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Design of a Stacked Two Layer Circular Fractal

Microstrip Antenna for X-band Application


Jyotibhusan Padhi Arati Behera Muktikanta Dash, (MIEEE)
Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE
ITER, SOA University, ITER, SOA University, ITER, SOA University,
Bhubaneswar, India Bhubaneswar, India Bhubaneswar, India
jyotibhusanj3@gmail.com arati.kisd@gmail.com muktikantadash@soauniversity.ac.in

Abstract In this paper, a novel design of a stacked similar, space filling nature and have repeating structure at a
two layer microstrip patch antenna with wideband different scale [2-3]. These properties of fractal geometry are
characteristics is proposed. This paper follows fractal and directly related to the frequency characteristics and radiation
stacking methodology to improve the characteristics of characteristics of the antenna. Generally fractal concepts are
microstrip antennas. This antenna consists of two circular helpful in achieving multi-band characteristics and
patches. The upper radiating patch is suspended with subsequently, it may be optimized to achieve larger bandwidth
Teflon clamps over the lower driving element. The of an antenna. Similarly, fractal curves introduce discontinuity
radiating patch is excited through EM coupling by the on the radiating patch and help to improve radiation
driving element. The rectangular slots on the ground plane performance of an antenna. The fractal structure could be
are loaded for better impedance matching over the generated by an Iterative mathematical process, known as
operating frequency range. The impedance bandwidth of Iterative Function Scheme (IFS).
single layer patch is 7%. After using stacking and fractal
methodology the impedance bandwidth increases up to It is known that the narrow bandwidth of single layer direct
69% ranging from 7.5GHz to 14.4GHz with acceptable contact microstrip antenna is the prime limitation for which it
return loss. This antenna offers Omni-directional radiation is not suitable for all applications. If the foam is used as
patterns in H-plane. This antenna is useful for X-band substrate, the impedance bandwidth of patch antenna increases
applications such as radar, mobile communication, up to 8%. The antenna bandwidth is influenced by the
satellite communication etc. as its center frequency is thickness of the substrate and the gap between the two patches
10GHz. [4-5].

KeywordsBandwidth;EM coupling;Fractal;Stacking;X-band Different wireless systems operate in L, C and X bands.


Microstrip patch antennas are more suitable for high
frequency band applications, such as X-band because of its
I. INTRODUCTION conformal modeling [6-7]. In this paper, a new stacked two
Designing of smaller size microstrip antenna having high layered circular fractal antenna is proposed for X-band
data rate, conformal modeling and less power consumption is applications. This structure is simulated, and the observed
the recent days challenge to the researcher in the view of results display that the proposed antenna offers a large
advancement of high data rate wireless communication bandwidth ranging from 7.5GHz to 14.4 GHz.
systems. With addition to this, the fabrication technology
should be easy and cost effective. Hence, the required The paper is organized as follows: Section II explores the
capabilities of smaller size microstrip antenna are carried out antenna design and analysis. Section III explains the result and
through the use of parasite elements, filters, slots, and various discussions. Finally section IV concludes the work.
patch shapes. With considering the above mentioned
perspective, fractal and stacking methodology have been used II. ANTENNA DESIGN
recently to improve the antenna performance [1].
The dimensions of circular patch are evaluated by using
The idea of fractal was first proposed by French following procedure. The strategies accept the predefined data
mathematician B. B. Mandelbrot in 1970. Utilizing fractal like dielectric constant , operating frequency , and
idea, an antenna boosts the electrical length of radiating substrate height. The equation depends on which the design
materials that could transmit and alternately receive has been made, given in equation 1 [11]. The radius of circular
electromagnetic wave in the specified surface region. Seeing patch is:

that, fractal geometries are widely used in engineering (1)
applications. The properties of the fractal antennas are self-


978-1-5090-3646-2/16/$31.00 2016 IEEE


Fig. 2. Geometry of stacked two layer circular fractal antenna. The
dimensions are a=5.25mm, a1=4.3mm, a2=3.5mm, a3 =2.8mm, a4=2.3mm,
=4.0mm, =2.0mm, = 5.1mm, =2.0mm, S=3.0mm, =22.0mm, =18.0

Fig. 1. Fractal patch formation

Where


 (2)

Where
h is the height of the substrate,
is the dielectric constant of the substrate, and
is the resonant frequency of the antenna.

Fig. 3. 3-D view of stacked two layer fractal antenna


After deciding the patch dimension, the hexagonal slots are
introduced to improve the antenna characteristics. Different
iterations of fractal patch are shown in Fig. 1. The designed III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
antenna consists of two circular patches. The driving patch is
etched on duroid substrate ( ), and the dimension
is . It is fed by a microstrip line The suggested antenna is simulated using HFSSv13
of width 2mm and length 8 mm. software. The reflection coefficients for different iterations are
shown in Fig. 4. The frequency response of the proposed
The radiating element is exactly same as the driving antenna varies with respect to the radius of the circular patch
element. It is suspended with two Teflon clamps for a. It is observed that the antenna having radius 5.5 mm offers
mechanical stability at a height of 3.0mm from the lower 6.9GHz bandwidth with return loss less than -40dB as shown
substrate. The radiating patch is excited through EM coupling. in Fig. 5.

The gap between upper and lower patch is quite larger than After simulation, it is observed that the bandwidth of the
the height of substrate. Ground plane is slightly etched on the proposed antenna is influenced by the gap between the two
bottom side of the substrate as shown in Fig. 3. patches. Bandwidth of the antenna is improved by increasing
the air gap from 2mm to 3mm and the results are shown in
Fig. 6. At height 3mm, the designed antenna offers good
bandwidth from 7.5GHz to 14.4GHz with the notch at the
center frequency of 10GHz.
Fig. 4. Simulated reflection coefficients for different iterations Fig. 7. Return loss response w.r.t. slot width(S) of the proposed antenna

Fig. 5. Returns loss response for different radius a of the proposed


antenna

Fig. 8. 3-D radiation pattern of stacked two layer circular fractal antenna

Here, the ground plane is modified to reduce the effect of


surface waves, which enhances the radiation pattern of the
antenna [12-14]. The impedance matching and radiation
characteristic of the designed antenna is further improved by
introducing slots on the ground. A square slot of width S
below the feed line can be optimized to achieve better
impedance matching over the frequency range which is
reflected in Fig. 7 showing the optimized return loss response
for different values of slot widths. The 3-D plot of the stacked
two layer circular fractal microstrip antenna is shown in Fig. 8
Fig. 6. Return loss response for different air gap of stacked two layer and Fig. 9 shows the simulated radiation pattern at a frequency
circular fractal antenna of 10GHz.
Fig. 10. Bandwidth comparison between single layer and stacked circular
fractal antenna.
40.00

(a)H-plane (=0)
35.00

30.00

25.00
V S W R (1 )

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 17.50 20.00
Freq [GHz]

Fig. 11. VSWR response of stacked two layer circular fractal antenna

10.00

Curve Info
dB(S(1,1))
5.00 Setup1 : Sweep
G a in (d B )

dB(GainTotal)
Imported
Phi='150deg' Theta='0deg'
-0.00

(b) E-plane (= )
-5.00

-10.00

Fig. 9. Radiation pattern of stacked two layer circular fractal antenna -15.00

The proposed antenna carries directional radiation -20.00

characteristics in E-plane and Omni-directional radiation


re tu rn lo s s (d B )

characteristics in H-plane over the operating range. From -25.00

figure 10, it is noticed that the bandwidth of single layer patch


antenna covers the frequency range of 9.8GHz to 10.5 GHz, -30.00

whereas the suggested antenna covers the frequency range of


-35.00
7.5GHz to 14.4 GHz. 0.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00
Freq [GHz]
12.50 15.00 17.50 20.00

Fig. 12. Simulated gain and return loss response of the proposed design.
The VSWR response of this antenna is found to be less [14] R. J. Mailloux, On the Use of Metallized Cavities in Printed Slot
Arrays with Dielectric Substrates, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.,
than 2.15 over the frequency band as shown in Fig. 11. From Vol. AP-35, No. 5, pp. 477487, May 1987.
Fig. 12, it is observed that the gain response of the proposed
antenna is 3dB at 10GHz.

IV. CONCLUSION
Stacked Two Layer Circular Fractal Microstrip Antenna
has been designed and simulated successfully using HFSS
software. Different antenna parameters have been examined
for the proposed design. Moreover, increasing the air gap
between the circular patches improves the frequency
bandwidth. The fractional bandwidth of stacked two-layer
circular fractal antenna is 69% ranging from 7.5GHz to
14.4GHz. The proposed fractal antenna provides preferably
flat gain variation over the operating range. The designed
antenna offers omnidirectional radiation pattern in H- plane.
So the stacked two layer circular fractal microstrip antenna is
suitable for X- band applications.

REFERENCES

[1] A. Ajey, K. Shambavi, Z. C Alex, Design and Analysis of Fractal


Antenna for UWB Applications, 2012 IEEE Students Conference on
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science, 2012.
[2] B. B. Mandelbrot, The fractal Geometry of Nature, W. H. Freeman
and Company, 1983.
[3] S. N. Khan, J. Hu, J. Xiong, andS. He, Circular Fractal Monopole
Antenna For Low VSWR UWB Applications,Progress In
Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 1, pp. 1925, 2008.
[4] A. Sabban,"A New Broadband Stacked Two Layer Microstrip Antenna",
I.E.E.E Antenna and Propagation Symp., Houston, Texas, U.S.A, Jun.
1983, pp. 63-66.
[5] A. lttipiboon, B.clarke and M.Cuhaci," Slot Coupled Stacked
Microstrip Antennas ", I.E.E.E Antenna and Propagation 1990, pp.
[6] Siddiqui Naushad Ather, Rajesh Kumar verma, P.K. Singhal
Bandwidth enhancement for truncated rectangular Microstrip antenna
using stacked patchs and Defected Ground structure 5th International
Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication
Networks 2013.
[7] M. T. I. Huque, et al., "Design and Simulation of a Low-cost and High
Gain Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays for the X-band Applications," in
International Conference on Network Communication and Computer
ICNCC 2011, New Delhi, India., March 21-23, 2011.
[8] M. F. Islam, et al., "Dual band microstrip patch antenna for SAR
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[9] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, Ultra wide band
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[10] D. L. Jaggard, On Fractal Electrodynamics, in Recent Advances in
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Editors; Springer Verlag, 1990.
[11] Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 2nd
Edition, Wiley India (P.) Ltd., 2007.
[12] S. B. De Assis Fonseca and A. J. Giarola, Microstrip Disk Antennas,
Part II: the Problem of Surface Wave Radiation by Dielectric
Truncation, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. AP-32, No. 6, pp.
568573, June 1984.
[13] J. Huang, The Finite Ground Plane Effect on the Microstrip Antenna
Radiation Patterns, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. AP-31, No.
7, pp. 649653, July 1983.

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