the work done by the kinetic friction fon the surface is zero. In this way, the total work done by kinetic friction on both the surfaces is negative. Object is sliding over a moving surface: Now consider that the surface is moving and we analyze the work ”* don Knee ion, ets deus through the following situation: 7 ‘Ablockot mas mis peetd with ek sy ova plank of mie M sch tate lok ses rough 2 sane late the pk I the eefient of nec ‘between block and plank is 41, assuming smooth horizontal sures cate ol Work dey Kin on Dette coming sere sonal fs on m and 2 ee ete Let the block and plank move {}—~: through distances x, and, respectively, Fig. 8.26 ‘Work done by friction force on m, (Wy) = 3, = fa, €08180° = — fx, ‘The work done by friction fis. F opposes Work done by friction force on M, (Woy =f; W because f andi, are unidirectional ‘Then the fotal work done by the two frictional forces is W= (Wa + Wy = ft, tty We Wp Wy =f + fe =fos = we have W= —jomg(s;~5) @ Since the block moves through a distance x relative to the plank, Hence, we can write neues wi ‘Using Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have W = —umgx From the above discussion, we conclude that wien two surfaces slide relative to each other, kinetc friction does a positive work on one surface and more negative work on the ther surface. Hence, the total work done by the kinetic friction on the contracting surfaces is negative. If there is no relative sliding, the friction changes from kinetic to static. Hence, the ‘overall work done by stati friction is zero, That means, static Jriction performs a positive work on one surface and equal negative work on the other surface, summing up we find zero 4a whole. However, the rotal work done by friction does not depend upon the choice of reference frame. Work, Energy and Power 8.7 ane A block of mass 2.0 kg is pushed down an inclined plane of inclination 37° with a force of F = 20 N ‘acting parallel to the incline. It is found that the block moves down the incline with an acceleration of 10 ms“. If the block started from res, find the work done “a. by the applied force in the first second ‘b. by the weight of the block in the first second ee second Sol. Displacement of block in 1s mong 1 Zn s=pxloxt =5m S Fig. 8.27 The work done by the applied force inthe fist second, W, = F-3 = F-scos@ = 20x5 = 1003 ‘The work done by the weight of the block in the first second = Component of weight in the direction of displacement x Displacement Wociga (mg sin.) Xd =(2x10x3)xs= 1 Now we need to calculate friction force acting on block. For this, we need to write Equation of motion of block, mg sin += f'= ma 2x10x3-+20- 2610 3f=12N ‘The work done by the frictional force acting on the block in the first second, W, fed .cos 180° = Se een Anneli planes moving wp ‘with constant velocity x. A block kept on incline rest, Calculate the work done by gravity, fiction force, and normal reaction on block in time interval oft. Sol. As the blocks atrest wrt inclined plane, hence, the friction between blocks and plane | will be of static nature and will act in up the "!*? 2 plane direction Free-body diagram of block: a. For work done by gravity Was, 2B? = mg-vt cos 180° = mgvt (1) some vt . Work done by normal reaction net eer ¥ = (mg cos @) vtcos 8 = gv cos? @ 88 Mechanics 1 ‘&. Work done by friction force 4 Wrrcioa = F-vt cos (90 6) oH (mg sin 0). sin 8 wat = mgut sin? 8 ee 8.16 A block of mass m is kept over another ‘of mass M and the system rests on ahorizontal surface. A constant horizontal foree F acting on the lower bck produces an aslertion =F in P33 the system. The two blocks always move together. Consider displacement dof the system, a, Find the work done by friction on bigger block. '. Find the coefficient of kinetic fiction between the bigger ‘block and the horizontal surface. . Find the frictional force acting on the smaller block. 4. Find the work done by the force of fiction on the smaller block by the bigger block, «Find the work done by static friction on bigger block. Sol. As both blocks move together, there will be static friction FE between m and M Common acceleration, @ = 20n+M) a. As both block moves together, we can take m and Mas a system. Free body diagram of m+ M Equation of motion: F ~ fy =(m+M)a oc ae 1b. Work done ty friction on bigger block, = Fr (We = fur d = hyd = . As friction between M and ground is kinetic, then, fia = WN FE 2m Mg ‘e. Considering the free body diagram of m F=nim+ ig = f=ma foe Fa 2¢m+M) ~ 20m+M) ._ Work done by friction force on smaller block by bigger block Wey = Food fea ( Fm. Ja 2(m+M), jem: Fig. 8.35 Fém 2(m+M) «Not work done by static friction on a system is zero. (W),= (WM =0 Fam m+ M) tae Work Done by Spring Force ‘Whenever a springs stetched or compressed, the spring force always tends to restore it to the relaxed Position. A spring stretched from its | A spring is compressed from librium position. its equilibrium position, bees | bee Ls ar Raabe? F,and sate antiparallel. _| F and sare antiparallel Fg, and sare parallel Fg and are parallel Ta It.xbe the displacement ofthe free end ofthe spring from its equilibrium position, then the magnitude of the spring force is Pack, ‘The negative sign indicates that the force is restoring. ‘The work done by the spring force fora displacement from 410 xis given by ‘where x, and x,are the initial and final deformations ofthe spring. Hence, when a spring is deformed from x = x, t0.x= xj. © Ifxy>x,, Wy is negative. 1 Hhj=5,, Woy= 0. Ihxc<.xy, W,p is positive. ‘That means a spring can perform positive, negative and zero work depending upon the initial and final deformations. ‘* When the spring is undeformed, we calculate the displacement of the free end P of the spring from the relaxed position of the spring. Substituting x = 0 and x =x, we have Wya—t ‘The above expression tells us that spring alway’ performs ‘negative work when deformed (compressed or elongated) from its relaxed (undeformed) position + The graph plotted between a spring force and the displacement from the equilibrium position isa straight line with negative slope. re] ‘Work done by spring force | The work done by spring r, force is negative both Wis, in compression and compe Brenan extension nepatewerk| pute tak Work done by extemal force | The work done by exemal Pay force is positive both in lf compressing or stretching y the spring. impinge Sacro pee oat Note: ** Like gravity the work done by spring force only depends ‘onthe initial and final positions. ** Also, the net work done by the spring force is zero for ath that returns to the initial position, leon A block of mass m welded with a light spring of stiffness & is in equilibrium on an smooth inclined plane with angle of inclination 4 Ifa variable extemal force is applied slowly Aill the spring comes to its relaxed position, find the work done by spring force. Fig. 8.36 Sol. Referring to the FBD as shown in Fig, ar 8.37, we have four forces (N, mg, Frigg ‘and F..) acting on the particle. Initially, the block is at equilibrium. = mgsin => x, =mesin® te Se a Fig. 837 When the block is pulled up by an external force to bring the spring to relaxed length x, =0 Hence, work done by spring force, Vee Shap) i ‘mgsin@ {ee)] — Lmesind) oe 2k Work Done by a Pseudo (Inertial) Force When we observe an object of mass m from an accelerated reference frame, a trolley car, we impose a pseudo force Fy, = ma, where ais the acceleration of the reference frame in the direction opposite to the direction of acceleration of observer (reference frame). We treat it similar to a real force to find its work, ‘Work done by pseudo force is always calculated relative to hhe observer. Sometimes the observer is fixed with the ground, 1nd sometimes it is fixed with some other reference frame. {f the particle does not move relative to the observer, in that 2ase, pseudo Torce is observed, but Wrosiy = 0. Hence, while Fig. 8.38 Work, Energy and Power 8.9 calculating Wyeyay Temember that Fcaig changes from observer to observer unlike the real forces. pa 8.18 A block of mass m, moves with an acceleration a, relative toa trolley as shown in Fig. 8.39. The block We isbeing observed by two observers few (2) and (3). The observer (2 ‘est with respect to trolley which 9.8.39 ‘ismoving with acceleration a, while the observer (3)is moving ‘on ground with acceleration a,. What isthe work done by the Pseudo force as observed by the observers (2) and (3) on the block during time #? Assume zero initial velocities of the bodies and observers. Sol. The observer (2) will observer a pseudo force of magnitude ‘ma in the direction opposite tothe acceleration W of observer (2) as shown in Fig. 8.40, i rf ‘The displacement of the block with respect to olley (observer 2), Fig, 8.40 Agata iy =i Hence, work done by pseudo force on block as shown by ‘observer (2), | Wy==(ma)(d,,) Hl 2 Fig. 8.41 ‘The observer (3) will observe a pseudo force ma, (¢-), For calculating the work done by pseudo force as seen from observer (3) (Ws), we need to calculate displacement of the block watt, observer (3) sete a= Fay" a2 +8, Using the above equations, we have (a3 +a, ay)? (ain +a — a3 up from bottom to top of a wedge which is moving with an acceleration ay. Find the work 1,2, find the work done by friction on the block during time KINETIC ENERGY ‘The eneray possessed by a body by virtue ofits motion is called kinetic energy. Examples: * Flowing water possesses kinetic energy which is used to run the water mills, * Moving air (.c., wind) possesses kinetic energy which is used to run wind mills, * The hammer possesses kinetic energy which is used to drive the nails in wood. ‘A particle of mass m moving in a reference frame (1) with velocity ¥, is said to have kinetic energy given by {et another reference frame (2) moves with velocity ¥, The ity of the particle as seen from reference frame (2) is Kinetic energy of the particle as seen from reference frame 2, dees, Ky = ym ~H IP Work Energy and Power 8.12 Note that x, = fm 3,1)? 48 not necessarily same as, 3-405 + 2%y, 0050, ‘where @is the angle between ¥, and ¥, As mand 3-5 are always positive, kinetic energy is always positive scalar, i., kinetic energy can never be negative. . ‘Relation of kinetic energy with linear momentum: As we know, Enbne ae} a [As P= my] Endy [as aaa ] So we can say that kinetic energy, cde oes Bam snd nonenm. P= 2 Jang From the above relation, itis clear that a body cannot have Kinetic enry without having moment vieesena WORK-ENERGY THEOREM One freon pate: Forth ak ofsinplic angle foe Factng ona parce Pores rm te paricle moves nay arbiay pak th work dane by the foe in an eleceany dispacemen afte parle aW = Fas Substituting P= mg, we have aia wa Then heal work one W= fa = mf et us assume Sebsiaing 5 = yh we be Wenf var This gives wy = Lp? Ly? ple ere ny fin = where Sm = KE, and Sm = KE, Then, we have W = KE,~ KE, = AKE ‘When only a single force acts on a particle, work done by the force is equal 10 the change in the kinetic energy of the particle. 842_ Mechanics 1 Many forces on one particle: If more than one forces act on a particle, we know that the sum of work done by al forces is equal to the work done by the resultant force acting on the particle. Since the resultant force F,., (say) decides the acceleration & ‘of the particle, the total work done can be given as: Weoai = EWy, = Wp. Where W, = Fg di THO Woy = fF 8 Substinting Fg = mi and di =vdy, wehave Wasa va which gives the same expression, ee = om} him? = aKE Wout Sse: s Dw, -aK The sum of work done by all forces acing on each particle of system of particles is equal tothe swn of change inthe KE af each particle of the system. This is what we call work-energy theorem which signifies the “work” as “energy transfer” Note: Fora sjiem of particles (or syst of igi bodies) Lee +L Mee = AK where BW, the workdoney the extral ores th stem and 3 Wi the work done bythe internal forces onthe system ‘Newton’ third 1 of motion gives you that Fg = 0. But the werk doe By thefteral free mayor may not Be ual o zero ‘Now it is more usefl to write the work-enegy theorem in non ine frame as Woxsna + Waa * Wyss + Wage * AKE 4 Pootve work increases he Kinetic energy and negative work decreases the Kinetic energy Work canbe converted into kinetic energy and kine energy canbe converted into work. ras 8.20 The only force ating on &2.0-kg body as it moves along the x-axis varies as shown in Fig. 8:49. The velocity ofthe body atx _ =0is40ms". st. What sthe kinetic energy ofthe body atx=30m? XY Db. Atowhatvalue of willthe body have a kinetic energy of 8.03? «Whats the maximum kinetic energy attained by the body tween x=Oand = 5.0m 1 Sol. Kinetic energy ofthe body atx = Os Fig. 8.49 6.03 ‘Work done by the force on the body is given by the area bounded by the curve and x-axis in Fig. 8.50, From ".") directed along positive x-axis. Work done by the forve is positive. For 1.0m

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