Acids, Bases and Salts 2

CHAPTER

Tips and Tricks

Acids are sour in taste and bases are bitter in solution is fixed. If H+ ion cocentration is known,
taste. that of OH ions is determined.

Indicators are chemical substances which give [H+] [OH] = 1014
different colours in acidic and basic solutions. If a pH scale is the scale for measuring hydrogen ion
substance gives change in odour in acidic or basic concentration in a solution. Its value varies from
medium, then it is olfactory indicator. 0 to 14 for solutions very acidic to very basic.
Indicator Acid Basic Neutral solution has pH equal to 7.
solution solution pH is defined as negative logarithm of hydrogen
Litmus Red Blue ion concentration. The value of pH is very
Methyl Orange Pink Yellow important in our daily life. A pH range of 68 is
good for living organisms and plants.
Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink

Strong acids give H+ ions readily in aqueous
Bromothymol blue Yellow Blue solutions, e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid,

Chemical properties of acids and bases nitric acid etc.
(i) Acids contain hydrogen atom and give
Weak acids do not give all the hydrogen atoms
hydrogen ions (H+) in water. contained as H+ ions in water solution, e.g., acetic
(ii) Acids react with metals to give salt and acid, carbonic acid etc.
hydrogen gas.
Strong bases give OH ions readily, e.g., NaOH,
(iii) Acids react with metal oxide to give salt and KOH etc.
water. In addition carbon dioxide is evolved if
Weak bases are ammonium hydroxide, calcium
metal carbonate is taken. hydroxide etc.
(iv) Acids and bases react to give salt and water.
Salts are formed by combination of acids and
This is neutralization reaction. bases.
(v) Bases are the hydroxides of metals, which
Acidic salts are formed by reaction of weak base
give hydroxide ion (OH) in aqueous solutions. with a strong acid, e.g., ammonium chloride,
(vi) Bases react with only some metals to give aluminium chloride. Their aqueous solution has
salt and hydrogen, e.g., zinc. pH less than seven.

(vii) Bases which are soluble in water are known
as alkalies.
(viii) Acids and Bases in water conduct electricity
due to the presence of ions.

pH: All water solutions contain H+ and OH ions.
Total of H+ and OH ion concentration in aqueous

Basic salts are from strong base and weak acid,
e.g., sodium acetate, sodium carbonate. Their
aqueous solutions give pH greater than seven.

Neutral salts are formed from combination of
strong acids and strong bases, e.g., NaCl, Na2SO4,
NaNO3 etc. These give neutral aqueous solution
with pH nearly equal to seven.

A-24
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS A-25

Hydrated salts: Some salts crystallize with a pH = log10 1011 = 11

fixed number of water molecules attached to one
Common salt is sodium chloride (NaCl)
formula unit of salt, e.g., Blue copper sulphate commercial used variety is rock salt.
(CuSO4.5H2O), washing soda (Na2CO3.10H2O), NaCl(aq)
Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). + H2O

Gypsum on controlled heating loses water Electrolysis + CO2
molecules partially and give calcium sulphate + NH3
hemihydrate, Cathode Anode
 (Na) (Cl2) NH4Cl + NaHCO3
CaSO4 H2O or plaster of paris.
 + + Ammonium Sodium

Calculation of pH values: If H+ ion concentration H2O Ca(OH)2 chloride hydrogen
in aqueous solution is 103 M, carbonate
NaOH CaOCl2 (Baking soda)
pH = log10 103 = 3
Sodium Bleaching heat
If OH ion concentration in aqueous solution is hydroxide powder
103 M, Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
 Sodium carbonate

H+ ion concentration = = 1011 (washing soda)
 

Formative Assessment
ORAL QUESTIONS (Conversation Type)
1. (a) Acids are sour in taste. Is it a way to find
whether a substance is an acid or a base?
(b) What is other physical test?
(c) Any test with solid acid?
(d) Can you check the evolution of CO 2
chemically?
2. (a) What are acids?
(b) Can presence of H+ in water be estimated?
How?
(c) How is pH related to H+ ion concentration?
(d) How is pH related to strength of an acid?
(e) Name one strong acid and one weak acid.
3. (a) What are salts?
(b) How many types of salts are formed?
(c) What are neutral salts?
(d) What do you mean by acidic salts?
(e) Define basic salts.
(f) Give the corresponding acid and base from
which sodium carbonate is formed.
4. (a) What is common salt?
(b) Why does common salt become moist in
rainy season?
(c) How is it used as a freezing mixture?
(d) Name two important laboratory chemicals
prepared from common salt on large scale.
5. (a) What is washing soda?
(b) Name the process by which sodium
carbonate is manufactured.
(c) What are the raw materials used in the
preparation of washing soda?
(d) Sodium carbonate is obtained from another
carbonate on heating. Name it.
(e) What is the commercial name of sodium
bicarbonate.
6. (a) Name the substance used for bleaching
cotton and wood pulp in textiles.
(b) What is its chemical name?
(c) How is it manufactured?
(d) What is slaked lime?
(e) Why does bleaching powder smell of
chlorine ?
ORAL QUESTIONS
1. Name the acid present in lemon juice.
2. Name an antacid.
3. What name is given to an indicator which gives
different odour in acidic and basic solution?
4. What is the chemical difference between
washing soda and baking powder?
5. How will you obtain sodium carbonate from
sodium bicarbonate?
A-26
6. Name the acid present in ant sting.
7. Which of the two, curd or soap solution, give
blue colour with litmus paper?
8. What happens when nitric acid is poured over
egg shells?
9. What is the ideal pH of the soil for the healthy
growth of a plant?
10. At what pH the mouth teeth start decaying?
11. Name the base used to reduce acidity in
stomach.
12. How is pH of an acid solution affected when it
is diluted?
13. Give one example of an acidic salt and one of a
basic salt.
14. Give one example each of basic oxide and acidic
oxide.
15. Name the gas responsible for extinguishing fire
in a soda-acid fire extinguisher.
16. What contributes to the basic character of a
base?
17. Out of glucose and acetic acid which one will
conduct electricity in water?
18. Name the scale which is used to measure H+
ion concentration in a solution.
19. What is the pH of blood?
20. What is the chemical name of the compound
which has the property of hardening when
mixed with water?
TRUE OR FLASE
1. Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) produces H+ ions in a
solution.
2. Dilute hydrochloric acid in stomach helps in
digestion.
3. Sodium sulphate is a neutral salt.
4. Brine is an aqueous solution of sodium chloride.
5. Sodium acetate is an acidic salt.
6. The electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride
gives hydrogen gas at cathode.
7. Carbonated soft drink gives blue colour with
litmus paper.
8. All metals react with bases to give salt and
hydrogen gas.
9. Phenolphthalein is an acid-base indicator.
10. Non-metallic oxides give amphoteric solution.
NEW AGE CCE SCIENCEX
11. Metal oxides and bases are similar in their
reaction with acids.
12. Dry hydrochloric acid does not conduct
electricity but dissolves in water.
13. Water of crystallization of a salt depends on
the moisture content of air.
14. Bleaching powder is obtained when brine is
passed over calcium hydroxide solution.
15. Plaster of Paris is obtained by strongly heating
gypsum.
QUIZWHO AM I
1. I can roughly measure pH value from 0 to 14.
2. I am called antichlor and is used to remove
excess chlorine from clothes when treated with
bleaching powder.
3. I am a product of gypsum and is used in making
chalks and fire proof materials.
4. I am a compound of calcium and can be used
for disinfecting drinking water as well as for
decolourisation.
5. I give different smell in acid and base solutions
6. I am an oxide capable of showing properties of
both acids and bases.
7. I am a covalent compound and conducts
electricity in aqueous medium.
8. I am a salt of potassium hydroxide and nitric
acid.
9. I am the term used when a solid becomes liquid
when exposed to moist air.
10. I am derived from tomato and turn blue litmus
into red.
PUZZLES
4 2 3
C L C
1
C C
C C
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS A-27

I. Across Down
1. Known as vinegar (6). 2. A gas obtained in the electrolysis of sodium
4. A mineral acid (12). chloride (8).
Down 4. A substance that gives relief from acidity
(7).
2. Acid obtained from milk (6)
3. An acid obtained from lemon (6).
II. Across SUGGESTED PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES
1. A stone used for manufacture of sodium 1. Prepare extract of natural materials like red
carbonate (9) cabbage leaves, flower petals, tea petals etc.
3. A substance that changes colour in acid- and test with acid-base solutions to find which
base solution (9). can act as indicator.
2 2. Different students may check pH of their urine,
C
blood, cough etc and compare with their diet on
that day and summarise what diet suits human
body best.
4 3. Prepare extracts of different masala at home
and check their pH with pH paper and draw a
conclusion.
1 I T 4. Compare the reaction of different acids with
3 N A carbonate/bicarbonate and suggest which
combination is best to construct a fire
extinguisher.
A-28 NEW AGE CCE SCIENCEX

Assignments
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CLASS ASSIGNMENT 1

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1. Give one example each of natural indicator and
synthetic indicator.
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4. What name is given to an indicator which gives
different colour in different medium. Give
.............................................................................. examples.

2. Give an example each of acidic salt and neutral ..............................................................................

salt as well basic salt. Explain.
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5. How is phenolphthalein used as an indicator?
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3. What are the salts of nitric acid called? Give
one example of such a salt. ..............................................................................

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ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS A-29

6. What is that reaction called when acids and ..............................................................................

bases react? What is the common product of all
such reactions? ..............................................................................

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.............................................................................. 9. A student prepared two solutions (1) dil. HCl

and (ii) distilled water in separate test tubes.
.............................................................................. She forgot to label the tubes. Both solutions are
colourless. Solutions of litmus, phenolphthalein
.............................................................................. and lime water are available to her. How will
she distinguish between the two solutions?
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7. Name the salt formed when nitric acid reacts
with ammonium hydroxide. Is it an acidic salt ..............................................................................
or a basic salt?
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10. What are strong acids and weak acids? Do both
.............................................................................. behave similarly with litmus solution.

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8. Show that sodium acetate is a basic salt. ..............................................................................

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