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Heat Transfer
2017

Heat Conduction
Maintained at To

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Q T T
k qy k
A Y Y
T
qy k
y

Flux ke arah x dan z:

T T
qx k qz k
dx dz

q kT Foriers Law

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Analogy with Momentum and Mass Diffusion

dT k Cp T Cp T
qy k
dy Cp y y

dVx Vx Vx
yx
dy y y
dC A
N Ay DAB
dy

, and DAB are diffusivities cm2/sec

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Thermal High thermal

conductor conductivity (e.g. metal)

Thermal low thermal

insulator conductivity (e.g. gas,
paper, asbestos)

Kisaran Thermal Conductivity Berbagai Material

Ref. : Incropera & DeWitt, 2011

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Thermal Insulation Materials

R : heat resistance per in of thickness

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulation_(list_of_insulation_material)

Insulation Businesses

Cetrafoam cryogenic moulded pipe

insulation

http://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/insulating-
material-features-high-temperature-design-602437

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Predicted k Values

Corresponding
State

Gas Phase

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15 R 5
k C v (monoatomic gas)
4 M 2

5 R
k C P ( polyatomic gas)
4 M

CP CP
Pr ( polyatomic gas)
k C 5 R
P
4M

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Liquid:

2/3 2/3

N N C P P
k 2.8 vs 2.8
V V Cv T

: Boltzmanns constant

Shell Heat Balance

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I2
Se
ke

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Latihan # 1:

Latihan # 2

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Composite Walls

Case # 3: Safety Compliance and

energy losses
Sebuah furnace memiliki susunan dinding sebagai berikut:
Refractory (k = 6.23 W/(m.K) dengan tebal 15 cm
Isolator panas (k = 0.05 W/(m.K)
Baja (k = 45 W/(m K)) dengan tebal 6.33 mm
Heat transfer coeffecient antara dinding luar baja dengan
udara adalah 56 W/(m2.K) dan antara gas panas dengan
refractory brick adalah 60 W/ /(m2.K). Suhu udara sekitar
furnace adalah 35 oC. Suhu gas panas adalah 1600 oC.
a. Perkirakanlah tebal isolator agar dinding luar baja
cukup aman tersentuh manusia (sekitar 60 oC).
b. Bila luas total dinding furnace adalah 130 m2 ,
bagaimana menurut pendapat anda mengenai
spesifikasi isolator di atas?

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Heat Resistance

Heat transfer calculation for composite walls

has many application in industrial equipment
design. E.g. insulation design
The calculation can be easily handled utilizing
heat resistance analogy
x
Heat conduction resistance: Rc
k

Interphase Heat Transfer: 1

Ri
h

x
Heat conduction resistance: Rc
k

Interphase Heat Transfer: 1

Rs
h
Composite walls: 1
Rt Ri
Uo i

Uo : overall heat transfer coefficient

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Insulator

R3
Pipe wall
R2

hc Tc
R1

Tair T1 = Tin
hair
T3 = Tout

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r
2

S n S n 0 1 b F
R

Extended Surface

Ta

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Read example: 10.7.1

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Heat Transfer a Constant Temperature

Sphere and Stagnant Fluid

T
d

T0
Show that Nu = hd/k=2

Viscous Dissipation

Let the dimensioan

along the axis is L

V
Sv r heat
r Volume . time

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Approximate Solution: Neglecting the

Curvature

V x
S v xz z Vz R
x b

Show that:
T 1
.Cp.vz rqr qz
z r r z

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T T
qr k
r q z k
z
r 2
v z vmax 1
R

r T
2
1 T 2T
.Cp.vmax 1 k r 2
R z r r r z

What are the boundary conditions ?

Non-Dimensionalizing

zk
T T1 r
.C p .v z max R 2
q0 R / k R

Assuming that condection in z direction us

negeleguble compared with convection transport:

1 1
2

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Supposedly the solution is of the form of:

C0

One of the BC is replaced by:

2 R

1
2Rzq1 .Cp.T T1 vz r.dr.d
0 0
, . 1 2 d
0

1 d d

d d

Co 1 2

2 4
, C0 C0 C1 ln C2
4 16

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Free Convection

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Velocity Profile

dP
.g
dz

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Generalized Energy Balance

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+ Sv

Remember Mechanical Energy Balance:

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+ Sv

+ Sv

+ Sv

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+ Sv

+ Sv

+ Sv

+ Sv

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+ Sv

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+ Sv

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Heat Transfer a Constant Temperature

Sphere and Stagnant Fluid

T
d

Show that Nu = hd/k=2

T0

r R
V
S v r V 0 R R r
r 1

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Mengabaikan efek kelengkungan:

Dengan koordinat silinder:

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1 T
2
1 T V
k r . v 0 k r . r 0
r r r r r r r r

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r R
2
1 T V
V 0 R R r k r . r 0
1 r r r r r

At r = R T = T0
At r = R T = Tb
2
1 R
2
1 d dT
. r 0 R R r 0
d
k r
r dr dr dr 1

2
2R
2
1 d dT r 0
k r . 0 R
r dr dr 1

Annular Flow Driven by Moving Cylinder

T1

T2

r
ln

Vz R
V ln

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1 T
k r . v 0
r r r

1 T V
2

k r . z 0
r r r r

r
1 T ln
V
2

k . z 0
Vz R
r
r r r r V ln

dVz 1 1

dr ln( ) r
2
1 d dT 1 1
k r . 0
r dr dr ln( ) r

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d 2T
2
dV
0 0 k 2 z
dx dx

d 2T
2
V
0 k 2
dx

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Short penetration approximation

y=0 T = Ts

y= T = To

T 2T 2T
.Cp.Vz k 2 2
z y z
Konduksi ke arah z diabaikan dibandingkan dengan konveksi

T 2T
.Cp.Vz k 2
z y

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Extended Surface

Ta

Ta

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Heat Transfer
With More Than 2 Independent Variables

April - 2005

Laminar Forced Convection

Through Wall Heated Tube

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Vr = V = 0

C p Vz
T

1
r qr q z
z r r z

Remember for a laminar flow:

r 2
Vz Vmax 1
R

Therefore:

r 2 T 1 T 2T
C p Vmax 1 k r 2
R z r r r z

The diffusion term in z direction is sometimes

negligible compared to the forced convection:
r 2 T 1 T
C p Vmax 1
k r
R z r r r

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Boundary Conditions:

at r 0 , T finite

T
at r R , k q1
r

at z 0 , T T0

Non dimensionalize:

T T0 r zk

q1 R / k R C Vmax R 2

1
2

1

Boundary Conditions:

1. at 0 , finite

2. at 1 , 1

3. at 0 , 0

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Approximate solution for a large z:

C0

C0 is a constant to be determined utilizing the

boundary condition.
The proposed equation can satisfy both the PDE and
BC 1 and 2. BC number 3, however, will be satisfied
and therefore is replaced by:
2 R
2Rzq1 C T T V rdrd
0 0
P 0 z

1 2 d
!

C 0 1 2
1 d

d

2 4
C0 C0 C1 ln C 2
4 16

BC 1 C1 0 BC 2 C0 4 7
BC 3 C2
24

4 7
4 2

4 24

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Short Contact Time Approximation

y
T0

z

Surface at a Vz(y)
Constant
temperature T S

T-T0

T=T0

T 2T
C p V z k 2
z y

2y y 2 2 g
Vz Vmax Vmax
2

For a short contact time, we concern only small y,

therefore:
2 g 2 y
Vz
2

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2 g 2 y T 2T
C p k 2
2 z y

T 2T k
y 2
z y C P g
2

Combination of variable/similarity method:

T T0 y

Ts T0 3 9z

1
e d
3

4

3

Exercise:
What is the expression for heat flux at the surface ?
Obtain expression of heat transfer coefficient using
the derived equation

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Heating Semi-Infinite Slab

At t > 0, T = T1

t 0, T(y) = T0

T q y T 2T
.Cp .Cp k 2
t y t y

T T0

T1 T0

At t 0 , = 0
k 2
For t > 0
t .Cp y 2 At y = 0, = 1
At y = , = 0

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It can be shown that the solution is:

2 y

2
1 e d
0 4. .t

T
qy k
k
T1 T0
y 0 y y 0 t

.D 2 .D 2k
t
Q q .dt 2
t
T1 T0
4 0
0
4

Case: Flat bottomed metallic tank for storing cryogenic

fluid will be constructed under open air over a concrete
base. Utilizing model for infinite slab we will study effect of
time on the heat loss through the concrete base. The tank
has 20 m diameter. You may assume the bottom
temperature is 30 oC and the ground temperature is
initially at 28 oC. Show the trancient change of heat leak
through the bottom into the tank.
kconcrete = 0.0022 kal/(s.cm.K). ; Cpconcrete = 0.7 kal/(g.K);
concrete = 2.8 g/cm3

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Heating Finite Slab

t > 0 ; T = T1

y 2b

t > 0 ; T = T1

T q y T 2T
.Cp .Cp k 2
t y t y

T T0

T1 T0

At t 0 , = 0
k 2
For t > 0
t .Cp y 2 At y = 0, /y = 0
At y = b, = 1

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Metal Bonding With Resin

Upper Platen (heater)

220 oC

Bonded
Metal

Initially
T = 25 C
Lower Platen (heater) at
220 oC

b = 0.77 cm and = 4.2 x 10-3 cm2/sec

For curing, the resin must be heated at 110 oC for 15

minutes. What is the cycle time?

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Heating a Long Cylinder

Initial temperature is To. At t = 0, suddenly the surface

temperature is set into T1. What is temperature profile
as function of time?

T 1
.Cp. 2 r 2 qr
t r

T k 2 2T
.Cp. r
t r 2 r

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Boundary Layer

V
Momentum
T = T, Thermal Boundary layer
Boundary layer

y T0
T
x

Flat Plate

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T T q q
.Cp vx vy x y
x y x y

Suppose that heat conduction in x direction can be

neglected relative to the convection

T T 2T
.Cp v x vy k 2
x y y

Thermal Boundary Layer x Momentum

Vx Vx 2Vx
T T 2T Vx V y 2
Vx V y 2 x y y
x y y
Where is kinematics viscosity
at y = 0 T = T0 at y = 0 Vx = Vxs = 0
at y T T = T at y Vx = V
at x = 0 T = T at x = 0 Vx = V

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Thermal Boundary Layer

Thermal boundary layer and x momentum boundary layer will

mathematically equivalent provided:

T and



Pr 1
k
.Cp

We may propose: y
2 2 3 4
x

2T 2 3 4 y
T
T x
T T

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Utilizing the Boundary Layer Equations along with

the BCs:

1
Pr 3 Cp
T Pr Prandtl number
k

T0 T
2 4
y y y
1260 .x
2 2
T0 T 37 V

How to calculate the heat flux at the surface ???

Can you obtain an expression of Nu as a function of
Re and Pr ?

Free Convection

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Temperature Profile

T1 T2
Tm
2

Velocity Profile

(see Table:11.4-1

dP
.g
dz

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From: MODELLING IN TRANSPORT PHENOMENA, ISMAIL TOSUN

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