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"A Performance Based Earthquake Engineering

Conceptual Approach to the Design of Buildings"

Carlos M. Villaraza1
1
Vice President, Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
Principal Engineer, GEOSEED

Abstract: A Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Design (PBD) approach


has been in existence since the 1980s. The goal of PBD is to produce structures with
predictable seismic performance. To achieve this, a comprehensive coordination by
professionals from several disciplines is required. The National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP 2010) recognizes the fact that it is based on prescriptive mostly
empirical code formulations. The NSCP 2010 does not prevent the use of alternate
design provided it has been reviewed and its use authorized by the building official.

1. INTRODUCTION High concrete-steel ratio and poor


materials property;
For more than 36 years, the Association of The near-source factor effect of
Structural Engineers of the Philippines vertical acceleration not considered.
(ASEP) has worked in the development of its
earthquake design provisions since its In the conventional methods of seismic
issuance in 1976 of the first National design, the objectives are for life safety
Building Code. The latest one released is the (strength and ductility) and damage control
National Structural Code of the Philippines (serviceability drift limits). The design
(NSCP 2010 ed 6th). The objective of the criteria are defined limits on stresses and
earthquake load requirements is to meet a member forces.
number of specific performance objectives:
Performance-based design is a more general
resist minor earthquakes without design philosophy in which the design
damage; criteria are expressed in terms of achieving
resist moderate earthquakes with stated performance objectives when the
limited structural and non-structural structure is subjected to stated levels of
damage; seismic hazard. The performance targets may
resist major earthquakes with be a level of stress not to be exceeded, a load,
significant damage to structural and a displacement, a limit state or a target
non-structural elements, but with damage state. See Figures 1 to 3.
limited risk to life-safety;
and resist the most severe levels of
earthquake ground motion ever likely
to effect a site, without collapse.

Experience in the Philippines has shown that


building structures designed in accordance
with the earthquake load provisions of the
NSCP and detailed for ductility have
performed well in the past earthquakes.
Investigation and evaluation of building
failures after the 16 July 1990 Luzon
Earthquake tend to indicate:

Improper ductility design; Figure 1. Global Framework for PBD


(Krawinkler, 2000)

1
different geologic characteristics. See Table
2.1 which taken from the NSCP 2010.

Figure 2. Definition of Limit States

Table 2.1 Soil Profile Types

The Vs30 is based on the wave propagation


theory that ground motion depends on the
density and shear wave velocity of
near-surface media. Density has relatively
Figure 3. Performance Menu Table little variation with depth.
for Seismic Force
Site Amplification. It is a parameter ratio for
a given site category to a reference category
2. PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN (usually rock). Amplification factors are a
convenient to account for the effects of site
Performance-based earthquake engineering conditions. Site condition remains crudely
design (PBD) concept implies the definition represented with amplification factors. Since
of multiple target performance levels which amplification factors are very sensitive to the
are expected to be achieved, or at least not reference site condition, the application of
exceeded, when the structure is subjected to the amplification factor models must
earthquake ground motion of specified appropriately consider the site condition
intensity. corresponding to the reference motion.

To achieve these targets, the designer has to Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction. The


be aware of the uncertainties involved in response of a structure to earthquake shaking
both structural performance and seismic is affected by interactions between the
hazard estimations. The ability to assess structure, the foundation and the geologic
seismic demands and capacities with a media underlying and surrounding the
reasonable degree of certainty is important. foundation. The soil-foundation-structure
interaction seismic analysis evaluates the
Seismic hazard estimation is governed by collective response of these systems to a
several factors. Some of these are the specified free field ground motion.
following:
The deformation and movement of the
Site Classification. Ground motion records foundations of a building can significantly
can show distinct amplitudes at sites with affect the seismic response of structures.
3. PBD METHODOLOGY (demand). The probability of occurrence
of the earthquake may be related to the risk
The general methodology for performance of occurrence of the associated damage state.
based design may include various Not all the components of the procedure are
approaches. In one approach, traditional well established. Although the capacity
force-based analysis is conducted and, after spectrum is simple, the theoretical basis and
the design is completed, the deformation and physical interpretations are questionable.
damage may be estimated and checked
against established displacement limits. FEMA 273 presents a variety of performance
Other approaches may start by establishing objectives with associated probabilistic
the displacement or drift associated with a ground motions. Analysis and design
certain performance, proportion the structure methods for the multi-level performance
and then conduct the response analysis. range from linear static to inelastic time
history analysis. The document defines
There are divergent viewpoints on the performance levels for nonstructural
meaning of performance-based design and elements and systems and proposes drift
its methods of implementation. limits for various lateral-load-resisting
structural systems at different performance
SEAOC Vision 2000 document presents the levels.
concepts and addresses the performance
levels for structural and nonstructural A fundamental question in performance
systems. Five performance levels are based design is the validation of selected
described with specified limits of transient performance levels, the parameters used to
and permanent drift. It is suggested that define minimum performance, and the
capacity design principles should be applied seismic hazard definitions. In the case of
to guide the inelastic response analysis of the three performance levels (serviceability,
structure and to designate the ductile links or damage control and life safety or collapse
forces in the lateral-force-resisting system. prevention), three corresponding structural
Possible design approaches include various characteristics (stiffness, strength and
elastic and inelastic analysis procedures such deformation capacity) dominate the
as: (1) conventional force and strength performance as illustrated in Fig. 1.
methods; (2) displacement-based design; (3)
energy approaches; and (4) prescriptive
design approaches.

In the Applied Technology Council ATC 40


document, performance-based design refers
to the methodology in which structural
criteria are expressed in terms of achieving a
performance objective. The document is
limited to concrete buildings and emphasizes
the use of the capacity spectrum method. The
procedure involves determining the capacity
and demand spectra. To construct the
capacity spectrum, the force displacement
curve of a point on the structure is
determined using nonlinear static (pushover)
analysis. The forces and displacements are
converted to spectral accelerations and
spectral displacements using an equivalent Figure 1. Typical performance curve.
SDOF system. The demands of the
earthquake are defined by highly damped
elastic spectra. At the performance point, the 3. NSCP 2010 CODE PHILOSOPHY
seismic capacity is assumed equal to the
demand, which provides an estimate of It is very important to understand the
acceleration (strength) and displacement purpose of the NSCP 2010 which is to
provide minimum load requirements for the seismic sources, site soil profile
design of buildings, towers and other vertical characteristics and the structure's importance
structures, and minimum standards and factor.
guidelines to safeguard life or limb, property
and public welfare by regulating and Alternative lateral-force procedures using
controlling the design, construction, quality rational analyses based on well-established
of materials pertaining to the structural principles of mechanics may be used in lieu
aspects of all buildings and structures within of those prescribed in these provisions.
this jurisdiction.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The provisions of the code apply to the
alteration, repair and maintenance of There is general agreement that future
buildings, towers and other vertical seismic design needs to be based on defined
structures. Special structures are referred to multiple performance objectives and
special state of practice literature but the associated earthquake hazard levels.
provisions of the code are the minimum However, much research and development
requirements where applicable. remain to be done before such a design
methodology can be implemented. There are
With the above purpose as the guiding several sources of uncertainties inherent in
principle, it will be clearer to interpret the performance-based design process.
guidelines in other sections of the NSCP
2010. The recent popularity of PBD has brought
many state-of-the-art analysis and design
The NSCP 2010 is quite specific on the techniques into the mainstream of earthquake
appropriate seismic ground motion to be engineering practice. It has opened the door
used. Structures and portions thereof shall, as for a multi-disciplinary approach to seismic
a minimum, be designed and constructed to design which involving developers, building
resist the effects of seismic ground motions officials engineers and earth-scientists. These
as provided in this section. are very positive developments which are
bound to improve the quality of earthquake
DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that resistant construction.
ground motion that has a 10 percent chance
of being exceeded in 50 years as determined
by a site-specific hazard analysis or may be References:
determined from a hazard map. A suite of
ground motion time histories with dynamic 1. V. Bertero and Y. Bozorgnia. Earthquake
properties representative of the site Engineering: From Engineering Sesimology
characteristics shall be used to represent this to Performance-Based Engineering, CRC
ground motion. The dynamic effects of the Press (New York), 2004.
Design Basis Ground Motion may be 2. F. Naeim, H. Bhatia, and R. Lobo. Performance
represented by the Design Response Based Seismic Engineering,
Spectrum. 3. National Structural Code of the Philippines
2010 (6th Edition).
DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an 4. Applied Technology Council. Seismic
elastic response spectrum for 5 percent Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings,
equivalent viscous damping used to represent ATC-40 (1996).
the dynamic effects of the Design Basis 5. R. Hamburger. A Framework for
Ground Motion for the design of structures. Performance Based Earthquake Resistive
This response spectrum may be either a Design, EERC-CUREe Symposium in
site-specific spectrum based on geologic, Honor of Vitelmo V. Bertero, (Berkeley,
tectonic, seismological and soil California), 1997.
characteristics associated with a specific site.

Seismic hazard characteristics for the site


shall be established based on the seismic
zone and proximity of the site to active

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