Additional Mathematics
Revision Guide
S J Cooper
The book contains a number of worked examples covering the topics needed in the Additional
Mathematics Specifications. This includes Calculus, Trigonometry, Geometry and the more advanced
Algebra. Plus the topics required for Mechanics and statistics.
Algebra
Indices for all rational exponents
a m a n a m n , a m a n a mn , a m n
a mn , a 0 1 ,
n n
1 1
n 1 1 a b
a a , a a , a
2 n n
n , n
an ,
a a b a
a
m
n
n am a
n
m
1
12 1 1 1
Example 83 3 8 2 Example 9 1
9 2 9 3
4 4
3
2 2 3 3
x 4 x x 8
2
Example 3 3 2
Simplify 2 x 1 3x 6 x 3
2
Example
18 x 2
2 x 1 3x 6 x 3
2 1 3
9x 2 3 2
2
4
x 6x 6x x
Quadratic equations ax 2 bx c 0
Examples (i) 4 x 2 9 (ii) 4 x 2 9 x (iii) 4 x 2 9 x 2
2 4 2 4
x 14 2 52 161
x 14 2 1641
x 14 41
16
x 14 41
16
x 1.35, 1.85
Simultaneous equations
Example Solve simultaneously 2 x 3 y 8, y x 2 x 2
Here we substitute for y from the second equation into the first
2 x 3 y 8 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 8 3x 2 x 2 0
3x 2x 1 0 x 23 , 1
x 23 , y 28
when x 23 , y 94 23 2
}
28
9
Solutions, 9
x 1, y 2
when x 1 , y 1 1 2 2
The geometrical interpretation here is that the straight line 2 x 3 y 8 and the
23 , 28
9
(1,2)
0 x
Intersection points of graphs to solve equations. There are many equations which can
not be solved analytically. Approximate roots to equations can be found graphically if
necessary.
Example What straight line drawn on the same axes as the graph of y x 3 will give
x3 x 3 0 x3 3 x
draw y 3 x
0 x
As can be seen from the sketch there is
only one real root .
Expansions and factorisation extensions
Example
2 x 1x 2 x 3 2 x 3 2 x 2 6 x
x2 x 3 Expanding
2 x 3 3x 2 7 x 3
Example x 3 9 x xx 2 9 xx 3x 3 Factorising
p 12 14 32 5 154
equation 6 x 3 13x 2 x 2 0
Let p( x) 6 x 3 13x 2 x 2
p(2) 62 132 2 2 48 52 2 2 0
3 2
x 2 is a factor of p(x)
p( x) x 2 6 x 2 x 1 by inspection
x 23x 12 x 1
This has the same coefficients as the expansion of 1 x . Each term will have degree
n
Use the binomial theorem to expand 3 2 x 4 , simplifying each term of your expansion.
a b4 a 4 4a 3b 6a 2 b 2 4ab 3 b 4
3 2 x 3 43 2 x 63 2 x 432 x 2 x
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
81 216 x 216 x 2 96 x 3 16 x 4
Geometry
Gradient/ intercept form of a straight line Equation y mx c
y
Gradient = m (= tan )
c
0 x
AB 2 x2 x1 y 2 y1
2 2
y 2 y1
m
x 2 x1
Lines parallel m1 m2
1
Lines perpendicular m1m2 1 or m1
m2
12 x1 x2 , 1
2
y1 y2
General form of a straight line
ax by c 0. To find the gradient, rewrite in gradient/intercept form.
AB 2 1 2 1 3 9 16 25 AB = 5
2 2
(a)
(b) M 12 , 1
1 3 4
(c) Gradient AB =
1 2 3
Equation y 2 43 x 5
3 y 6 4 x 20
3 y 4 x 26
2 x 3 y 12 3 y 2 x 12 y 23 x 4 grad = 23
1
Gradient of perpendicular = 3
23 2
Equation y 32 x 4 y mx c
The Circle
Angles in semicircle is 90
x a2 y b2 r 2
Centre (a, b) radius = r
(1, 2)
Example x 2 y 2 2x 3 y 3 0
x 2 y 2 2x 3y 3 0
x 2
2x y 2 3y 3
x 2
2x 1 y 2 3y
3 2
2
3 1 3 2
2
x 12 y 32 2 254
Centre 1, 32 radius = 5
2
Tangents
Line of symmetry
Example Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x 2 y 2 2 x 4 y 5 0 at
the point P(2, 1)
x 2 y 2 2x 4 y 5 0
x 2
2 x y 2 4 y 5
x 2
2 x 1 y 2 4 y 4 5 1 4
x 12 y 22 10
Centre at 1, 2 , radius 10
2 1 1
Gradient CP =
(-1, 2) 1 2 3
gradient of tangent at P = 3
Equation
y 1 3 x 2
0 P(2, 1)
y 3x 5
Calculus
Differentiation by rule Examples
dy
d
dx
x dxd x
1
2 1
2 x
12
1
2 x
y
dx
xn nx n 1
d 4 d
dx x dx
4
4 x 1 4 x 2 2
x
ax n anx n 1
d x d 1
ax a 2 x 1
dx 2 dx 2
a 0
du dv dw
d
10 0
uvw dx
dx dx dx d
3x 2 x 5 6 x 1
dx
x2 2 x2 2 3 1
Example f ( x) x 2 2x 2
x x x
f ( x) 32 x 2 12 2 x
1
32 1 1 3 1
32 x 2 3
x
x 2 2 x x
dy
The gradient of a curve at any point is given by the value of at that point.
dx
Example Find the gradient at the point P(1, 5) on the graph of y x 2 2 x 2 . Hence
find the equation of the tangent at P.
y y x 2 2x 2
dy
2x 2
dx
P(1, 5)
At P(1, 5) gradient = 4
Tangent at P
y 5 4x 1
0 x
y 4x 1
Stationary points on the graph of a function are points where the gradient is zero.
STATIONARY POINTS
If f (a) 0 there could be max or min or inflexion so the second derivative rule
fails. Investigate the gradient to the immediate left and right of the stationary point. (see
the + and - signs on the diagrams in the previous section).
(i) y x 2 2x 2
(ii) y x 3 3x 2
and sketch the graphs.
(i) Here we have a quadratic function, which will have a true max or min.
y x 2 2x 2
dy
2x 2 y
dx
SP at 2 x 2 0
2 Check point (0, 2)
i.e. at x 1
(-1, 1)
i.e. at 1, 1 0 x
d2y
20
dx 2
SP is a minimum.
y
dy
3x 2 3 2
dx
x2 1
x 1
d2y
6x
dx 2
d2y
At (1, 0) 6 0 Min
dx 2
d2y
At (-1, 4) 6 0 Max
dx 2
Note that the turning points are Local Max and Local Min
d2y
6x
dx 2
d2y
At (1, 0) 6 0 Min
dx 2
d2y
At (-1, 4) 6 0 Max
dx 2
Note that the turning points are Local Max and Local Min
Integration
Indefinite integrals
Indefinite integration is
y ydx
the reverse of x n 1
x n
c n 1
differentiation. Every n 1
ax n 1
indefinite integral must ax n c
n 1 Special cases worth
have an arbitrary constant 2 remembering
c
x
added. x
2
a ax c
uvw udx vdx wdx
f ( x)dx reads the (indefinite) integral of f (x) with respect to x
f (x) is called the integrand. dx is the differential of the integration and must never be
omitted.
x 1
3x 1 dx x
2 dx
Example Find (i) (ii) dx (iii) 2
x
3
6x 2
9x
xc
2 2
3 x 1 dx 9 x 6 x 1 dx
(i) 3 2
3x 3x x c
3 2
x dx
3 1
x 1 x 1
1
12 x2 x2
dx dx 2
x c
x x 3 1
(ii) x 2 2
23 x x 2 x c
dx 1 x 1
x2 x2
2
(iii) Not a misprint! .dx x dx c
1
1
c
x
Definite integrals
b
If I f ( x)dx F ( x) c , then the definite integral a
f ( x)dx is the difference in the
The limits of the definite integral are a (lower limit) and b (upper limit).
1
3
Example Evaluate x 3 dx
1 x
3
x2 x 2
x x
1
3 3
3
x 3 dx dx
1 x 1 2 2 1
3
x2 1 9 1 1 1 40
2
2 2 x 1 2 18 2 2 9
b
A ydx
a
A
0 a b x
y
a b
ydx A
b
0
x
a
A
i.e. the value of the definite integral will be
negative if y is negative for a x b
y
(iii)
A b
ydx A B
b
0 a
x
a
B
(iv)
y
b
xdy A
a b
A
a
0
x
y
(v) y2
y1 y2 dx A
b
a
A
NB y1 y 2 for a x b a
0 b
x
y1
1
Example Find the area enclosed between the graph of y 1 the x-axis and the
x
ordinates at x = 1 and x 9
4
1 x dx
1
9 9
4 4 12
y A 1 dx
sketch 1 x 1
9
x2
1 4
9
x 1 x 2 x 14
A 2
1
0 9
1 x
9 3
2 1 2
4 9
4 2 4
y
For P, Q
y x 2 2 x 3 2 Q
x 2x 3 x 1
y x 1
x 2 3x 4 0
P
x 1x 4 0 0 x
x 1, 4
Shaded area =
y y dx
1 2
x 1 x 3x 4 x dx
4 4
2
2 x 3 dx 2
1 1
4
3x x
2
64 3
3
1
4 x 24 16 4
2 3 1 3 2 3
21 16
Trigonometry
Trig ratios for 30, 60, 45
30 2
2 2 1
3
60 45
1 1 1
sin 30 cos 60 1
2 sin 45 cos 45 1
2
sin 60 cos 30 2
3
tan 45 1
tan 60 3 tan 30 1
3
T C T C T C
Cosine rule
c B a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
A b2 c2 a2
cos A
a 2bc
Find (i) QR using the cosine rule and then (ii) PQ R using the sine rule.
Q
(i) QR 2 9 49 42 cos 36 24.021...
3
QR 4.901.. 4.90
R
7 4.901..
(ii)
36 7 sin PQR sin 36
7 sin 36
P sin PQR 0.8394...
4.901..
PQR 57.086.. or PQR 122.914..
It cant be 57.08.. since R would be 86.92.. and would be the largest angle in the triangle,
but R faces the smallest side so is the smallest angle. Hence PQR 122.91
Area 12 absin C rule given SAS
y
1
Period 2
sin(2 x) sin x
0 2 sin x 1
2
2
3
2 x
-1
2. Graph of y cos x
y
1
Period 2
cos(2 x) cos x
0 2
2
2
3
2 x cos x 1
-1
3. Graph of y tan x
Period
y
tan( x) tan x
Vertical asymptotes at
x 2 , x 32 , etc
2 0
2
3
2
2 x
Vertical asymptotes
Boundary values of trig ratios
S=1
T- C=0 T
T S= -1 T-
C=0
Example Given is obtuse and sin 178 find the values of cos and
tan .
sin 2 cos 2 1 cos 2 1 sin 2
S A
1 289
64
225
289
cos 17
15
T C
sin 8
tan tan 17
8
cos 15
17
15
Trig equations Remember that from your calculator sin 1 , cos 1 and tan 1 give the
principal value (p.v.)
Example Solve the equations
(i) tan 1.5 for 0 360
(ii) sin 2 0.5 for 180 180
(v) sin 80
3
for 180 180
2
(i) A
S
2 cos 2 1 sin
2 1 sin 2 1 sin
2 2 sin 1 sin
2
2 sin sin 1 0
2
sin 12 sin 1 0
S A
PV = -30
sin 1 sin 12
or T
C
90 210 , 330
90 , 210 , 330
1
tan
2
27 , 207
0 , 180 , 27 , 207
(v) sin 80
3
solve first for 260 100
2
S A
80 60
, 240
PV = 60
140 , 160
T
C
In the next example, angles are in radians. The radian sign c is sometimes omitted, but is
implied when the interval contains .
x
(ii) tan 3 for 2 x 2 , answers in exact form
2
(ii) In exact terms means in terms of . The implication is that the angles will be exact
form in degrees. So, work in degrees first and then convert to radians.
x
tan 3 solve first for x
2
x
60 ,120
2 S A
x 120 ,240 PV = 60
2 4 T
x , C
3 3
Mechanics
1. Rectilinear motion with constant acceleration
a
t=0 t
u v
Remember that s is a displacement, is directed, and should be shown with one arrow
head.
v u at
1 2
s ut at
2
v 2 u 2 2as
s
1
u v t
2
Example A cyclist moves along a straight line passing through points O, A and B with
constant acceleration. 2 seconds after passing O he is at A where OA = 9m
and after a further 4 seconds he is at B where AB = 36m. Find his constant
acceleration, his speed at Oaand his speed at B.
t t=2 t=6
A B
9m
u v
45m
1 2
s ut at
2
OA 9 2u 2a
OB 45 6u 18a 18 2a
a 1.5m / s 2 , u 3m / s
v u at
OB v 3 1.5 6 12m / s
500 1500
250
t1 t2 t3 time
1
Area t1v 500 t1v 1000
2
t 2 v 1500
1
t 3 v 250 t 3 v 500
2
t1v t 2 v t 3 v 3000
vt1 t 2 t 3 3000
v 300 3000
v 300 3000
v 10m / s
t1 100 and t 3 50
10 1
Gradient 1st stage acceleration = m / s2
100 10
10 1
3rd stage deceleration = m / s2
50 5
1 2 1
s ut at 19.6 14.7t 9.8t 2
2 2
t 2 3t 4 0
t 1t 3 0
t 3s
P X r n Cr p r q nr where = 1,2,3,4, .
Example
When a drawing pin is thrown onto a table, the probability that it will fall point upwards is
0.2. Ten drawing pins in a packet are thrown onto a table, work out the probability that
(i) All land point down
(ii) Exactly three land point up
(iii) Less than two land point up.
= 0.2, = 0.8
(i) P(all land point down) = 0.8010 0.107