Environ Sci Pollut Res
DOI 10.1007/s11356-016-8153-4
SHORT RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION ARTICLE
Fungal biomass as biosorbent for the removal of Acid Blue 161
dye in aqueous solution
Mayerly Johana Puchana-Rosero 1 & Eder C. Lima 1 & Santiago Ortiz-Monsalve 2 &
Bianca Mella 2 & Dimitrius da Costa 2 & Eduardo Poll 2 & Mariliz Gutterres 2
Received: 13 October 2016 / Accepted: 24 November 2016
# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Abstract Physical and thermal treatment was used to in-
activate Trametes sp. SC-10 fungus. The resulting bio-
mass was named BTV, characterized by analytical tech-
niques such as SEM, EDX, FTIR, BET, and Barrett-
Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model. pH, kinetic, and equilibri-
um adsorption studies with the Acid Blue 161 (AB-161)
dye were investigated at 303.15 K. The kinetics of the
biosorption process were examined at 600.00 and
1300 mg L1, using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-or-
der, and Avrami fractional-order models. The maximum
biosorption capacity of BTV for AB-161 dye was
221.6 mg g1. Considering the biosorption data and the
functional groups of BTV, it can be inferred that the sorp-
tion mechanism of AB-161 is regulated by electrostatic
interactions between ionized dye molecules and negative
charges on BTV in an aqueous solution. Finally, the BTV
was tested with a simulated effluent with 89.47% efficien-
cy, presenting the BTV as a biosorbent for real effluents
polluted with dyes.
Keywords Biosorption . Acid blue 161 . Trametes sp. SC-10 .
Heat treatment . Adsorption models . Kinetics
Responsible editor: Guilherme L. Dotto
* Mayerly Johana Puchana-Rosero
johanapuchana@gmail.com
1
Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
(UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
2
Laboratory for Leather and Environmental Studies (LACOURO),
Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio
Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Luiz Englert s/n, Porto
Alegre, RS 90040-040, Brazil
Introduction
Dye pollution has grown rapidly due to an increase in the use
of synthetic dyes, especially in the textile, pharmaceutical,
cosmetic, and paint and leather industries, among others
(Maurya et al. 2006; Piccin et al. 2013). Some of these indus-
tries discard wastewater into water bodies such as rivers and
lakes, which has a major negative environmental impact,
disrupting the growth of aquatic life by reducing the penetra-
tion of sunlight and thus inhibiting photosynthetic activity
(Machado et al. 2012; dos Santos et al. 2014).
In order to counteract the effect of contamination by dyes,
different technologies based on physicochemical treatments
such as coagulation-flocculation (Jorfi et al. 2016), ion ex-
change (Labanda et al. 2011), advanced oxidative processes
(Jorfi et al. 2016; Cruz-Rizo et al. 2017), photocatalytic degra-
dation (Han et al. 2015), sonochemical treatment (Dindarsafa
et al. 2017), reverse osmosis combined with oxidation (Zheng
et al. 2015), separation using membranes (Lin et al. 2016; Zhu
et al. 2016), and adsorption (Ribas et al. 2014; Saucier et al.
2015a, b; Machado et al. 2016; Gomes et al. 2016) have been
investigated. Among these treatment methods, adsorption has
shown promise for the removal of organic compounds from
aqueous effluents (dos Santos et al. 2015; Babaei et al. 2016;
Gomes et al. 2016; Shirmardi et al. 2016).
Studies have reported using dead or metabolically inactive
biomass materials as successful biosorbents for the removal of
dyes and heavy metals from aqueous solutions (Cardoso et al.
2012; Sulaymon et al. 2013; El-Gendy et al. 2015; Angelova
et al. 2016; Pathania et al. 2016; Mahmoud 2016). Biosorption
from dead fungal biomass is the aim of this research; studies
documented in the literature have shown it to be an effective
material for dye color removal due to its high adsorption ca-
pacity, low cost, and renewability (Almeida and Corso 2014);
furthermore, biosorption is favorable because of its stability,

biodegradability, and low toxicity profile (Puchana-Rosero
et al. 2016; Reynel-Avila et al. 2016).
Other researchers have made interesting reports on the
adsorption of the dye Acid Blue 161 (AB-161), using the
rot fungus Trametes versicolor (Aksu et al. 2008), which
gives a benchmark for comparison. This research makes
use of the native white rot fungus Trametes sp. SC10, col-
lected in Santa Cruz do Sul, RS (Brazil). Previously,
Tr a m e t e s s p . S C 1 0 s h o w e d g r e a t p o t e n t i a l f o r
biodecolorization and biodegradation of different industri-
al dyes, due to the mechanisms of enzymatic biodegrada-
tion and biosorption. However, the study was focused on
laccase-based biotransformation (Ortiz-Monsalve et al.
2015). Hence, in the present work, the biomass from ther-
mally treated and inactivated Trametes sp. SC-10 was used
in adsorption and kinetics studies of AB-161 dye, which is
largely used in the leather industry. The present work ex-
plores the possible use of this species for the biosorption of
AB-161 dye and investigates the suitable conditions for the
process and evaluates its efficiency using an effluent sim-
ilar to the wet-end process of wet-blue leather.
Materials and methods
Solutions and reagents
All solutions used were prepared in distilled water. The dye
used in this investigation was Acid Blue 161 (AB-161; CI
15706; CAS 12392-64-2; purity 7377%, max = 572 nm;
Fig. 1), which is commonly used in the leather industry and
was provided by the LANXESS company (So Leopoldo
RS, Brazil). Stock solutions (5000 mg L1) of dye was
prepared and stored in amber glass bottles. Working solu-
tions in the range of 10 to 1800 mg L1 dye were prepared
Fig. 1 Chemical structure of the Acid Blue 161
Environ Sci Pollut Res
by serial dilution. The pH of the solution was adjusted with
0.1 mol L1 solutions of NaOH and/or HCl using a pH
meter. The materials used in the preparation of the culture
medium for the growth of the microorganisms were glu-
cose, agar, yeast extract, mycological peptone (malt extract
agar (MEA)), and commercial medium agar malt extract
broth (MEB) purchased from Difco Laboratories (Detroit,
MI, USA).
Preparation and characterization of biosorbent
Trametes sp. SC-10 fungus growing on decaying wood
was collected in Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil (Ortiz-
Monsalve et al. 2015). The culture was isolated and iden-
tified by morphological characterization and then stored on
MEA slants at 4 C with periodic subculture. The strain
was reactivated by incubation in 2% MEA at 30 C for
5 days. Liquid media containing Acid Red 357 dye were
inoculated with pellets obtained from the pre-growing my-
celium and incubated under submerged fermentation con-
ditions at 30 C 200 rpm and pH 5.5 for 7 days (Ortiz-
Monsalve et al. 2015). These conditions were ideal for
growth, production of enzymes, and dye adsorption onto
the fungal mycelium. After these tests (Ortiz-Monsalve
et al. 2015), the fungus is usually discarded. However, in
this work, the fungus was taken and dried for 24 h at a
temperature of 100 C. The biomass obtained was washed
five times to obtain a clear wash liquid in order to remove
the brown coloration of the growth medium and avoid in-
terference in measurements of the initial and final dye con-
centrations in the biosorption process.
The biomass obtained was further autoclaved for 30 min
at 121 C at 1 atm to ensure inactivation of the fungus and
subsequently dried in Petri dishes at 100 C for 24 h. The
dead and dry biomass was macerated and then sieved
through a 0.297-mm aperture mesh (mesh/in = 48,
ASTM = 50). The material obtained was termed as BTV
(biomass from the fungus Trametes sp. SC-10). This mate-
rial was analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
using a Hitachi microscope TM3000 (Tokyo, Japan).
Elemental analysis was performed using energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy (Oxford Instruments, model
SwiftED3000).
The porosity and surface area of the biomass (BTV)
were analyzed with nitrogen gas at 77 K using an adsorp-
tion analyzer (Gemini 2375 Micrometer). The BTV was
pretreated by degassing under vacuum (210 mbar) at
383 K for 18 h to remove moisture from the sample. The
results of the gas-solid isotherms were analyzed at different
ranges of pressure using the BET method for calculation of
the surface area (p/p0 < 0.3), Dubinin-Astakhov (DA) for
the analysis of micropores (p/p 0 range <0.1), and the
Barrett-Joyner-Halenda model (BJH) for determining the
Environ Sci Pollut Res

average pore diameter and pore size distribution, using the Kinetic models
Halsey isotherm, considering a desorption branch at p/
p0 > 0.35. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Avrami
The biosorbent was further characterized using Fourier fractional-order models were used in kinetics studies, as
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Shimadzu shown in Eqs. 35 (Lima et al. 2015):
Spectrometer, IR Prestige 21).
qt qe  1expk 1  t  3
The procedure for determining the point of zero charge
(pHpzc) was as follows: 50.00 mL of 0.050 mol L1 NaCl q2e k 2 t
was added to various 125-mL Erlenmeyer flat-bottomed qt 4
k 2 qe  t 1
flasks containing 60.0 mg of biosorbent, which were cov-
ered immediately. The pH (pHi) of each initial solution was n o
then adjusted to a value in a range of 1.0 to 10.0 using qt qe  1expk AV  t nAV 5
0.10 mol L1 HCl and 0.10 mol L1 NaOH. The suspen-
sions were shaken and balanced in a thermostatic shaker at
Equilibrium models
303.15 K for 24 h. The suspensions were centrifuged at
3500 rpm for 10 min. The pHi of the solutions without
The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Liu models were used to an-
the biosorbent and the pHf of the supernatants after contact
alyze equilibrium data. The equations describing these models
with the biosorbent were measured. The value of pHpzc
are shown below (Lima et al. 2015):
was the point where the graph of pH (pHf pHi) versus
pHi intersected the pHi axis (Prola et al. 2013). Qmax  K L  C e
qe 6
1 K L  Ce
.
Batch adsorption experiments 1 nF
qe K F  C e 7
To analyze the influence of pH on the biosorption, fixed  nL
amounts of 60.0 mg of biomass were placed into 125-mL Qmax  K g  C e
qe  n 8
Erlenmeyer flasks containing dye solutions at a concentration 1 K g  Ce L
of 100 mg L1 at pH in the range of 1.00 to 10.00. The mix-
tures were shaken (200 rpm) for 24 h at 303.15 K in a shaking
incubator (NT 715 Novatcnica). Statistical evaluation of isotherms and kinetic parameters
To separate the biosorbent, the solutions were centrifuged
for 15 min at 3500 rpm. The liquid phase was removed, and Kinetic and equilibrium data were plotted and fitted using
the dye concentration was measured using a UV/visible spec- nonlinear methods with SigmaPlot 10.0 software. The deter-
trophotometer (T80 UV-Vis spectrophotometer, PG mination of the coefficient of determination (R2), the adjusted
Instruments, Leicester, UK) at a wavelength of 572 nm. coefficient of determination (R2adj), and the standard deviation
When required, aliquots of the supernatant were diluted with Table 1 Composition of the synthetic effluent
distilled water before spectroscopic measurement. The same
dye concentration measurement procedure was used in equi- Concentration (mg L1)
librium and kinetic studies.
Dye
The amount of dye biosorbed and the percentage removal
Acid Blue 161 (max = 572 nm) 60
were determined using the following equations:
Chemical products of the leather industry
C 0 C f  V Surfactant (Eusapon) 20
q 1 Sodium formate 10
m
Sodium bicarbonate 5
C 0 C f
%removal  100 2 Desacidulation agent (Sellasol NG) 20
C0 Synthetic tanning agent (Basyntan DEL) 50
Polymeric retanning agent (Relugan RV) 20
where q is the amount of dye biosorbed by the biosorbent
Vegetable tannin (Mimosa extract) 20
(mg g1), C0 is the initial concentration of AB-161 in contact
with the biosorbent (mg L1), Cf is the final dye concentration Sulfochlorinated oil (Lipoderm liquor 50
LA-SLF)
(mg L1) after batch biosorption, V is the volume of dye solu- Synthetic oil (Coriol L2T4) 20
tion (L) placed in contact with the biosorbent, and m is the Formic acid 10
mass (g) of biosorbent.
 Environ Sci Pollut Res

Fig. 2 Micrographs obtained

from scanning electron 2500 (a)
and optical microscopy (b) of
BTV

(SD) were used to assess the suitability of the models (Lima 60.0 mg of BTV, showing satisfactory results for biosorption.
et al. 2015). SD is defined as a measure of the differences The composition of the effluent is shown in Table 1.
between the theoretically and experimentally determined
amounts of biosorbed dye. R2, R2adj, and SD are described in
the following equations: Results and discussion
0X n 2 X n  2 1
qi;exp qi;exp q q Obtaining and characterization of biosorbent
B i i i;exp i;model C
R @
2
X n 2 A 10
i
q i;exp q i;exp
The morphology of the biosorbent obtained from physically
and thermally inactivated Trametes sp. SC-10 was observed in
  the micrographs obtained from optical and scanning electron
  n1
R2adj 1 1R2  11 microscopy (Fig. 2). A uniform material was observed, with a
np1 structure of visible mycelia of the fungus. Elemental analysis
v (Fig. 3) was in accordance with the composition of fungal
u
u 1  X n  2 biomass, since the cell walls of fungi are composed of poly-
SD t  qi;exp qi;model 12 saccharides (chitin and chitosan), proteins, lipids, and melanin
np i with various functional groups such as amines, carboxyls,
thiols, and phosphate groups (Cardoso et al. 2012). The high
where qi model is the value of q predicted by the graphed percentages of carbon (36.69%), nitrogen (34.74%), and oxy-
model, and qi,exp is the value of q measured experimentally; n gen (28.16%) were associated with carbon chains and func-
is the number of experiments, and p is the number of param- tional amine and carboxyl groups, while the low sulfur content
eters in the graphed model (Lima et al. 2015). (0.183%) indicated a low content of thiols (Table 2).
The chrome and sulfur contents can be explained by the
previous decolorization of aqueous solution with leather dyes
Synthetic simulated effluent (Ortiz-Monsalve et al. 2015), which used the fungal before the
inactivation process for its conversion to the biomass used in
To evaluate the efficacy of adsorption onto BTV, a synthetic this research. The carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen contents are
effluent (500 mL) simulating the wastewater from the wet- the basic elements of the fungal composition. Nitrogen, for
finishing process including dyeing of leather was prepared. example, in organic and inorganic forms, is taken up and
This effluent (50 mL), adjusted to pH 2, was tested with incorporated into biomolecules of cell walls and cytoplasm.

Fig. 3 Graphical elemental

analysis from SEM-EDX of BTV
Environ Sci Pollut Res

0.7
Table 2 Elemental
analysis from SEM-EDX Element Weight % Atomic % 0.6
of BTV
Carbon 36.690 41.81 0.5

Vads [cm3.g-1 ]
Nitrogen 34.743 33.95 0.4
Oxygen 28.164 24.10
0.3
Sulfur 0.183 0.078
Chrome 0.219 0.058 0.2 Experimental N2 77.4 K

0.1

Nitrogen may also be a waste product of metabolism, excreted 0.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
from the cell (Paustian and Schnurer 1987). p/p0

The biosorbent was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy
before and after AB-161 dye adsorption. The major bands
observed in the FTIR spectrum of BTV without dye are as
follows: the 3295 cm1 band is characteristic of aliphatic pri-
mary amines (Cardoso et al. 2012); the band at 1642 cm1
indicates primary amines or the bending characteristics of car-
boxylate ions and after AB-161 dye biosorption; and the FTIR
spectrum of the biosorbent showed changes in the band posi-
tions. This includes a change in the band assigned to the car-
boxylate ion from 1548 to 1556 cm1 and a change in the band
at 3295 to 3285 cm1. The band representing the bending of
primary amines at 1642 cm1 remained constant. This
stretching can probably be assigned to dye molecules in aque-
ous solution, at 1548 cm1, representing likely heterocyclic
nitrogenous groups by vibrations.
Finally, the band at 1034 cm1 represents the vibrations of
C-O stretching of alcohols; also, a second band at 1260
1000 cm1 appears for phenols or carboxylic anhydrous CH
(Fig. 4).
Fig. 5 Adsorption isotherm of N2 from BTV at 77.4 K
the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) classification, with H2-type hysteresis loop pro-
nounced p/p0 > 0.3, which is characteristic of mesoporous
solids. Micropores in this solid are unlikely because no filling
at low pressure occurred to form the elbow that is character-
istic in such isotherms. This is confirmed in the calculation of
VMIC that tends to zero. Calculations using the BJH mesopores
model confirmed the existence of wide pores (37.69 ). The
characteristic pore width above 20 is obtained from the
distribution of pore sizes at relative pressure <0.35, according
to the BJH model. Moreover, other types of minor mesopores
are also observed, with characteristic widths of 104 and 225
(Fig. 6).
The surface parameters of the BTV are presented in
Table 3. The total pore volume of BTV was 1.05 103 cm3 g1,
and the specific surface area determined by the BET method
was 1.29 m2 g1.

Nitrogen isotherms pH studies

The N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm of BTV at 77.4 K is Low pH has been shown to favor the adsorption of dyes
shown in Fig. 5, presenting a behavior of type IV, according to (Calvete et al. 2010; Cardoso et al. 2012; Prola et al. 2013;
dos Santos et al. 2014) by biomass and other adsorbents. The
110 percentage of removal of AB-161 dye by the heat-treated fun-
gal biomass (Fig. 7) in the present study reached 97% at
pH 2.00. It was observed that at low pH, such as 1.50, 2.00,
100
and 2.50, the efficiency of dye biosorption onto BTV was
% Transmitance

high, achieving 92.40 to 97.00% removal. However, by in-

90 3295cm-1
creasing the pH, the efficiency decreased. At pH 10.00, only
1642cm-1 1548 cm-1 3.55% of the dye was removed (Fig. 7).
80 Fungal cell walls are composed of polysaccharides (chitin
and chitosan), proteins, lipids, and melanin with various func-
Before adsorption
70 After adsorption tional groups such as amines, carboxyls, thiols, and phosphate
1034 cm-1
groups that are capable of binding dye molecules (Aksu et al.
60
2008). The pH of the solution affects the ionization of the dye
4200 3900 3600 3300 3000 2700 2400 2100 1800 1500 1200 900 600 and the surface charge of the biomass, thus affecting their
Wavenumbers (cm-1) interaction (Aksu et al. 2008; Cardoso et al. 2012).
Fig. 4 Spectrum FTIR of the biomass BTV before and after the In the biosorption of AB-161 dye, the BTV was generally
adsorption of AB-161 positively charged on its surface. It has been reported that
 Environ Sci Pollut Res

Fig. 6 Pore size distribution of 8e-6

the biomass, at high pressure 8e-6

relative (p/p0 > 0.35) from the 7e-6
isotherms of N2 adsorption-
7e-6
desorption at 77.4 K
6e-6

6e-6

5e-6

dV(r) [cm . g ]
-1 -1
5e-6

-3
4e-6

3e-6

3e-6

2e-6

2e-6

2e-6
Pore Size Distribution -BJH
1e-6

5e-7

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 10001050
Pore width []

other biosorbents with similar characteristics have a net neg-
ative charge in the aqueous solution (Cardoso et al. 2012).
However, at pH values below the zero charge point (<2.18),
the biomass has a net positive charge due to protonation of
functional groups containing nitrogen such as amines or im-
idazoles, which are the main sites of biosorption for removal
of the dye. The AB-161 dye has substituents such as sodium
sulfonate groups, which ionize to a sodium sulfonate anion
and produce color in an aqueous solution (Aksu et al. 2008).
Negative charges on the surface of the biosorbent functional
groups were expected, encouraging the biosorption of anions
of the dye due to electrostatic attraction.
The Avrami fractional-order models gave the lowest SD
values for AB-161. At an initial dye concentration of
600 mg L1, it had a value of 3.448 and 3.927 at 1300 mg L1.
The biosorption capacity of BTV for AB-161 was almost
constant after 360 min at both concentrations studied. A
graphical model of pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order,
and Avrami fractional-order kinetics compared to the experi-
mental data at the concentrations (600 and 1300 mg L1) is
shown in Fig. 8. The parameters obtained from the models are
shown in Table 4, which clearly shows that the coefficients of
0.992 and 0.994 determined for the Avrami fractional-order
model are the best fit for the experimental data.

Kinetics studies Adsorption isotherms

In order to investigate the biosorption mechanism and to de-
termine the time taken for the equilibrium to be achieved
during adsorption of AB-161 dye onto BTV, different kinetic
models were applied to the experimental data using nonlinear
forms, including the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order,
and Avrami fractional-order models.
By fitting the experimental data to each kinetic model, a
value for the residual standard deviation (SD) was calculated.
The smaller values of SD indicate a better fit between the
theoretical and experimental data (Alencar et al. 2012; Lima
et al. 2015; Calvete et al. 2010).
The Freundlich, Langmuir, and Liu equilibrium models were
used to analyze the equilibrium data for the biosorption of
AB-161 onto BTV at 303.15 K. The SD ratio value for the
Freundlich model was 2.070, while for the Langmuir model
the value was 1.0. For the three parameters models, the value
was 1.992.
Adjusting the parameters of the adsorption models to the
experimental data showed that the Langmuir, Freundlich (two
parameters), and Liu (three parameters) models gave a coeffi-
cient of determination of 0.993, 0.942, and 0.993, showing a
good fit.

Table 3 Textural parameters of

BTV Adsorbent SBET (surface area BET) (m2 g1) Total pore volume (cm3 g1) Wide pore (A)

BTV 1.29 1.05 103 37.69

Environ Sci Pollut Res

100
Table 4 Kinetic parameters for the adsorption of AB-161 from BTV

Removal [%] 80 600.0 mg L1 1300.0 mg L1

60 Pseudo-first order
k1 (min1) 0.018 0.012
pH vs % removal
40 qe (mg g1) 118.1 145.2
R2adj 0.889 0.911
SD (mg g1)
20
12.63 14.13
Pseudo-second order
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 k2 (g mg1 min1) 2.012 104 1.060 104
qe (mg g1)
pH
129.7 161.9
Fig. 7 pH effect on the adsorption of AB-161 from BTV
R2adj 0.960 0.970
SD (mg g1) 7.689 8.483
Figure 9 shows a comparison between the Langmuir and Avrami fractionary
Freundlich models as well as a comparison between Liu and
kAV (min1) 3.100 103 2.800 103
Freundlich. The models of Langmuir and Liu showed a sim-
qe (mg g1) 133.3 163.5
ilar adjustment, and for this reason, they graphically over-
nAV 0.335 0.381
lapped and showed that Freundlich is not a good model to
R2adj 0.992 0.994
explain the equilibrium adsorption to the high concentration.
SD (mg g1) 3.448 3.927
The Langmuir and Liu models both consider the characteristic
behavior observed at high concentrations in the experimental
isotherm, that is, a finite limit is established on the adsorbed
a 250

a 160
200
140

120 150
qe [mg.g ]
-1

100
qt [mg.g ]
-1

100 EXPERIMENTAL
80 LANGMUIR
FREUNDLICH
60
C0=600 mg.L-1 50

40 Pseudo-first order
Pseudo-second order
Avrami-fractionary
20 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

0 Ce [mg.L-1]
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

t [min.] b 250
b 180
160
200

140

120 150
qe [mg.g ]
-1
qt [mg.g ]
-1

100

80 100 EXPERIMENTAL
Experimental C0= 1300 mg.L-1
FREUNDLICH
Pseudo-first order
60 LIU
Pseudo-second order
Avrami-fractionary
40 50

20

0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

t [min.] Ce [mg.L-1]
Fig. 8 Kinetic models of adsorption of AB-161 from BTV a Fig. 9 Adsorption isotherms of AB-161 from BTV in aqueous solution
T = 303.15 K at a) 600 and b) 1300 mg L1 at 303.15 K
 Environ Sci Pollut Res

Table 5 Adjusment At the same time, as already described, the biomass presents
model parameters of the Isotherm parameters
low development of the BET surface area and shows the pres-
adsorption isotherms to
the AB-161 from BTV at Langmuir ence of chemical functional groups on its surface that favor the
303.15 K Qmax (mg g1) 221.7 adsorption of the dye. In consequence, there is greater validity
KL (L mg1) 0.007 of a possible priority mechanism in the adsorption of the dye
R2adj 0.993 occurring from electrostatic type attractions.
SD (mg g1) 4.912 The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) value, based on
Freundlich the Langmuir isotherm model for AB-161 onto BTV at
KF (mg g1 (mg L1)1/nF) 24.81 303.15 K, was 221.7 mg g1. Table 6 shows the comparison
nF 3.330 between of different biosorbents/adsorbents for the dyes ad-
R2adj 0.942 sorption, presenting the BTV as a good adsorbent with a max-
SD (mg g1) 10.18 imum biosorption capacity compared with other native and
Liu treated biomass (Table 6).
Qmax (mg g1) 221.6
Kg (L mg1) 0.007 Simulated effluent
nL 0.980
R2adj 0.993 The BTV biosorbent was tested using a simulated industrial
SD (mg g1) 5.110 effluent (similar to the wastewater of the wet-end process),
which contained a considerable amount of AB-161 dye in
order to test the biosorbent in a simulated industrial
amount of the dye from the aqueous solution on the biomass, application.
showing a maximum capacity of biosorption equivalent in The spectra were recorded from 300 to 800 nm in a UV-Vis
both models (see Table 5). spectrophotometer for the effluent before and after biosorption
However, by analyzing the standard deviations, it was ob- and are shown in Fig. 10. The percentage of dye removal by
served that the Langmuir model gave the lowest value of 4.91, the BTV from the simulated effluent was evaluated based on
indicating a closer proximity between the theoretical and ex- the difference in the area under the curves before and after the
perimental data for this model (Henryk et al. 2016). According biosorption process. The BTV biosorbed 89.47% of the dye
to the postulates of the Langmuir model, a good fit would from the simulated effluent. Thus, the biosorbent was capable
indicate that the dye molecules are chemically adsorbed at a of removing the dye from industrial effluents that include
given number of sites defined on the surface of the biosorbent. interfering compounds, as well as from aqueous solutions.

Table 6 Comparison of different

adsorbents for removal of dyes Adsorbent Adsorbate Qmax Ref.
(mg g1)

Raw sawdust of Parkia biglobosa Acid Blue 161 40.00 Adebisi Giwa et al. (2016)
Fungal biomass (white-rot fungus Trametes Acid Blue 161 206.8 Aksu et al. (2008)
versicolor)
Chitosan Acid Blue 161 471.6 Aksu et al. (2008)
Powdered activated carbon (PAC) Acid Blue 161 432.2 Aksu et al. (2008)
Waste marble dust Acid Blue 161 7.77 oruh et al. (2014)
Raw of Salvia mitiorrziza Bge Methylene Blue 100.00 Zhao and Zhou (2016)
Spirulina platensis microalgae Reactive Red 120 482.2 Cardoso et al. (2012)
Magnetically modified Sargassum horneri Acridine orange 193.8 Angelova et al. (2016)
biomass employing microwave-synthesized
iron oxide nano- and microparticles
Magnetically modified S. horneri biomass Malachite green 110.4 Angelova et al. (2016)
employing microwave-synthesized iron
oxide nano- and microparticles
Phoenix dactylifera seeds Congo Red 61.72 Pathania et al. (2016)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae waste biomass Basic Blue 41 23.5 El-Gendy et al. (2015)
Heat-treated Trametes sp. SC-10 Acid Blue 161 221.6 This work
fungal biomass
Environ Sci Pollut Res
2.0
Before adsorption (diluted 1/10; pH= 2.00)
Before adsorption (undiluted; pH=2.00)
1.5 After adsorption (pH= 2.00)
Absorbance
1.0
0.5
0.0
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
[nm.]
Fig. 10 Spectrum record from 300 to 800 nm for the synthetic effluent
(similar to the wastewater of the wet-end process) before and after the
adsorption with BTV
Conclusions
The heat-treated biomass from Trametes sp. SC-10 works as
an excellent biosorbent for AB-161 dye. After its inactivation,
it was used for the second time in the biosorption process,
showing a maximum biosorption capacity of 221.7 mg g1.
The Langmuir model best describes the experimental adsorp-
tion data, while the Avrami fractional-order model best de-
scribes the kinetics of biosorption. The biosorption efficiency
of BTV in a simulated effluent similar to that from the wet-end
process in leather manufacturing was approximately 89.47%,
indicating that BTV is an excellent biosorbent for treating
actual industrial effluents.
Acknowledgements The authors thank the National Council for
Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil), the
Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES,
Brazil), and the Studies and Projects Funding (FINEP) by the Edict
MCTI/FINEP CT-HIDRO 01/2013 for the financial research support, as
well as the LANXESS company for supplying the dye.
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