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Page 1
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pH
pH pH .
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pH
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. 25 -
10 14 .
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pH . .
pH .
pH
pH
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pH .
pH .
pH .
pH
.
pH .
pH .
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) (liquid junction
. pH
. pH
.

Page 2
www.icesi.ir
pH .
.
) antifouling ( .
.

pH
. pH
7 . pH 7
7 .
pH . pH
0 14 .
pH .
pH . pH
. pH .
pH (Sensing electrode) pH
) (Compensation
.
pH pH .
pH .
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Page 3
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(
(
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Cell PP PPD .
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) (KCl .
oven 120 .
2
. .


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conditioned .
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Page 4
www.icesi.ir
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scrubbed . -
Scrubber . cell .
. cell
scrubber .
.
5 psig
.
1 2
.
20 settledown
. .

-
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) (magnetization .

Page 5
www.icesi.ir
.
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.
. ) (magneto dynamic
magnetic wind .
3

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subtle
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Page 6
www.icesi.ir
) ( .

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polarographic
polarographic
Cell .
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. cell
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. polaro graphic
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drift .
. .
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cell
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Page 7
www.icesi.ir
probe .
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0.5V
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fluoropolymer

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eittrium
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1200 F .
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Page 8
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cell .
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in situ Probe .
flu .
Probe .
)
18( .
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(
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. ... .

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NOx
NOx Chemilumine scence .
.
chemilumine scence NO2 NO
. NO , chemilumin scence
. NO O3
NO2 NO2 .
photomultiplier .
20 NO2 . NO2
. chemiluminescence
. O3 NO .

Page 9
www.icesi.ir
* NO2 ) (ground state
. .
* NO2
. * NO2 ) quenching
( .
NO2 NO .
. NO NO2
NO2 NO . No2 NO
. NO2 . .
-
. 350 650 .
.
NO2 NO2 NO
.
NOx 0/1ppm 10000 .
NDIR NOx.
SOx
H2S
.
.
.
H2S H2S
. H2S .
.
.
H2S . SO3
SO2 H2S . H2S

Page 10
www.icesi.ir
. H2S
.

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. 1100 -
.
H2S . .

H2S . H2S -
. H2S .

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SO2 .
.

) (

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SO2.


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Page 11
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GC
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(GSC) Gas Solid Chromatography .
(GLC)GasLiquid Chromatography

. Charcoal ,Molecular Sieve ,Silica Gel .

) (Partitioning
.
400

GLC .
GLC . ) (AD )(DE
Charcoal .

. .

Page 12
www.icesi.ir
:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6Recoreder
-7
G.L.C ) (Carrier
. )
(Stationary Phase
) . (Partitioned ) (
.
Column Detector Recorder
.
: GLC
Column .

.
:
23 .


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GLC
.

Page 13
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Temprature Programming .
:
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:
) (Retention Time
.
%1 .

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:

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. 1 2%
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:

. TCD (PPM 100) 0/01%
ppm . FID
)ECPD(ElectronicCapture&Phosphorose Detector PPB
.
10
.
.
.

Page 14
www.icesi.ir
:
): (Carrier Gas
.
.

) .(Retension Time
).(Retension Volume
:
.
:
-1 .
-2 Packing .
-3 .
-4
-5 Detector .
): (Sample Inroduction

. Injection Port
Gas Sampling Valve
.
.
.
0/1 CC 2 5 20 .
): (Column
. .
.
G.L.C .
.

Page 15
www.icesi.ir

.
Oven .
:
) (Solid Support
. Oven
1/5 6 1 10 (Packed column) .
.
G.L.C .
.

. . Oven
. .
:
.
1 20 .
10 .

.
:
column Detector
.
.

. Detector
.
: Detector
:

Page 16
www.icesi.ir
: TCD


TCD

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Refrence Sample
. Refrence
Sample D etector
Sample
Recorder
.
Flame Ionization Detector:FID

. FID.
FID .

. .

.
IA
InfraRed Ray Absorbtion Analyzers

CO 2 ,CH 4 ,C 2 H 4 ,Co + Co 2 , NO , SO 2 :
. .
:

Page 17
www.icesi.ir
) DIR (Dispersive IR Photomultiplier ) : NDIR (NonDispersive IR
: NDIR

IR
.

Amplifire Detector Recorder .
NDIR LuftType
.
.
) (chopper HZ10
.
. .
IR .
.
. Detector Detector.
) (Gas microphone diaphragm
. .
Detector
Detector
Detector .
Detector .
Detector . Detector
.
Detector IR
.
Detector

Page 18
www.icesi.ir
Detector .
.
.
Detector (Gas microphone
) diaphragm
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DIR : Photomultiplier
DIR .
Photomultiper .
photomultiplier
. PHOTOEMISSITIVE
dynode .
photoemissitive
Dynod . .
.
photoemissitive eject
dynode . dynode
eject . dynode
.
.
.
dynode dynode ) gain (
Gain . 105 107 . )spectral(
. spectral photoemissitive )(transparency

Page 19
www.icesi.ir
.
photomultiplier 0.12 0.95
.

eject.


.
Lower Explosive Limit
) LEL/LFL( LowerFlammable Limit PPM .

.
ExplosimeterCGI
. : IA .
:
Bead .
.
Passive .
Bead .
.
) Flame Arrestor
.
.
.
.
.
: IA

Page 20
www.icesi.ir
IA
.
.

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Detect .
IA Detect.
IA .
IA :
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Detect.
0,5 %15 LEL
%100 .
. LEL %20 40 60
.

Page 21
www.icesi.ir

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